Baseline characteristics of the study population according to metabolic status
| Characteristic . | −DM/−MetS (n = 17,887) . | −DM/ + MetS (n = 6459) . | Newly detected DM (n = 640) . | +DM/−MetS (n = 12,059) . | +DM/+MetS (n = 7503) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 67.8 ± 10.1 | 69.6 ± 10.1 | 69.0 ± 9.5 | 67.4 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 12,233 (68.41) | 4042 (62.59) | 457 (71.41) | 7893 (65.49) | 4169 (55.56) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Caucasian | 10,800 (67.90) | 4062 (68.73) | 340 (57.53) | 6095 (55.63) | 4620 (66.98) | |
| Hispanic | 566 (3.56) | 289 (4.89) | 33 (5.58) | 654 (5.97) | 435 (6.31) | |
| East Asian | 2717 (17.08) | 948 (16.04) | 133 (22.50) | 2265 (20.67) | 834 (12.09) | |
| South Asian | 110 (0.69) | 29 (0.49) | 6 (1.02) | 155 (1.42) | 65 (0.94) | |
| Other Asian | 773 (4.86) | 248 (4.20) | 45 (7.61) | 724 (6.61) | 395 (5.73) | |
| Black | 372 (2.63) | 105 (1.78) | 16 (2.71) | 676 (6.17) | 287 (4.16) | |
| Other | 568 (3.57) | 229 (3.88) | 18 (3.05) | 388 (3.54) | 262 (3.80) | |
| Region | <0.0001 | |||||
| North America | 5290 (29.58) | 2043 (31.63) | 208 (32.50) | 4545 (37.69) | 3292 (43.88) | |
| Western Europe | 6479 (36.22) | 1956 (30.28) | 178 (27.81) | 3598 (29.84) | 2154 (28.71) | |
| Eastern Europe | 2197 (12.28) | 986 (15.27) | 48 (7.50) | 658 (5.46) | 595 (7.93) | |
| Latin America | 461 (2.58) | 251 (3.89) | 23 (3.59) | 366 (3.04) | 264 (3.52) | |
| Middle East | 165 (0.92) | 63 (0.98) | 11 (1.72) | 124 (1.03) | 91 (1.21) | |
| Asia | 1314 (7.35) | 530 (8.21) | 75 (11.72) | 964 (7.99) | 572 (7.62) | |
| Japan | 1981 (11.08) | 630 (9.75) | 97 (15.16) | 1804 (14.96) | 535 (7.13) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 31.2 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.2 ± 14.0 | 102.2 ± 14.0 | 94.6 ± 17.4 | 96.1 ± 15.9 | 106.8 ± 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Current smoker | 2922 (16.86) | 1043 (16.54) | 99 (15.97) | 1648 (14.18) | 1034 (14.15) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 12,839 (71.94) | 5667 (87.92) | 481 (75.27) | 9959 (82.87) | 7017 (93.62) | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 5145 (38.80) | 3196 (50.80) | 238 (42.96) | 3114 (33.18) | 3343 (45.64) | <0.0001 |
| Stable angina | 5773 (32.60) | 2188 (34.18) | 185 (29.23) | 3195 (26.83) | 2088 (28.10) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2028 (11.45) | 785 (12.24) | 88 (13.88) | 1839 (15.49) | 1266 (17.09) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1876 (10.61) | 663 (10.37) | 81 (12.80) | 1148 (9.68) | 756 (10.22) | 0.0247 |
| Renal impairment (eGFR < 60 ml/min) | 12,060 (67.42) | 3883 (60.12) | 341 (53.28) | 7227 (59.93) | 4568 (60.88) | <0.0001 |
| Vascular disease status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Any prior ischaemic event | 9777 (54.66) | 3479 (53.86) | 362 (56.56) | 4976 (41.26) | 2979 (39.70) | |
| Established atherothrombosis | 6820 (38.13) | 2334 (36.14) | 222 (34.69) | 3551 (29.45) | 2131 (28.40) | |
| Risk factors only | 1290 (7.21) | 646 (10.00) | 56 (8.75) | 3532 (29.29) | 2393 (31.89) | |
| Baseline laboratory results | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 92 (86.0–99.0) | 104 (98.0–110.0) | 134.8 (129.6–146.0) | 140 (114.0–171.0) | 125 (111.0–158.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 187 (162.0–217.0) | 200 (173.0–232.0) | 192 (163.0–220.0) | 180 (155.0–211.0) | 194 (166.0–227.0) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 89 (1.8–127.0) | 156 (3.4–205.0) | 107.5 (58.0–152.0) | 103 (58.0–140.0) | 172 (74.0–235.0) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular drug treatment | ||||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 12,451 (69.71) | 4520 (70.08) | 443 (69.33) | 7531 (62.51) | 4960 (66.18) | <0.0001 |
