Clinical characteristics of total study population and per stage of cardiac damage classified according to proposed staging classification
| . | Total population (n = 616) . | Stage 0 (n = 55) . | Stage 1 (n = 164) . | Stage 2 (n = 281) . | Stage 3 (n = 35) . | Stage 4 (n = 81) . | P-value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.4 ± 10.7 | 72.6 ± 10.3 | 72.1 ± 12.1 | 76.3 ± 10.2‡ | 79.6 ± 8.3†‡ | 78.5 ± 7.8†‡ | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 359 (58) | 36 (66) | 87 (53) | 166 (59) | 13 (37) | 57 (70) | 0.006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.6 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 0.244 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 1.88 ± 0.21 | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 1.88 ± .21 | 1.80 ± 0.21 | 1.87 ± 0.20 | 0.186 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 414 (67) | 34 (62) | 114 (70) | 190 (67) | 25 (71) | 51 (63) | 0.720 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 348 (57) | 32 (58) | 87 (53) | 163 (58) | 16 (46) | 50 (62) | 0.452 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 150 (24) | 12 (22) | 35 (21) | 70 (25) | 6 (17) | 27 (33) | 0.233 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 311 (51) | 22 (40) | 75 (46) | 143 (51) | 15 (43) | 56 (69) | 0.003 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 126 (21) | 9 (16) | 26 (16) | 57 (20) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.069 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 214 (35) | 26 (47) | 54 (33) | 100 (36) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.204 |
| COPD, n (%) | 101 (16) | 8 (15) | 7 (17) | 36 (13) | 12 (34) | 18 (22) | 0.012 |
| History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 169 (27) | 5 (9) | 16 (10) | 83 (30) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class ≥3, n (%) | 254 (42) | 21 (38) | 40 (25) | 117 (43) | 24 (69) | 52 (64) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Angina | 260 (42) | 24 (44) | 79 (49) | 120 (43) | 11 (31) | 26 (32) | 0.100 |
| Dyspnoea | 478 (78) | 40 (73) | 111 (68) | 220 (79) | 33 (94) | 74 (91) | <0.001 |
| Syncope | 67 (11) | 5 (9) | 25 (15) | 33 (12) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | 0.027 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 62.2 ± 20.6 | 66.1 ± 21.5 | 64.7 ± 21.8 | 63.5 ± 19.8 | 50.5 ± 19.9†‡§ | 55.4 ± 17.7†‡§ | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%): | 287 (47) | 22 (40) | 72 (44) | 121 (43) | 23 (66) | 49 (61) | 0.006 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.0 ± 23.5 | 142.0 ± 21.9 | 140.5 ± 21.1 | 139.6 ± 24.3 | 127.2 ± 27.6†‡§ | 129.2 ± 22.0†‡§ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.8 ± 13.4 | 76.6 ± 13.6 | 76.0 ± 12.4 | 72.8 ± 13.1 | 69.2 ± 16.1 | 72.7 ± 14.0 | 0.011 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||||
| Beta-blocker | 328 (53) | 24 (44) | 83 (51) | 151 (54) | 18 (51) | 52 (64) | 0.166 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 306 (50) | 25 (46) | 76 (46) | 143 (51) | 18 (51) | 44 (54) | 0.730 |
| Aspirin/thienopyridines | 280 (46) | 26 (47) | 84 (51) | 122 (43) | 13 (37) | 35 (43) | 0.422 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 173 (28) | 10 (18) | 20 (12) | 82 (29) | 16 (46) | 45 (56) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 355 (58) | 33 (60) | 93 (57) | 164 (58) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | 0.825 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 145 (24) | 10 (18) | 39 (24) | 72 (26) | 7 (20) | 17 (21) | 0.718 |
| Diuretics | 311 (51) | 14 (26) | 65 (40) | 153 (54) | 29 (83) | 50 (62) | <0.001 |
