Table 2. Open in new tab Time-Varying...

	Model 1	Model 1.1
Fixed effects
Intercept	−0.80 (−1.06 to −0.53)	<.001	−0.79 (−1.05 to −0.52)	<.001
Time in study	−0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01)	.033	−0.08 (−0.16 to −0.01)	.024
Age	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001
Sex	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003
Education level	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001
ε4 allele	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001
AD pathology	−0.24 (−0.37 to −0.10)	<.001	−0.25 (−0.39 to −0.12)	<.001
BSIT_PM	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001
BSIT_TVC	0.07 (0.04–0.10)	<.001	0.02 (−0.03–0.08)	.464
Time:age	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.910	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.842
Time:ε4	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.030	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.039
Time:AD pathology	−0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02)	.001	−0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)	.006
Time:BSIT_PM	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009
AD pathology:BSIT_TVC			0.08 (0.01–0.14)	.028
Random effects
σ²	0.166	0.165
τ_{00, intercept}	0.364	0.362
τ_{1, slope}	0.004	0.004
N	565	565
ICC	0.682	0.682
Observations	892	892
R_m² / R_c²	.39 / .81	.39 / .81
AIC	1864.095	1861.229
Deviance	1832.095	1827.229

Model 1

Model 1.1

B (CI)

Fixed effects

Intercept

−0.80 (−1.06 to −0.53)

<.001

−0.79 (−1.05 to −0.52)

<.001

Time in study

−0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01)

.033

−0.08 (−0.16 to −0.01)

.024

Age

−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)

<.001

−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)

<.001

Sex

−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)

.003

−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)

.003

Education level

0.05 (0.03–0.07)

<.001

0.05 (0.03–0.07)

<.001

ε4 allele

−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)

<.001

−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)

<.001

AD pathology

−0.24 (−0.37 to −0.10)

<.001

−0.25 (−0.39 to −0.12)

<.001

BSIT_PM

0.13 (0.10–0.16)

<.001

0.13 (0.10–0.16)

<.001

BSIT_TVC

0.07 (0.04–0.10)

<.001

0.02 (−0.03–0.08)

.464

Time:age

0.00 (−0.00–0.00)

.910

0.00 (−0.00–0.00)

.842

Time:ε4

−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)

.030

−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)

.039

Time:AD pathology

−0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02)

.001

−0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)

.006

Time:BSIT_PM

0.01 (0.00–0.02)

.009

0.01 (0.00–0.02)

.009

AD pathology:BSIT_TVC

0.08 (0.01–0.14)

.028

Random effects

σ²

0.166

0.165

τ_{00, intercept}

0.364

0.362

τ_{1, slope}

0.004

565

ICC

0.682

Observations

892

R_m² / R_c²

.39 / .81

AIC

1864.095

1861.229

Deviance

1832.095

1827.229

	Model 1	Model 1.1
Fixed effects
Intercept	−0.80 (−1.06 to −0.53)	<.001	−0.79 (−1.05 to −0.52)	<.001
Time in study	−0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01)	.033	−0.08 (−0.16 to −0.01)	.024
Age	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001
Sex	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003
Education level	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001
ε4 allele	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001
AD pathology	−0.24 (−0.37 to −0.10)	<.001	−0.25 (−0.39 to −0.12)	<.001
BSIT_PM	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001
BSIT_TVC	0.07 (0.04–0.10)	<.001	0.02 (−0.03–0.08)	.464
Time:age	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.910	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.842
Time:ε4	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.030	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.039
Time:AD pathology	−0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02)	.001	−0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)	.006
Time:BSIT_PM	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009
AD pathology:BSIT_TVC			0.08 (0.01–0.14)	.028
Random effects
σ²	0.166	0.165
τ_{00, intercept}	0.364	0.362
τ_{1, slope}	0.004	0.004
N	565	565
ICC	0.682	0.682
Observations	892	892
R_m² / R_c²	.39 / .81	.39 / .81
AIC	1864.095	1861.229
Deviance	1832.095	1827.229

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Time-Varying Covariate Model Results

	Model 1		Model 1.1
	B (CI)	p	B (CI)	p
Fixed effects
Intercept	−0.80 (−1.06 to −0.53)	<.001	−0.79 (−1.05 to −0.52)	<.001
Time in study	−0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01)	.033	−0.08 (−0.16 to −0.01)	.024
Age	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001
Sex	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003
Education level	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001
ε4 allele	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001
AD pathology	−0.24 (−0.37 to −0.10)	<.001	−0.25 (−0.39 to −0.12)	<.001
BSIT_PM	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001
BSIT_TVC	0.07 (0.04–0.10)	<.001	0.02 (−0.03–0.08)	.464
Time:age	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.910	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.842
Time:ε4	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.030	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.039
Time:AD pathology	−0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02)	.001	−0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)	.006
Time:BSIT_PM	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009
AD pathology:BSIT_TVC			0.08 (0.01–0.14)	.028
Random effects
σ²	0.166		0.165
τ_{00, intercept}	0.364		0.362
τ_{1, slope}	0.004		0.004
N	565		565
ICC	0.682		0.682
Observations	892		892
R_m² / R_c²	.39 / .81		.39 / .81
AIC	1864.095		1861.229
Deviance	1832.095		1827.229

	Model 1		Model 1.1
	B (CI)	p	B (CI)	p
Fixed effects
Intercept	−0.80 (−1.06 to −0.53)	<.001	−0.79 (−1.05 to −0.52)	<.001
Time in study	−0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01)	.033	−0.08 (−0.16 to −0.01)	.024
Age	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)	<.001
Sex	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.07)	.003
Education level	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	<.001
ε4 allele	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<.001
AD pathology	−0.24 (−0.37 to −0.10)	<.001	−0.25 (−0.39 to −0.12)	<.001
BSIT_PM	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001	0.13 (0.10–0.16)	<.001
BSIT_TVC	0.07 (0.04–0.10)	<.001	0.02 (−0.03–0.08)	.464
Time:age	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.910	0.00 (−0.00–0.00)	.842
Time:ε4	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.030	−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00)	.039
Time:AD pathology	−0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02)	.001	−0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)	.006
Time:BSIT_PM	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	.009
AD pathology:BSIT_TVC			0.08 (0.01–0.14)	.028
Random effects
σ²	0.166		0.165
τ_{00, intercept}	0.364		0.362
τ_{1, slope}	0.004		0.004
N	565		565
ICC	0.682		0.682
Observations	892		892
R_m² / R_c²	.39 / .81		.39 / .81
AIC	1864.095		1861.229
Deviance	1832.095		1827.229

Notes. ε4 = apolipoprotein ε4; BSIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; BSIT_PM = BSIT person mean (each individuals own personal mean); BSIT_TVC = BSIT time-varying covariate; σ² = the residual variance, τ₀₀ = the variance for the intercept, τ₁ = the variance term for slope; N = participants in the model; ICC = intraclass correlation; R_m² = marginal R²; R_c² = conditional R²; AIC = Akaike information criterion. The bolded values are the significance values for the preceding column “B (CI)”.

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