| Other antiplatelet agents | 4758 (26.72) | 1748 (27.21) | 178 (27.81) | 2728 (22.73) | 1469 (19.69) | <0.0001 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 2137 (12.29) | 790 (12.58) | 91 (14.51) | 1315 (11.21) | 839 (11.47) | 0.0033 |
| Statins | 11,684 (65.37) | 4676 (72.49) | 374 (58.44) | 7979 (66.22) | 5622 (74.98) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-blocker | 8585 (48.11) | 3541 (54.99) | 314 (49.06) | 4912 (40.92) | 3659 (49.00) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 5526 (31.00) | 2392 (37.17) | 244 (38.13) | 4450 (37.10) | 2938 (39.31) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretics | 5716 (32.05) | 2741 (42.54) | 235 (36.83) | 5064 (42.12) | 4038 (53.97) | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 7212 (40.45) | 2935 (45.67) | 222 (34.74) | 5772 (48.11) | 3956 (53.04) | <0.0001 |
| Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists | 3076 (17.28) | 1442 (22.41) | 140 (21.91) | 3128 (26.08) | 2203 (29.56) | <0.0001 |
| Other antihypertensive drug | 1229 (6.91) | 506 (7.88) | 59 (9.23) | 1290 (10.78) | 906 (12.19) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes drug treatment | ||||||
| None | NA | NA | 640 (100.00) | 37 (0.31) | 237 (3.16) | <0.0001 |
| Oral antidiabetic drug | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 8942 (74.15) | 5711 (76.13) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 3432 (28.46) | 1756 (23.40) | <0.0001 |
| Characteristic . | −DM/−MetS (n = 17,887) . | −DM/ + MetS (n = 6459) . | Newly detected DM (n = 640) . | +DM/−MetS (n = 12,059) . | +DM/+MetS (n = 7503) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 67.8 ± 10.1 | 69.6 ± 10.1 | 69.0 ± 9.5 | 67.4 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 12,233 (68.41) | 4042 (62.59) | 457 (71.41) | 7893 (65.49) | 4169 (55.56) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Caucasian | 10,800 (67.90) | 4062 (68.73) | 340 (57.53) | 6095 (55.63) | 4620 (66.98) | |
| Hispanic | 566 (3.56) | 289 (4.89) | 33 (5.58) | 654 (5.97) | 435 (6.31) | |
| East Asian | 2717 (17.08) | 948 (16.04) | 133 (22.50) | 2265 (20.67) | 834 (12.09) | |
| South Asian | 110 (0.69) | 29 (0.49) | 6 (1.02) | 155 (1.42) | 65 (0.94) | |
| Other Asian | 773 (4.86) | 248 (4.20) | 45 (7.61) | 724 (6.61) | 395 (5.73) | |
| Black | 372 (2.63) | 105 (1.78) | 16 (2.71) | 676 (6.17) | 287 (4.16) | |
| Other | 568 (3.57) | 229 (3.88) | 18 (3.05) | 388 (3.54) | 262 (3.80) | |
| Region | <0.0001 | |||||
| North America | 5290 (29.58) | 2043 (31.63) | 208 (32.50) | 4545 (37.69) | 3292 (43.88) | |
| Western Europe | 6479 (36.22) | 1956 (30.28) | 178 (27.81) | 3598 (29.84) | 2154 (28.71) | |
| Eastern Europe | 2197 (12.28) | 986 (15.27) | 48 (7.50) | 658 (5.46) | 595 (7.93) | |
| Latin America | 461 (2.58) | 251 (3.89) | 23 (3.59) | 366 (3.04) | 264 (3.52) | |
| Middle East | 165 (0.92) | 63 (0.98) | 11 (1.72) | 124 (1.03) | 91 (1.21) | |
| Asia | 1314 (7.35) | 530 (8.21) | 75 (11.72) | 964 (7.99) | 572 (7.62) | |
