Table 2 Open in new tab Cardiometabolic...

	Mismatch	FGD-only	RPWG-only	Reference
Anthropometry and adiposity outcomes
6-y z-BMI (SDS) (n = 674)	0.18 ± 1.26	−0.16 ± 1.57	0.66 ± 1.59	−0.29 ± 1.06
6-y z-height (SDS) (n = 674)	0.50 ± 1.05	−0.33 ± 1.00	0.45 ± 0.97	−0.30 ± 0.85
6-y body fat % (n = 310)	19.36 ± 5.47	19.65 ± 8.24	23.57 ± 7.67	18.94 ± 5.36
4.5-y SAT (mL) (n = 262)	590.32 ± 293.33	503.79 ± 337.84	807.90 ± 595.04	471.77 ± 197.19
4.5-y VAT (mL) (n = 262)	200.07 ± 53.07	168.24 ± 52.15	220.07 ± 124.48	181.66 ± 51.82
4.5-y IMCL (% of water signal) (n = 227)	0.48 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.20	0.55 ± 0.44	0.44 ± 0.21
4.5-y liver fat (% by weight) (n = 216)	0.65 ± 0.40	0.52 ± 0.39	0.58 ± 0.40	0.53 ± 0.37
6-y metabolic outcomes
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) (n = 429)	4.64 ± 0.43	4.57 ± 0.34	4.56 ± 0.33	4.51 ± 0.36
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) (n = 324)	37.35 ± 23.08	26.56 ± 12.98	35.00 ± 24.66	26.69 ± 14.97
HOMA-IR (units) (n = 323)	1.17 ± 0.88	0.78 ± 0.40	1.03 ± 0.74	0.77 ± 0.45
6-y cardiovascular outcomes
cIMT (mm) (n = 422)	0.43 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03
PWV (m/s) (n = 443)	4.82 ± 1.10	5.25 ± 2.24	4.91 ± 1.48	4.90 ± 1.58
SBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	102.80 ± 8.32	101.90 ± 9.25	101.48 ± 8.48	100.23 ± 8.12
DBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	61.98 ± 6.86	59.83 ± 5.39	59.81 ± 5.49	59.16 ± 5.48

Mismatch

FGD-only

RPWG-only

Reference

n = 85

n = 113

n = 186

n = 413

Anthropometry and adiposity outcomes

6-y z-BMI (SDS) (n = 674)

0.18 ± 1.26

−0.16 ± 1.57

0.66 ± 1.59

−0.29 ± 1.06

6-y z-height (SDS) (n = 674)

0.50 ± 1.05

−0.33 ± 1.00

0.45 ± 0.97

−0.30 ± 0.85

6-y body fat % (n = 310)

19.36 ± 5.47

19.65 ± 8.24

23.57 ± 7.67

18.94 ± 5.36

4.5-y SAT (mL) (n = 262)

590.32 ± 293.33

503.79 ± 337.84

807.90 ± 595.04

471.77 ± 197.19

4.5-y VAT (mL) (n = 262)

200.07 ± 53.07

168.24 ± 52.15

220.07 ± 124.48

181.66 ± 51.82

4.5-y IMCL (% of water signal) (n = 227)

0.48 ± 0.13

0.45 ± 0.20

0.55 ± 0.44

0.44 ± 0.21

4.5-y liver fat (% by weight) (n = 216)

0.65 ± 0.40

0.52 ± 0.39

0.58 ± 0.40

0.53 ± 0.37

6-y metabolic outcomes

Fasting glucose (mmol/L) (n = 429)

4.64 ± 0.43

4.57 ± 0.34

4.56 ± 0.33

4.51 ± 0.36

Fasting insulin (pmol/L) (n = 324)

37.35 ± 23.08

26.56 ± 12.98

35.00 ± 24.66

26.69 ± 14.97

HOMA-IR (units) (n = 323)

1.17 ± 0.88

0.78 ± 0.40

1.03 ± 0.74

0.77 ± 0.45

6-y cardiovascular outcomes

cIMT (mm) (n = 422)

0.43 ± 0.04

0.42 ± 0.03

PWV (m/s) (n = 443)

4.82 ± 1.10

5.25 ± 2.24

4.91 ± 1.48

4.90 ± 1.58

SBP (mmHg) (n = 565)

102.80 ± 8.32

101.90 ± 9.25

101.48 ± 8.48

100.23 ± 8.12

DBP (mmHg) (n = 565)

61.98 ± 6.86

59.83 ± 5.39

59.81 ± 5.49

59.16 ± 5.48

	Mismatch	FGD-only	RPWG-only	Reference
Anthropometry and adiposity outcomes
6-y z-BMI (SDS) (n = 674)	0.18 ± 1.26	−0.16 ± 1.57	0.66 ± 1.59	−0.29 ± 1.06
6-y z-height (SDS) (n = 674)	0.50 ± 1.05	−0.33 ± 1.00	0.45 ± 0.97	−0.30 ± 0.85
6-y body fat % (n = 310)	19.36 ± 5.47	19.65 ± 8.24	23.57 ± 7.67	18.94 ± 5.36
4.5-y SAT (mL) (n = 262)	590.32 ± 293.33	503.79 ± 337.84	807.90 ± 595.04	471.77 ± 197.19
4.5-y VAT (mL) (n = 262)	200.07 ± 53.07	168.24 ± 52.15	220.07 ± 124.48	181.66 ± 51.82
4.5-y IMCL (% of water signal) (n = 227)	0.48 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.20	0.55 ± 0.44	0.44 ± 0.21
4.5-y liver fat (% by weight) (n = 216)	0.65 ± 0.40	0.52 ± 0.39	0.58 ± 0.40	0.53 ± 0.37
6-y metabolic outcomes
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) (n = 429)	4.64 ± 0.43	4.57 ± 0.34	4.56 ± 0.33	4.51 ± 0.36
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) (n = 324)	37.35 ± 23.08	26.56 ± 12.98	35.00 ± 24.66	26.69 ± 14.97
HOMA-IR (units) (n = 323)	1.17 ± 0.88	0.78 ± 0.40	1.03 ± 0.74	0.77 ± 0.45
6-y cardiovascular outcomes
cIMT (mm) (n = 422)	0.43 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03
PWV (m/s) (n = 443)	4.82 ± 1.10	5.25 ± 2.24	4.91 ± 1.48	4.90 ± 1.58
SBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	102.80 ± 8.32	101.90 ± 9.25	101.48 ± 8.48	100.23 ± 8.12
DBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	61.98 ± 6.86	59.83 ± 5.39	59.81 ± 5.49	59.16 ± 5.48

