Table 1. Open in new tab Summary of...

Ecosystem type	Disturbance type	Functional metric	Increased spatial scale	Effect of disturbance scale (ha)	Reference
Arid shrubland	Rodent burrowing	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (10^–4)	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.25)	Current study
Grasslands	Developing habitat (e.g. road verges and old fields)	MPD_SES	↓	↕	–	↓	Saar et al. (2017)
	Managed livestock grazing	MPD_SES	↓	↑ (4 × 10^–4)	–	↕ (1 – 340)
Riparian plant communities	Clearcutting	FDivS	↓	↑ (10^–4)	–	↑ (0.04)	Biswas et al. (2016)
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↑	–	↓
	Wildfire	FDivS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↓	–	↓
Semi-arid grassland	Sheep grazing	FRic_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Laliberté et al. (2013)
		FDis_SES	–	↓ (10^–4)	–	–
Semi-deciduous forest	Logging and fire	Rao	–	↕ (0.5)	–	↑ (10)	Réjou-Méchain et al. (2014)
Semi-natural coastal grasslands	Land-use change	FDiv	↑	↓ (2.5 × 10^–3)	–	↓	Lewis et al. (2014) ^‡
		FRic	↓	↑	–	↓
Sub-alpine meadow	Landslides	Filling proportion	↓	↑ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↑ (1.6 × 10^–3)	–	Smith et al. (2013) ^†
		Range	↓	↓	↓	–
Sub-tropical floodplain lakes	Flooding –Ivinhema sub-basin	MPD	↕	↕	–	↕	Dunck et al. (2016)*
	Flooding –Paraná sub-basin	MPD	↕	↑	–	↕
Temperate grasslands	Livestock grazing	Mantel correlations	↓	↑ (10^–6)	↓ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↓ (0.02 – 11.63)	de Bello et al. (2013)
Therophytic Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv_SES	–	↑	↑	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve_SES	–	↑	↑	–
		FRic_SES	–	↓	↓	–
Tropical forest	Clearcutting	Pw_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Yang et al. (2014)
Tropical montane rain forests	Logging on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↕	↑	↓	↕	Ding et al. (2012)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.04)	↓ (0.25)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↑	↑	↑	↑
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↑	↕
	Shifting cultivation on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↕	↓	↕	↓
Tropical montane rain forest	Logging	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (0.01)	↕ (0.04)	↑ (0.25)	Ding et al. (2019)
		FRic_SES	↓	↑	↑	↑
Woody Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv	↑	↑ (10^–4)	↑ (6.4 × 10^–3)	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve	↑	↕	↕	–
		FRic	↕	↑	↑	–
Percentage of cases supporting the model			74.3 %	60.5 %	25 %	51.6 %

Ecosystem type

Disturbance type

Functional metric

Increased spatial scale

Effect of disturbance scale (ha)

Reference

Small/fine

Intermediate

Large

Arid shrubland

Rodent burrowing

FDis_SES

↓

↑ (10^–4)

↕ (0.01)

↓ (0.25)

Current study

Grasslands

Developing habitat (e.g. road verges and old fields)

MPD_SES

↓

↕

–

↓

Saar et al. (2017)

Managed livestock grazing

MPD_SES

↓

↑ (4 × 10^–4)

–

↕ (1 – 340)

Riparian plant communities

Clearcutting

FDivS

↓

↑ (10^–4)

–

↑ (0.04)

Biswas et al. (2016)

FRicS

↓

↑

–

↑

FEveS

↓

↑

–

↓

Wildfire

FDivS

↓

↑

–

↑

FRicS

↓

↑

–

↑

FEveS

↓

–

↓

Semi-arid grassland

Sheep grazing

FRic_SES

↓

–

↓ (0.04)

Laliberté et al. (2013)

FDis_SES

–

↓ (10^–4)

–

Semi-deciduous forest

Logging and fire

Rao

–

↕ (0.5)

–

↑ (10)

Réjou-Méchain et al. (2014)

Semi-natural coastal grasslands

Land-use change

FDiv

↑

↓ (2.5 × 10^–3)

–

↓

Lewis et al. (2014) ^‡

FRic

↓

↑

–

↓

Sub-alpine meadow

Landslides

Filling proportion

↓

↑ (2.5 × 10^–5)

↑ (1.6 × 10^–3)

–

Smith et al. (2013) ^†

Range

↓

–

Sub-tropical floodplain lakes

Flooding –Ivinhema sub-basin

MPD

↕

–

↕

Dunck et al. (2016)*

Flooding –Paraná sub-basin

MPD

↕

↑

–

↕

Temperate grasslands

Livestock grazing

Mantel correlations

↓

↑ (10^–6)

↓ (2.5 × 10^–5)

↓ (0.02 – 11.63)

de Bello et al. (2013)

