Table 2. Open in new tab Unadjusted and...

	Women	Men
Anthropometry
Body mass index (kg/m²)	−0.16 (−0.37–0.05)	0.143	0.00 (−0.22–0.22)	0.985	0.05 (−0.07–0.17)	0.384	0.22 (0.10–0.35)	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.06 (−0.60–0.49)	0.839	−0.82 (−1.13– −0.52)^a	<0.001	0.26 (−0.07–0.59)	0.121	−0.77 (−0.93– −0.61)^a	<0.001
Fat mass (%)	−1.23 (−1.55– −0.90)	<0.001	−0.56 (−0.89– −0.22)	0.001	−0.63 (−0.78– −0.47)	<0.001	−0.27 (−0.43– −0.11)	0.001
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic	−1.67 (−2.46–−0.89)	<0.001	0.66 (−0.12–1.43)^b	0.098	−0.77 (−1.28– −0.26)	0.003	0.04 (−0.48–0.56)^b	0.892
Diastolic	0.07 (−0.38–0.52)	0.762	0.15 (−0.31–0.61)^b	0.522	0.44 (0.12–0.76)	0.007	0.29 (−0.05– 0.63)^b	0.090
Lipid markers (mmol/l)
Total cholesterol	−0.03 (−0.07–0.02)	0.230	0.00 (−0.04–0.05)^c	0.863	0.06 (0.03–0.09)	<0.001	0.05 (0.02–0.08)^c	0.002
HDL-cholesterol	0.01 (−0.01–0.03)	0.505	0.00 (−0.02–0.02)^c	0.969	0.00 (−0.01–0.01)	0.939	0.01 (0.00–0.02)^c	0.257
LDL-cholesterol	−0.02 (−0.06–0.02)	0.273	0.00 (−0.04–0.04)^c	0.961	0.04 (0.02–0.07)	0.001	0.03 (0.00–0.06)^c	0.036
Triglycerides §	−2.7 (−4.5– −0.8)	0.006	−0.1 (−2.0–1.7)^c	0.884	1.6 (−0.1–3.2)	0.058	0.8 (−0.8–2.5)^c	0.312
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)	−0.91 (−7.02–5.20)	0.770	0.35 (−6.21–6.90)^c	0.918	0.83 (−3.34–5.01)	0.695	−0.52 (−5.01–3.97)^c	0.820
Glucometabolic markers
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	−0.05 (−0.10–0.00)	0.036	−0.01 (−0.05–0.04)^d	0.777	−0.06 (−0.10– −0.02)	0.005	−0.03 (−0.07–0.01)^d	0.116
Insulin (µU/ml)^§	−1.6 (−4.0–0.9)	0.215	0.4 (−2.0–2.7)^d	0.764	−1.7 (−3.4–0.1)	0.069	−1.1 (−2.7–0.6)^d	0.201
Adipokines (µU/ml)
Leptin^§	−4.9 (−8.0– −1.7)	0.003	−1.8 (−4.4–0.9)^e	0.198	−2.9 (−5.2– −0.5)	0.016	−2.7 (−4.6– −0.6)^e	0.010
Adiponectin^§	−2.1 (−4.8–0.6)	0.129	−1.4 (−4.2–1.5)^e	0.337	−0.5 (−2.4–1.4)	0.598	0.4 (−1.6–2.5)^e	0.671
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP (mg/l)^§	−9.6 (−13.5– −5.5)	<0.001	−6.8 (−10.7– −2.8)^e	0.001	−4.7 (−7.6– −1.8)	0.002	−3.2 (−6.1– −0.2)^e	0.039
IL-6 (pg/ml)^§	−1.1 (−6.6–4.8)	0.713	−1.1 (−7.0–5.2)^e	0.730	−5.4 (−9.1– −1.5)	0.007	−4.1 (−8.2–0.1)^e	0.055
TNF-α (pg/ml)^§	−0.4 (−4.0–3.3)	0.828	1.2 (−2.6–5.3)^e	0.534	−2.1 (−4.5–0.4)	0.094	−1.2 (−3.8–1.5)^e	0.392
Homocysteine (µmol/l)^§	−2.9 (−4.0– −1.7)	<0.001	−0.6 (−1.8–0.7)^e	0.359	−1.1 (−2.0– −0.2)	0.019	0.6 (−0.4–1.6)^e	0.212
Uric acid (µmol/l)	−3.93 (−6.92– −0.94)	0.010	1.12 (−1.79–4.04)^e	0.449	0.53 (−1.75–2.80)	0.650	0.84 (−1.52–3.21)^e	0.485

Women

Men

Unadjusted

p-Value

Multivariate-adjusted

p-Value

Unadjusted

p-Value

Multivariate-adjusted

p-Value

Anthropometry

Body mass index (kg/m²)

−0.16 (−0.37–0.05)

0.143

0.00 (−0.22–0.22)

0.985

0.05 (−0.07–0.17)

0.384

0.22 (0.10–0.35)

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

−0.06 (−0.60–0.49)

0.839

−0.82 (−1.13– −0.52)^a

<0.001

0.26 (−0.07–0.59)

0.121

−0.77 (−0.93– −0.61)^a

<0.001

Fat mass (%)

−1.23 (−1.55– −0.90)

<0.001

−0.56 (−0.89– −0.22)

0.001

−0.63 (−0.78– −0.47)

<0.001

−0.27 (−0.43– −0.11)