| Japan | 1981 (11.08) | 630 (9.75) | 97 (15.16) | 1804 (14.96) | 535 (7.13) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 31.2 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.2 ± 14.0 | 102.2 ± 14.0 | 94.6 ± 17.4 | 96.1 ± 15.9 | 106.8 ± 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Current smoker | 2922 (16.86) | 1043 (16.54) | 99 (15.97) | 1648 (14.18) | 1034 (14.15) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 12,839 (71.94) | 5667 (87.92) | 481 (75.27) | 9959 (82.87) | 7017 (93.62) | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 5145 (38.80) | 3196 (50.80) | 238 (42.96) | 3114 (33.18) | 3343 (45.64) | <0.0001 |
| Stable angina | 5773 (32.60) | 2188 (34.18) | 185 (29.23) | 3195 (26.83) | 2088 (28.10) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2028 (11.45) | 785 (12.24) | 88 (13.88) | 1839 (15.49) | 1266 (17.09) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1876 (10.61) | 663 (10.37) | 81 (12.80) | 1148 (9.68) | 756 (10.22) | 0.0247 |
| Renal impairment (eGFR < 60 ml/min) | 12,060 (67.42) | 3883 (60.12) | 341 (53.28) | 7227 (59.93) | 4568 (60.88) | <0.0001 |
| Vascular disease status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Any prior ischaemic event | 9777 (54.66) | 3479 (53.86) | 362 (56.56) | 4976 (41.26) | 2979 (39.70) | |
| Established atherothrombosis | 6820 (38.13) | 2334 (36.14) | 222 (34.69) | 3551 (29.45) | 2131 (28.40) | |
| Risk factors only | 1290 (7.21) | 646 (10.00) | 56 (8.75) | 3532 (29.29) | 2393 (31.89) | |
| Baseline laboratory results | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 92 (86.0–99.0) | 104 (98.0–110.0) | 134.8 (129.6–146.0) | 140 (114.0–171.0) | 125 (111.0–158.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 187 (162.0–217.0) | 200 (173.0–232.0) | 192 (163.0–220.0) | 180 (155.0–211.0) | 194 (166.0–227.0) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 89 (1.8–127.0) | 156 (3.4–205.0) | 107.5 (58.0–152.0) | 103 (58.0–140.0) | 172 (74.0–235.0) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular drug treatment | ||||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 12,451 (69.71) | 4520 (70.08) | 443 (69.33) | 7531 (62.51) | 4960 (66.18) | <0.0001 |
| Other antiplatelet agents | 4758 (26.72) | 1748 (27.21) | 178 (27.81) | 2728 (22.73) | 1469 (19.69) | <0.0001 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 2137 (12.29) | 790 (12.58) | 91 (14.51) | 1315 (11.21) | 839 (11.47) | 0.0033 |
| Statins | 11,684 (65.37) | 4676 (72.49) | 374 (58.44) | 7979 (66.22) | 5622 (74.98) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-blocker | 8585 (48.11) | 3541 (54.99) | 314 (49.06) | 4912 (40.92) | 3659 (49.00) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 5526 (31.00) | 2392 (37.17) | 244 (38.13) | 4450 (37.10) | 2938 (39.31) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretics | 5716 (32.05) | 2741 (42.54) | 235 (36.83) | 5064 (42.12) | 4038 (53.97) | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 7212 (40.45) | 2935 (45.67) | 222 (34.74) | 5772 (48.11) | 3956 (53.04) | <0.0001 |
| Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists | 3076 (17.28) | 1442 (22.41) | 140 (21.91) | 3128 (26.08) | 2203 (29.56) | <0.0001 |
| Other antihypertensive drug | 1229 (6.91) | 506 (7.88) | 59 (9.23) | 1290 (10.78) | 906 (12.19) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes drug treatment | ||||||
| None | NA | NA | 640 (100.00) | 37 (0.31) | 237 (3.16) | <0.0001 |
| Oral antidiabetic drug | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 8942 (74.15) | 5711 (76.13) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 3432 (28.46) | 1756 (23.40) | <0.0001 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range)
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NA, not applicable.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to metabolic status