Therophytic Mediterranean island

Goat grazing

FDiv_SES

–

↑

–

Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†

FEve_SES

–

↑

–

FRic_SES

–

↓

–

Tropical forest

Clearcutting

Pw_SES

↓

–

↓ (0.04)

Yang et al. (2014)

Tropical montane rain forests

Logging on adult trees

FDis_SES response traits

↕

↑

↓

↕

Ding et al. (2012)

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↕

↓

Logging on saplings

FDis_SES response traits

↓

↕ (0.01)

↓ (0.04)

↓ (0.25)

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↕

↓

Logging on treelets

FDis_SES response traits

↓

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

Shifting cultivation on adult trees

FDis_SES response traits

↑

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↑

↕

Shifting cultivation on saplings

FDis_SES response traits

↓

↑

↕

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↑

↓

Shifting cultivation on treelets

FDis_SES response traits

↓

↑

↕

FDis_SES effect traits

↕

↓

↕

↓

Tropical montane rain forest

Logging

FDis_SES

↓

↑ (0.01)

↕ (0.04)

↑ (0.25)

Ding et al. (2019)

FRic_SES

↓

↑

Woody Mediterranean island

Goat grazing

FDiv

↑

↑ (10^–4)

↑ (6.4 × 10^–3)

–

Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†

FEve

↑

↕

–

FRic

↕

↑

–

Percentage of cases supporting the model

74.3 %

60.5 %

25 %

51.6 %

Ecosystem type	Disturbance type	Functional metric	Increased spatial scale	Effect of disturbance scale (ha)	Reference
Arid shrubland	Rodent burrowing	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (10^–4)	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.25)	Current study
Grasslands	Developing habitat (e.g. road verges and old fields)	MPD_SES	↓	↕	–	↓	Saar et al. (2017)
	Managed livestock grazing	MPD_SES	↓	↑ (4 × 10^–4)	–	↕ (1 – 340)
Riparian plant communities	Clearcutting	FDivS	↓	↑ (10^–4)	–	↑ (0.04)	Biswas et al. (2016)
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↑	–	↓
	Wildfire	FDivS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↓	–	↓
Semi-arid grassland	Sheep grazing	FRic_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Laliberté et al. (2013)
		FDis_SES	–	↓ (10^–4)	–	–
Semi-deciduous forest	Logging and fire	Rao	–	↕ (0.5)	–	↑ (10)	Réjou-Méchain et al. (2014)
Semi-natural coastal grasslands	Land-use change	FDiv	↑	↓ (2.5 × 10^–3)	–	↓	Lewis et al. (2014) ^‡
		FRic	↓	↑	–	↓
Sub-alpine meadow	Landslides	Filling proportion	↓	↑ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↑ (1.6 × 10^–3)	–	Smith et al. (2013) ^†
		Range	↓	↓	↓	–
Sub-tropical floodplain lakes	Flooding –Ivinhema sub-basin	MPD	↕	↕	–	↕	Dunck et al. (2016)*
	Flooding –Paraná sub-basin	MPD	↕	↑	–	↕
Temperate grasslands	Livestock grazing	Mantel correlations	↓	↑ (10^–6)	↓ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↓ (0.02 – 11.63)	de Bello et al. (2013)
Therophytic Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv_SES	–	↑	↑	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve_SES	–	↑	↑	–
		FRic_SES	–	↓	↓	–
Tropical forest	Clearcutting	Pw_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Yang et al. (2014)
Tropical montane rain forests	Logging on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↕	↑	↓	↕	Ding et al. (2012)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.04)	↓ (0.25)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↑	↑	↑	↑
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↑	↕
	Shifting cultivation on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↕	↓	↕	↓
Tropical montane rain forest	Logging	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (0.01)	↕ (0.04)	↑ (0.25)	Ding et al. (2019)
		FRic_SES	↓	↑	↑	↑
Woody Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv	↑	↑ (10^–4)	↑ (6.4 × 10^–3)	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve	↑	↕	↕	–
		FRic	↕	↑	↑	–
Percentage of cases supporting the model			74.3 %	60.5 %	25 %	51.6 %

Ecosystem type

Disturbance type

Functional metric

Increased spatial scale

Effect of disturbance scale (ha)

Reference

Small/fine

Intermediate

Large

Arid shrubland

Rodent burrowing

FDis_SES

↓

↑ (10^–4)

↕ (0.01)

↓ (0.25)

Current study

Grasslands

Developing habitat (e.g. road verges and old fields)

MPD_SES

↓

↕

–

↓

Saar et al. (2017)

Managed livestock grazing

MPD_SES

↓

↑ (4 × 10^–4)

–

↕ (1 – 340)

Riparian plant communities

Clearcutting

FDivS

↓

↑ (10^–4)