Table 2

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Cardiometabolic characteristics of study subjects in the four growth groups.

	Mismatch	FGD-only	RPWG-only	Reference
	n = 85	n = 113	n = 186	n = 413
Anthropometry and adiposity outcomes
6-y z-BMI (SDS) (n = 674)	0.18 ± 1.26	−0.16 ± 1.57	0.66 ± 1.59	−0.29 ± 1.06
6-y z-height (SDS) (n = 674)	0.50 ± 1.05	−0.33 ± 1.00	0.45 ± 0.97	−0.30 ± 0.85
6-y body fat % (n = 310)	19.36 ± 5.47	19.65 ± 8.24	23.57 ± 7.67	18.94 ± 5.36
4.5-y SAT (mL) (n = 262)	590.32 ± 293.33	503.79 ± 337.84	807.90 ± 595.04	471.77 ± 197.19
4.5-y VAT (mL) (n = 262)	200.07 ± 53.07	168.24 ± 52.15	220.07 ± 124.48	181.66 ± 51.82
4.5-y IMCL (% of water signal) (n = 227)	0.48 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.20	0.55 ± 0.44	0.44 ± 0.21
4.5-y liver fat (% by weight) (n = 216)	0.65 ± 0.40	0.52 ± 0.39	0.58 ± 0.40	0.53 ± 0.37
6-y metabolic outcomes
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) (n = 429)	4.64 ± 0.43	4.57 ± 0.34	4.56 ± 0.33	4.51 ± 0.36
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) (n = 324)	37.35 ± 23.08	26.56 ± 12.98	35.00 ± 24.66	26.69 ± 14.97
HOMA-IR (units) (n = 323)	1.17 ± 0.88	0.78 ± 0.40	1.03 ± 0.74	0.77 ± 0.45
6-y cardiovascular outcomes
cIMT (mm) (n = 422)	0.43 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03
PWV (m/s) (n = 443)	4.82 ± 1.10	5.25 ± 2.24	4.91 ± 1.48	4.90 ± 1.58
SBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	102.80 ± 8.32	101.90 ± 9.25	101.48 ± 8.48	100.23 ± 8.12
DBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	61.98 ± 6.86	59.83 ± 5.39	59.81 ± 5.49	59.16 ± 5.48

	Mismatch	FGD-only	RPWG-only	Reference
	n = 85	n = 113	n = 186	n = 413
Anthropometry and adiposity outcomes
6-y z-BMI (SDS) (n = 674)	0.18 ± 1.26	−0.16 ± 1.57	0.66 ± 1.59	−0.29 ± 1.06
6-y z-height (SDS) (n = 674)	0.50 ± 1.05	−0.33 ± 1.00	0.45 ± 0.97	−0.30 ± 0.85
6-y body fat % (n = 310)	19.36 ± 5.47	19.65 ± 8.24	23.57 ± 7.67	18.94 ± 5.36
4.5-y SAT (mL) (n = 262)	590.32 ± 293.33	503.79 ± 337.84	807.90 ± 595.04	471.77 ± 197.19
4.5-y VAT (mL) (n = 262)	200.07 ± 53.07	168.24 ± 52.15	220.07 ± 124.48	181.66 ± 51.82
4.5-y IMCL (% of water signal) (n = 227)	0.48 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.20	0.55 ± 0.44	0.44 ± 0.21
4.5-y liver fat (% by weight) (n = 216)	0.65 ± 0.40	0.52 ± 0.39	0.58 ± 0.40	0.53 ± 0.37
6-y metabolic outcomes
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) (n = 429)	4.64 ± 0.43	4.57 ± 0.34	4.56 ± 0.33	4.51 ± 0.36
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) (n = 324)	37.35 ± 23.08	26.56 ± 12.98	35.00 ± 24.66	26.69 ± 14.97
HOMA-IR (units) (n = 323)	1.17 ± 0.88	0.78 ± 0.40	1.03 ± 0.74	0.77 ± 0.45
6-y cardiovascular outcomes
cIMT (mm) (n = 422)	0.43 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03
PWV (m/s) (n = 443)	4.82 ± 1.10	5.25 ± 2.24	4.91 ± 1.48	4.90 ± 1.58
SBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	102.80 ± 8.32	101.90 ± 9.25	101.48 ± 8.48	100.23 ± 8.12
DBP (mmHg) (n = 565)	61.98 ± 6.86	59.83 ± 5.39	59.81 ± 5.49	59.16 ± 5.48

Values in table are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). FGD, fetal growth deceleration; RPWG, rapid postnatal weight gain; BMI, body mass index; SDS, standard deviation score; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; IMCL, intramyocellular lipid; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

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