| Characteristic . | −DM/−MetS (n = 17,887) . | −DM/ + MetS (n = 6459) . | Newly detected DM (n = 640) . | +DM/−MetS (n = 12,059) . | +DM/+MetS (n = 7503) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 67.8 ± 10.1 | 69.6 ± 10.1 | 69.0 ± 9.5 | 67.4 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 12,233 (68.41) | 4042 (62.59) | 457 (71.41) | 7893 (65.49) | 4169 (55.56) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Caucasian | 10,800 (67.90) | 4062 (68.73) | 340 (57.53) | 6095 (55.63) | 4620 (66.98) | |
| Hispanic | 566 (3.56) | 289 (4.89) | 33 (5.58) | 654 (5.97) | 435 (6.31) | |
| East Asian | 2717 (17.08) | 948 (16.04) | 133 (22.50) | 2265 (20.67) | 834 (12.09) | |
| South Asian | 110 (0.69) | 29 (0.49) | 6 (1.02) | 155 (1.42) | 65 (0.94) | |
| Other Asian | 773 (4.86) | 248 (4.20) | 45 (7.61) | 724 (6.61) | 395 (5.73) | |
| Black | 372 (2.63) | 105 (1.78) | 16 (2.71) | 676 (6.17) | 287 (4.16) | |
| Other | 568 (3.57) | 229 (3.88) | 18 (3.05) | 388 (3.54) | 262 (3.80) | |
| Region | <0.0001 | |||||
| North America | 5290 (29.58) | 2043 (31.63) | 208 (32.50) | 4545 (37.69) | 3292 (43.88) | |
| Western Europe | 6479 (36.22) | 1956 (30.28) | 178 (27.81) | 3598 (29.84) | 2154 (28.71) | |
| Eastern Europe | 2197 (12.28) | 986 (15.27) | 48 (7.50) | 658 (5.46) | 595 (7.93) | |
| Latin America | 461 (2.58) | 251 (3.89) | 23 (3.59) | 366 (3.04) | 264 (3.52) | |
| Middle East | 165 (0.92) | 63 (0.98) | 11 (1.72) | 124 (1.03) | 91 (1.21) | |
| Asia | 1314 (7.35) | 530 (8.21) | 75 (11.72) | 964 (7.99) | 572 (7.62) | |
| Japan | 1981 (11.08) | 630 (9.75) | 97 (15.16) | 1804 (14.96) | 535 (7.13) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 31.2 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.2 ± 14.0 | 102.2 ± 14.0 | 94.6 ± 17.4 | 96.1 ± 15.9 | 106.8 ± 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Current smoker | 2922 (16.86) | 1043 (16.54) | 99 (15.97) | 1648 (14.18) | 1034 (14.15) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 12,839 (71.94) | 5667 (87.92) | 481 (75.27) | 9959 (82.87) | 7017 (93.62) | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 5145 (38.80) | 3196 (50.80) | 238 (42.96) | 3114 (33.18) | 3343 (45.64) | <0.0001 |
| Stable angina | 5773 (32.60) | 2188 (34.18) | 185 (29.23) | 3195 (26.83) | 2088 (28.10) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2028 (11.45) | 785 (12.24) | 88 (13.88) | 1839 (15.49) | 1266 (17.09) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1876 (10.61) | 663 (10.37) | 81 (12.80) | 1148 (9.68) | 756 (10.22) | 0.0247 |
| Renal impairment (eGFR < 60 ml/min) | 12,060 (67.42) | 3883 (60.12) | 341 (53.28) | 7227 (59.93) | 4568 (60.88) | <0.0001 |
| Vascular disease status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Any prior ischaemic event | 9777 (54.66) | 3479 (53.86) | 362 (56.56) | 4976 (41.26) | 2979 (39.70) | |
| Established atherothrombosis | 6820 (38.13) | 2334 (36.14) | 222 (34.69) | 3551 (29.45) | 2131 (28.40) | |
| Risk factors only | 1290 (7.21) | 646 (10.00) | 56 (8.75) | 3532 (29.29) | 2393 (31.89) | |
| Baseline laboratory results | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 92 (86.0–99.0) | 104 (98.0–110.0) | 134.8 (129.6–146.0) | 140 (114.0–171.0) | 125 (111.0–158.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 187 (162.0–217.0) | 200 (173.0–232.0) | 192 (163.0–220.0) | 180 (155.0–211.0) | 194 (166.0–227.0) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 89 (1.8–127.0) | 156 (3.4–205.0) | 107.5 (58.0–152.0) | 103 (58.0–140.0) | 172 (74.0–235.0) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular drug treatment | ||||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 12,451 (69.71) | 4520 (70.08) | 443 (69.33) | 7531 (62.51) | 4960 (66.18) | <0.0001 |