–

↑ (0.04)

Biswas et al. (2016)

FRicS

↓

↑

–

↑

FEveS

↓

↑

–

↓

Wildfire

FDivS

↓

↑

–

↑

FRicS

↓

↑

–

↑

FEveS

↓

–

↓

Semi-arid grassland

Sheep grazing

FRic_SES

↓

–

↓ (0.04)

Laliberté et al. (2013)

FDis_SES

–

↓ (10^–4)

–

Semi-deciduous forest

Logging and fire

Rao

–

↕ (0.5)

–

↑ (10)

Réjou-Méchain et al. (2014)

Semi-natural coastal grasslands

Land-use change

FDiv

↑

↓ (2.5 × 10^–3)

–

↓

Lewis et al. (2014) ^‡

FRic

↓

↑

–

↓

Sub-alpine meadow

Landslides

Filling proportion

↓

↑ (2.5 × 10^–5)

↑ (1.6 × 10^–3)

–

Smith et al. (2013) ^†

Range

↓

–

Sub-tropical floodplain lakes

Flooding –Ivinhema sub-basin

MPD

↕

–

↕

Dunck et al. (2016)*

Flooding –Paraná sub-basin

MPD

↕

↑

–

↕

Temperate grasslands

Livestock grazing

Mantel correlations

↓

↑ (10^–6)

↓ (2.5 × 10^–5)

↓ (0.02 – 11.63)

de Bello et al. (2013)

Therophytic Mediterranean island

Goat grazing

FDiv_SES

–

↑

–

Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†

FEve_SES

–

↑

–

FRic_SES

–

↓

–

Tropical forest

Clearcutting

Pw_SES

↓

–

↓ (0.04)

Yang et al. (2014)

Tropical montane rain forests

Logging on adult trees

FDis_SES response traits

↕

↑

↓

↕

Ding et al. (2012)

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↕

↓

Logging on saplings

FDis_SES response traits

↓

↕ (0.01)

↓ (0.04)

↓ (0.25)

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↕

↓

Logging on treelets

FDis_SES response traits

↓

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

Shifting cultivation on adult trees

FDis_SES response traits

↑

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↑

↕

Shifting cultivation on saplings

FDis_SES response traits

↓

↑

↕

FDis_SES effect traits

↓

↑

↓

Shifting cultivation on treelets

FDis_SES response traits

↓

↑

↕

FDis_SES effect traits

↕

↓

↕

↓

Tropical montane rain forest

Logging

FDis_SES

↓

↑ (0.01)

↕ (0.04)

↑ (0.25)

Ding et al. (2019)

FRic_SES

↓

↑

Woody Mediterranean island

Goat grazing

FDiv

↑

↑ (10^–4)

↑ (6.4 × 10^–3)

–

Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†

FEve

↑

↕

–

FRic

↕

↑

–

Percentage of cases supporting the model

74.3 %

60.5 %

25 %

51.6 %

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Summary of studies addressing the effects of disturbance on functional dispersion metrics across spatial scales

Ecosystem type	Disturbance type	Functional metric	Increased spatial scale	Effect of disturbance scale (ha)			Reference
				Small/fine	Intermediate	Large
Arid shrubland	Rodent burrowing	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (10^–4)	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.25)	Current study
Grasslands	Developing habitat (e.g. road verges and old fields)	MPD_SES	↓	↕	–	↓	Saar et al. (2017)
	Managed livestock grazing	MPD_SES	↓	↑ (4 × 10^–4)	–	↕ (1 – 340)
Riparian plant communities	Clearcutting	FDivS	↓	↑ (10^–4)	–	↑ (0.04)	Biswas et al. (2016)
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↑	–	↓
	Wildfire	FDivS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↓	–	↓
Semi-arid grassland	Sheep grazing	FRic_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Laliberté et al. (2013)
		FDis_SES	–	↓ (10^–4)	–	–
Semi-deciduous forest	Logging and fire	Rao	–	↕ (0.5)	–	↑ (10)	Réjou-Méchain et al. (2014)
Semi-natural coastal grasslands	Land-use change	FDiv	↑	↓ (2.5 × 10^–3)	–	↓	Lewis et al. (2014) ^‡
		FRic	↓	↑	–	↓
Sub-alpine meadow	Landslides	Filling proportion	↓	↑ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↑ (1.6 × 10^–3)	–	Smith et al. (2013) ^†
		Range	↓	↓	↓	–
Sub-tropical floodplain lakes	Flooding –Ivinhema sub-basin	MPD	↕	↕	–	↕	Dunck et al. (2016)*
	Flooding –Paraná sub-basin	MPD	↕	↑	–	↕
Temperate grasslands	Livestock grazing	Mantel correlations	↓	↑ (10^–6)	↓ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↓ (0.02 – 11.63)	de Bello et al. (2013)
Therophytic Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv_SES	–	↑	↑	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve_SES	–	↑	↑	–
		FRic_SES	–	↓	↓	–
Tropical forest	Clearcutting	Pw_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Yang et al. (2014)
Tropical montane rain forests	Logging on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↕	↑	↓	↕	Ding et al. (2012)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.04)	↓ (0.25)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↑	↑	↑	↑
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↑	↕
	Shifting cultivation on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↕	↓	↕	↓
Tropical montane rain forest	Logging	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (0.01)	↕ (0.04)	↑ (0.25)	Ding et al. (2019)
		FRic_SES	↓	↑	↑	↑
Woody Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv	↑	↑ (10^–4)	↑ (6.4 × 10^–3)	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve	↑	↕	↕	–
		FRic	↕	↑	↑	–
Percentage of cases supporting the model			74.3 %	60.5 %	25 %	51.6 %