| . | Total population (n = 616) . | Stage 0 (n = 55) . | Stage 1 (n = 164) . | Stage 2 (n = 281) . | Stage 3 (n = 35) . | Stage 4 (n = 81) . | P-value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.4 ± 10.7 | 72.6 ± 10.3 | 72.1 ± 12.1 | 76.3 ± 10.2‡ | 79.6 ± 8.3†‡ | 78.5 ± 7.8†‡ | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 359 (58) | 36 (66) | 87 (53) | 166 (59) | 13 (37) | 57 (70) | 0.006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.6 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 0.244 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 1.88 ± 0.21 | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 1.88 ± .21 | 1.80 ± 0.21 | 1.87 ± 0.20 | 0.186 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 414 (67) | 34 (62) | 114 (70) | 190 (67) | 25 (71) | 51 (63) | 0.720 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 348 (57) | 32 (58) | 87 (53) | 163 (58) | 16 (46) | 50 (62) | 0.452 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 150 (24) | 12 (22) | 35 (21) | 70 (25) | 6 (17) | 27 (33) | 0.233 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 311 (51) | 22 (40) | 75 (46) | 143 (51) | 15 (43) | 56 (69) | 0.003 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 126 (21) | 9 (16) | 26 (16) | 57 (20) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.069 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 214 (35) | 26 (47) | 54 (33) | 100 (36) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.204 |
| COPD, n (%) | 101 (16) | 8 (15) | 7 (17) | 36 (13) | 12 (34) | 18 (22) | 0.012 |
| History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 169 (27) | 5 (9) | 16 (10) | 83 (30) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class ≥3, n (%) | 254 (42) | 21 (38) | 40 (25) | 117 (43) | 24 (69) | 52 (64) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Angina | 260 (42) | 24 (44) | 79 (49) | 120 (43) | 11 (31) | 26 (32) | 0.100 |
| Dyspnoea | 478 (78) | 40 (73) | 111 (68) | 220 (79) | 33 (94) | 74 (91) | <0.001 |
| Syncope | 67 (11) | 5 (9) | 25 (15) | 33 (12) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | 0.027 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 62.2 ± 20.6 | 66.1 ± 21.5 | 64.7 ± 21.8 | 63.5 ± 19.8 | 50.5 ± 19.9†‡§ | 55.4 ± 17.7†‡§ | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%): | 287 (47) | 22 (40) | 72 (44) | 121 (43) | 23 (66) | 49 (61) | 0.006 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.0 ± 23.5 | 142.0 ± 21.9 | 140.5 ± 21.1 | 139.6 ± 24.3 | 127.2 ± 27.6†‡§ | 129.2 ± 22.0†‡§ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.8 ± 13.4 | 76.6 ± 13.6 | 76.0 ± 12.4 | 72.8 ± 13.1 | 69.2 ± 16.1 | 72.7 ± 14.0 | 0.011 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||||
| Beta-blocker | 328 (53) | 24 (44) | 83 (51) | 151 (54) | 18 (51) | 52 (64) | 0.166 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 306 (50) | 25 (46) | 76 (46) | 143 (51) | 18 (51) | 44 (54) | 0.730 |
| Aspirin/thienopyridines | 280 (46) | 26 (47) | 84 (51) | 122 (43) | 13 (37) | 35 (43) | 0.422 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 173 (28) | 10 (18) | 20 (12) | 82 (29) | 16 (46) | 45 (56) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 355 (58) | 33 (60) | 93 (57) | 164 (58) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | 0.825 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 145 (24) | 10 (18) | 39 (24) | 72 (26) | 7 (20) | 17 (21) | 0.718 |
| Diuretics | 311 (51) | 14 (26) | 65 (40) | 153 (54) | 29 (83) | 50 (62) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range]. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%). The boldface values indicate statistical significance.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
P-values depict differences between stages of cardiac damage and are calculated by ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis H test for continuous data (with normal and non-normal distribution, respectively), and by χ2 test for categorical data.
P-value <0.05 vs. Stage 0 with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis.
P-value <0.05 vs. Stage 1 with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis.
P-value <0.05 vs. Stage 2 with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis.