| Other antiplatelet agents | 4758 (26.72) | 1748 (27.21) | 178 (27.81) | 2728 (22.73) | 1469 (19.69) | <0.0001 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 2137 (12.29) | 790 (12.58) | 91 (14.51) | 1315 (11.21) | 839 (11.47) | 0.0033 |
| Statins | 11,684 (65.37) | 4676 (72.49) | 374 (58.44) | 7979 (66.22) | 5622 (74.98) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-blocker | 8585 (48.11) | 3541 (54.99) | 314 (49.06) | 4912 (40.92) | 3659 (49.00) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 5526 (31.00) | 2392 (37.17) | 244 (38.13) | 4450 (37.10) | 2938 (39.31) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretics | 5716 (32.05) | 2741 (42.54) | 235 (36.83) | 5064 (42.12) | 4038 (53.97) | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 7212 (40.45) | 2935 (45.67) | 222 (34.74) | 5772 (48.11) | 3956 (53.04) | <0.0001 |
| Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists | 3076 (17.28) | 1442 (22.41) | 140 (21.91) | 3128 (26.08) | 2203 (29.56) | <0.0001 |
| Other antihypertensive drug | 1229 (6.91) | 506 (7.88) | 59 (9.23) | 1290 (10.78) | 906 (12.19) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes drug treatment | ||||||
| None | NA | NA | 640 (100.00) | 37 (0.31) | 237 (3.16) | <0.0001 |
| Oral antidiabetic drug | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 8942 (74.15) | 5711 (76.13) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 3432 (28.46) | 1756 (23.40) | <0.0001 |
| Characteristic . | −DM/−MetS (n = 17,887) . | −DM/ + MetS (n = 6459) . | Newly detected DM (n = 640) . | +DM/−MetS (n = 12,059) . | +DM/+MetS (n = 7503) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 67.8 ± 10.1 | 69.6 ± 10.1 | 69.0 ± 9.5 | 67.4 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 12,233 (68.41) | 4042 (62.59) | 457 (71.41) | 7893 (65.49) | 4169 (55.56) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Caucasian | 10,800 (67.90) | 4062 (68.73) | 340 (57.53) | 6095 (55.63) | 4620 (66.98) | |
| Hispanic | 566 (3.56) | 289 (4.89) | 33 (5.58) | 654 (5.97) | 435 (6.31) | |
| East Asian | 2717 (17.08) | 948 (16.04) | 133 (22.50) | 2265 (20.67) | 834 (12.09) | |
| South Asian | 110 (0.69) | 29 (0.49) | 6 (1.02) | 155 (1.42) | 65 (0.94) | |
| Other Asian | 773 (4.86) | 248 (4.20) | 45 (7.61) | 724 (6.61) | 395 (5.73) | |
| Black | 372 (2.63) | 105 (1.78) | 16 (2.71) | 676 (6.17) | 287 (4.16) | |
| Other | 568 (3.57) | 229 (3.88) | 18 (3.05) | 388 (3.54) | 262 (3.80) | |
| Region | <0.0001 | |||||
| North America | 5290 (29.58) | 2043 (31.63) | 208 (32.50) | 4545 (37.69) | 3292 (43.88) | |
| Western Europe | 6479 (36.22) | 1956 (30.28) | 178 (27.81) | 3598 (29.84) | 2154 (28.71) | |
| Eastern Europe | 2197 (12.28) | 986 (15.27) | 48 (7.50) | 658 (5.46) | 595 (7.93) | |
| Latin America | 461 (2.58) | 251 (3.89) | 23 (3.59) | 366 (3.04) | 264 (3.52) | |
| Middle East | 165 (0.92) | 63 (0.98) | 11 (1.72) | 124 (1.03) | 91 (1.21) | |
| Asia | 1314 (7.35) | 530 (8.21) | 75 (11.72) | 964 (7.99) | 572 (7.62) | |