Ecosystem type	Disturbance type	Functional metric	Increased spatial scale	Effect of disturbance scale (ha)			Reference
				Small/fine	Intermediate	Large
Arid shrubland	Rodent burrowing	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (10^–4)	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.25)	Current study
Grasslands	Developing habitat (e.g. road verges and old fields)	MPD_SES	↓	↕	–	↓	Saar et al. (2017)
	Managed livestock grazing	MPD_SES	↓	↑ (4 × 10^–4)	–	↕ (1 – 340)
Riparian plant communities	Clearcutting	FDivS	↓	↑ (10^–4)	–	↑ (0.04)	Biswas et al. (2016)
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↑	–	↓
	Wildfire	FDivS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FRicS	↓	↑	–	↑
		FEveS	↓	↓	–	↓
Semi-arid grassland	Sheep grazing	FRic_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Laliberté et al. (2013)
		FDis_SES	–	↓ (10^–4)	–	–
Semi-deciduous forest	Logging and fire	Rao	–	↕ (0.5)	–	↑ (10)	Réjou-Méchain et al. (2014)
Semi-natural coastal grasslands	Land-use change	FDiv	↑	↓ (2.5 × 10^–3)	–	↓	Lewis et al. (2014) ^‡
		FRic	↓	↑	–	↓
Sub-alpine meadow	Landslides	Filling proportion	↓	↑ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↑ (1.6 × 10^–3)	–	Smith et al. (2013) ^†
		Range	↓	↓	↓	–
Sub-tropical floodplain lakes	Flooding –Ivinhema sub-basin	MPD	↕	↕	–	↕	Dunck et al. (2016)*
	Flooding –Paraná sub-basin	MPD	↕	↑	–	↕
Temperate grasslands	Livestock grazing	Mantel correlations	↓	↑ (10^–6)	↓ (2.5 × 10^–5)	↓ (0.02 – 11.63)	de Bello et al. (2013)
Therophytic Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv_SES	–	↑	↑	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve_SES	–	↑	↑	–
		FRic_SES	–	↓	↓	–
Tropical forest	Clearcutting	Pw_SES	↓	–	–	↓ (0.04)	Yang et al. (2014)
Tropical montane rain forests	Logging on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↕	↑	↓	↕	Ding et al. (2012)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↕ (0.01)	↓ (0.04)	↓ (0.25)
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↕	↓	↓
	Logging on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↓	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on adult trees	FDis_SES response traits	↑	↑	↑	↑
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↑	↕
	Shifting cultivation on saplings	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↓	↑	↓	↓
	Shifting cultivation on treelets	FDis_SES response traits	↓	↑	↕	↕
		FDis_SES effect traits	↕	↓	↕	↓
Tropical montane rain forest	Logging	FDis_SES	↓	↑ (0.01)	↕ (0.04)	↑ (0.25)	Ding et al. (2019)
		FRic_SES	↓	↑	↑	↑
Woody Mediterranean island	Goat grazing	FDiv	↑	↑ (10^–4)	↑ (6.4 × 10^–3)	–	Karadimou et al. (2015) ^†
		FEve	↑	↕	↕	–
		FRic	↕	↑	↑	–
Percentage of cases supporting the model			74.3 %	60.5 %	25 %	51.6 %

(↓) increased trait convergence, (↕) no difference among treatments, (↑) increased trait divergence and (–) pattern not tested. Expected patterns according to the conceptual model: (↓) as spatial scale increases, (↑) following disturbance at small/fine scale scales, (↕) following disturbance at intermediate scales and (↓) following disturbance at large scales. Definition and meaning of the different functional metrics are provided in Supplementary data Table S3

*Single lakes and river floodplain were defined as the small and large scales, respectively.

^†The authors acknowledge that the scale used might not be sufficient to detect habitat filtering.

^‡Whole study area (‘National’) was defined as the large scale.

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