Clinical characteristics of total study population and per stage of cardiac damage classified according to proposed staging classification
| . | Total population (n = 616) . | Stage 0 (n = 55) . | Stage 1 (n = 164) . | Stage 2 (n = 281) . | Stage 3 (n = 35) . | Stage 4 (n = 81) . | P-value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.4 ± 10.7 | 72.6 ± 10.3 | 72.1 ± 12.1 | 76.3 ± 10.2‡ | 79.6 ± 8.3†‡ | 78.5 ± 7.8†‡ | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 359 (58) | 36 (66) | 87 (53) | 166 (59) | 13 (37) | 57 (70) | 0.006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.6 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 0.244 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 1.88 ± 0.21 | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 1.88 ± .21 | 1.80 ± 0.21 | 1.87 ± 0.20 | 0.186 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 414 (67) | 34 (62) | 114 (70) | 190 (67) | 25 (71) | 51 (63) | 0.720 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 348 (57) | 32 (58) | 87 (53) | 163 (58) | 16 (46) | 50 (62) | 0.452 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 150 (24) | 12 (22) | 35 (21) | 70 (25) | 6 (17) | 27 (33) | 0.233 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 311 (51) | 22 (40) | 75 (46) | 143 (51) | 15 (43) | 56 (69) | 0.003 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 126 (21) | 9 (16) | 26 (16) | 57 (20) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.069 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 214 (35) | 26 (47) | 54 (33) | 100 (36) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.204 |
| COPD, n (%) | 101 (16) | 8 (15) | 7 (17) | 36 (13) | 12 (34) | 18 (22) | 0.012 |
| History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 169 (27) | 5 (9) | 16 (10) | 83 (30) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class ≥3, n (%) | 254 (42) | 21 (38) | 40 (25) | 117 (43) | 24 (69) | 52 (64) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Angina | 260 (42) | 24 (44) | 79 (49) | 120 (43) | 11 (31) | 26 (32) | 0.100 |
| Dyspnoea | 478 (78) | 40 (73) | 111 (68) | 220 (79) | 33 (94) | 74 (91) | <0.001 |
| Syncope | 67 (11) | 5 (9) | 25 (15) | 33 (12) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | 0.027 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 62.2 ± 20.6 | 66.1 ± 21.5 | 64.7 ± 21.8 | 63.5 ± 19.8 | 50.5 ± 19.9†‡§ | 55.4 ± 17.7†‡§ | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%): | 287 (47) | 22 (40) | 72 (44) | 121 (43) | 23 (66) | 49 (61) | 0.006 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.0 ± 23.5 | 142.0 ± 21.9 | 140.5 ± 21.1 | 139.6 ± 24.3 | 127.2 ± 27.6†‡§ | 129.2 ± 22.0†‡§ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.8 ± 13.4 | 76.6 ± 13.6 | 76.0 ± 12.4 | 72.8 ± 13.1 | 69.2 ± 16.1 | 72.7 ± 14.0 | 0.011 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||||
| Beta-blocker | 328 (53) | 24 (44) | 83 (51) | 151 (54) | 18 (51) | 52 (64) | 0.166 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 306 (50) | 25 (46) | 76 (46) | 143 (51) | 18 (51) | 44 (54) | 0.730 |
| Aspirin/thienopyridines | 280 (46) | 26 (47) | 84 (51) | 122 (43) | 13 (37) | 35 (43) | 0.422 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 173 (28) | 10 (18) | 20 (12) | 82 (29) | 16 (46) | 45 (56) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 355 (58) | 33 (60) | 93 (57) | 164 (58) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | 0.825 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 145 (24) | 10 (18) | 39 (24) | 72 (26) | 7 (20) | 17 (21) | 0.718 |
| Diuretics | 311 (51) | 14 (26) | 65 (40) | 153 (54) | 29 (83) | 50 (62) | <0.001 |