| Japan | 1981 (11.08) | 630 (9.75) | 97 (15.16) | 1804 (14.96) | 535 (7.13) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 31.2 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.2 ± 14.0 | 102.2 ± 14.0 | 94.6 ± 17.4 | 96.1 ± 15.9 | 106.8 ± 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Current smoker | 2922 (16.86) | 1043 (16.54) | 99 (15.97) | 1648 (14.18) | 1034 (14.15) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 12,839 (71.94) | 5667 (87.92) | 481 (75.27) | 9959 (82.87) | 7017 (93.62) | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 5145 (38.80) | 3196 (50.80) | 238 (42.96) | 3114 (33.18) | 3343 (45.64) | <0.0001 |
| Stable angina | 5773 (32.60) | 2188 (34.18) | 185 (29.23) | 3195 (26.83) | 2088 (28.10) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2028 (11.45) | 785 (12.24) | 88 (13.88) | 1839 (15.49) | 1266 (17.09) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1876 (10.61) | 663 (10.37) | 81 (12.80) | 1148 (9.68) | 756 (10.22) | 0.0247 |
| Renal impairment (eGFR < 60 ml/min) | 12,060 (67.42) | 3883 (60.12) | 341 (53.28) | 7227 (59.93) | 4568 (60.88) | <0.0001 |
| Vascular disease status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Any prior ischaemic event | 9777 (54.66) | 3479 (53.86) | 362 (56.56) | 4976 (41.26) | 2979 (39.70) | |
| Established atherothrombosis | 6820 (38.13) | 2334 (36.14) | 222 (34.69) | 3551 (29.45) | 2131 (28.40) | |
| Risk factors only | 1290 (7.21) | 646 (10.00) | 56 (8.75) | 3532 (29.29) | 2393 (31.89) | |
| Baseline laboratory results | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 92 (86.0–99.0) | 104 (98.0–110.0) | 134.8 (129.6–146.0) | 140 (114.0–171.0) | 125 (111.0–158.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 187 (162.0–217.0) | 200 (173.0–232.0) | 192 (163.0–220.0) | 180 (155.0–211.0) | 194 (166.0–227.0) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 89 (1.8–127.0) | 156 (3.4–205.0) | 107.5 (58.0–152.0) | 103 (58.0–140.0) | 172 (74.0–235.0) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular drug treatment | ||||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 12,451 (69.71) | 4520 (70.08) | 443 (69.33) | 7531 (62.51) | 4960 (66.18) | <0.0001 |
| Other antiplatelet agents | 4758 (26.72) | 1748 (27.21) | 178 (27.81) | 2728 (22.73) | 1469 (19.69) | <0.0001 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 2137 (12.29) | 790 (12.58) | 91 (14.51) | 1315 (11.21) | 839 (11.47) | 0.0033 |
| Statins | 11,684 (65.37) | 4676 (72.49) | 374 (58.44) | 7979 (66.22) | 5622 (74.98) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-blocker | 8585 (48.11) | 3541 (54.99) | 314 (49.06) | 4912 (40.92) | 3659 (49.00) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 5526 (31.00) | 2392 (37.17) | 244 (38.13) | 4450 (37.10) | 2938 (39.31) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretics | 5716 (32.05) | 2741 (42.54) | 235 (36.83) | 5064 (42.12) | 4038 (53.97) | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 7212 (40.45) | 2935 (45.67) | 222 (34.74) | 5772 (48.11) | 3956 (53.04) | <0.0001 |
| Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists | 3076 (17.28) | 1442 (22.41) | 140 (21.91) | 3128 (26.08) | 2203 (29.56) | <0.0001 |
| Other antihypertensive drug | 1229 (6.91) | 506 (7.88) | 59 (9.23) | 1290 (10.78) | 906 (12.19) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes drug treatment | ||||||
| None | NA | NA | 640 (100.00) | 37 (0.31) | 237 (3.16) | <0.0001 |
| Oral antidiabetic drug | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 8942 (74.15) | 5711 (76.13) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin | NA | NA | 0 (0.00) | 3432 (28.46) | 1756 (23.40) | <0.0001 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range)
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NA, not applicable.
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