| . | Total population (n = 616) . | Stage 0 (n = 55) . | Stage 1 (n = 164) . | Stage 2 (n = 281) . | Stage 3 (n = 35) . | Stage 4 (n = 81) . | P-value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.4 ± 10.7 | 72.6 ± 10.3 | 72.1 ± 12.1 | 76.3 ± 10.2‡ | 79.6 ± 8.3†‡ | 78.5 ± 7.8†‡ | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 359 (58) | 36 (66) | 87 (53) | 166 (59) | 13 (37) | 57 (70) | 0.006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.6 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 0.244 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 1.88 ± 0.21 | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 1.88 ± .21 | 1.80 ± 0.21 | 1.87 ± 0.20 | 0.186 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 414 (67) | 34 (62) | 114 (70) | 190 (67) | 25 (71) | 51 (63) | 0.720 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 348 (57) | 32 (58) | 87 (53) | 163 (58) | 16 (46) | 50 (62) | 0.452 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 150 (24) | 12 (22) | 35 (21) | 70 (25) | 6 (17) | 27 (33) | 0.233 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 311 (51) | 22 (40) | 75 (46) | 143 (51) | 15 (43) | 56 (69) | 0.003 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 126 (21) | 9 (16) | 26 (16) | 57 (20) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.069 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 214 (35) | 26 (47) | 54 (33) | 100 (36) | 9 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.204 |
| COPD, n (%) | 101 (16) | 8 (15) | 7 (17) | 36 (13) | 12 (34) | 18 (22) | 0.012 |
| History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 169 (27) | 5 (9) | 16 (10) | 83 (30) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class ≥3, n (%) | 254 (42) | 21 (38) | 40 (25) | 117 (43) | 24 (69) | 52 (64) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Angina | 260 (42) | 24 (44) | 79 (49) | 120 (43) | 11 (31) | 26 (32) | 0.100 |
| Dyspnoea | 478 (78) | 40 (73) | 111 (68) | 220 (79) | 33 (94) | 74 (91) | <0.001 |
| Syncope | 67 (11) | 5 (9) | 25 (15) | 33 (12) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | 0.027 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 62.2 ± 20.6 | 66.1 ± 21.5 | 64.7 ± 21.8 | 63.5 ± 19.8 | 50.5 ± 19.9†‡§ | 55.4 ± 17.7†‡§ | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%): | 287 (47) | 22 (40) | 72 (44) | 121 (43) | 23 (66) | 49 (61) | 0.006 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.0 ± 23.5 | 142.0 ± 21.9 | 140.5 ± 21.1 | 139.6 ± 24.3 | 127.2 ± 27.6†‡§ | 129.2 ± 22.0†‡§ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.8 ± 13.4 | 76.6 ± 13.6 | 76.0 ± 12.4 | 72.8 ± 13.1 | 69.2 ± 16.1 | 72.7 ± 14.0 | 0.011 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||||
| Beta-blocker | 328 (53) | 24 (44) | 83 (51) | 151 (54) | 18 (51) | 52 (64) | 0.166 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 306 (50) | 25 (46) | 76 (46) | 143 (51) | 18 (51) | 44 (54) | 0.730 |
| Aspirin/thienopyridines | 280 (46) | 26 (47) | 84 (51) | 122 (43) | 13 (37) | 35 (43) | 0.422 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 173 (28) | 10 (18) | 20 (12) | 82 (29) | 16 (46) | 45 (56) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 355 (58) | 33 (60) | 93 (57) | 164 (58) | 17 (49) | 48 (59) | 0.825 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 145 (24) | 10 (18) | 39 (24) | 72 (26) | 7 (20) | 17 (21) | 0.718 |
| Diuretics | 311 (51) | 14 (26) | 65 (40) | 153 (54) | 29 (83) | 50 (62) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range]. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%). The boldface values indicate statistical significance.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
P-values depict differences between stages of cardiac damage and are calculated by ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis H test for continuous data (with normal and non-normal distribution, respectively), and by χ2 test for categorical data.
P-value <0.05 vs. Stage 0 with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis.
P-value <0.05 vs. Stage 1 with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis.
P-value <0.05 vs. Stage 2 with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis.
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