0.001

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

Systolic

−1.67 (−2.46–−0.89)

<0.001

0.66 (−0.12–1.43)^b

0.098

−0.77 (−1.28– −0.26)

0.003

0.04 (−0.48–0.56)^b

0.892

Diastolic

0.07 (−0.38–0.52)

0.762

0.15 (−0.31–0.61)^b

0.522

0.44 (0.12–0.76)

0.007

0.29 (−0.05– 0.63)^b

0.090

Lipid markers (mmol/l)

Total cholesterol

−0.03 (−0.07–0.02)

0.230

0.00 (−0.04–0.05)^c

0.863

0.06 (0.03–0.09)

<0.001

0.05 (0.02–0.08)^c

0.002

HDL-cholesterol

0.01 (−0.01–0.03)

0.505

0.00 (−0.02–0.02)^c

0.969

0.00 (−0.01–0.01)

0.939

0.01 (0.00–0.02)^c

0.257

LDL-cholesterol

−0.02 (−0.06–0.02)

0.273

0.00 (−0.04–0.04)^c

0.961

0.04 (0.02–0.07)

0.001

0.03 (0.00–0.06)^c

0.036

Triglycerides §

−2.7 (−4.5– −0.8)

0.006

−0.1 (−2.0–1.7)^c

0.884

1.6 (−0.1–3.2)

0.058

0.8 (−0.8–2.5)^c

0.312

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)

−0.91 (−7.02–5.20)

0.770

0.35 (−6.21–6.90)^c

0.918

0.83 (−3.34–5.01)

0.695

−0.52 (−5.01–3.97)^c

0.820

Glucometabolic markers

Fasting glucose (mmol/l)

−0.05 (−0.10–0.00)

0.036

−0.01 (−0.05–0.04)^d

0.777

−0.06 (−0.10– −0.02)

0.005

−0.03 (−0.07–0.01)^d

0.116

Insulin (µU/ml)^§

−1.6 (−4.0–0.9)

0.215

0.4 (−2.0–2.7)^d

0.764

−1.7 (−3.4–0.1)

0.069

−1.1 (−2.7–0.6)^d

0.201

Adipokines (µU/ml)

Leptin^§

−4.9 (−8.0– −1.7)

0.003

−1.8 (−4.4–0.9)^e

0.198

−2.9 (−5.2– −0.5)

0.016

−2.7 (−4.6– −0.6)^e

0.010

Adiponectin^§

−2.1 (−4.8–0.6)

0.129

−1.4 (−4.2–1.5)^e

0.337

−0.5 (−2.4–1.4)

0.598

0.4 (−1.6–2.5)^e

0.671

Inflammatory markers

hs-CRP (mg/l)^§

−9.6 (−13.5– −5.5)

<0.001

−6.8 (−10.7– −2.8)^e

0.001

−4.7 (−7.6– −1.8)

0.002

−3.2 (−6.1– −0.2)^e

0.039

IL-6 (pg/ml)^§

−1.1 (−6.6–4.8)

0.713

−1.1 (−7.0–5.2)^e

0.730

−5.4 (−9.1– −1.5)

0.007

−4.1 (−8.2–0.1)^e

0.055

TNF-α (pg/ml)^§

−0.4 (−4.0–3.3)

0.828

1.2 (−2.6–5.3)^e

0.534

−2.1 (−4.5–0.4)

0.094

−1.2 (−3.8–1.5)^e

0.392

Homocysteine (µmol/l)^§

−2.9 (−4.0– −1.7)

<0.001

−0.6 (−1.8–0.7)^e

0.359

−1.1 (−2.0– −0.2)

0.019

0.6 (−0.4–1.6)^e

0.212

Uric acid (µmol/l)

−3.93 (−6.92– −0.94)

0.010

1.12 (−1.79–4.04)^e

0.449

0.53 (−1.75–2.80)

0.650

0.84 (−1.52–3.21)^e

0.485

	Women	Men
Anthropometry
Body mass index (kg/m²)	−0.16 (−0.37–0.05)	0.143	0.00 (−0.22–0.22)	0.985	0.05 (−0.07–0.17)	0.384	0.22 (0.10–0.35)	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.06 (−0.60–0.49)	0.839	−0.82 (−1.13– −0.52)^a	<0.001	0.26 (−0.07–0.59)	0.121	−0.77 (−0.93– −0.61)^a	<0.001
Fat mass (%)	−1.23 (−1.55– −0.90)	<0.001	−0.56 (−0.89– −0.22)	0.001	−0.63 (−0.78– −0.47)	<0.001	−0.27 (−0.43– −0.11)	0.001
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic	−1.67 (−2.46–−0.89)	<0.001	0.66 (−0.12–1.43)^b	0.098	−0.77 (−1.28– −0.26)	0.003	0.04 (−0.48–0.56)^b	0.892
Diastolic	0.07 (−0.38–0.52)	0.762	0.15 (−0.31–0.61)^b	0.522	0.44 (0.12–0.76)	0.007	0.29 (−0.05– 0.63)^b	0.090
Lipid markers (mmol/l)
Total cholesterol	−0.03 (−0.07–0.02)	0.230	0.00 (−0.04–0.05)^c	0.863	0.06 (0.03–0.09)	<0.001	0.05 (0.02–0.08)^c	0.002
HDL-cholesterol	0.01 (−0.01–0.03)	0.505	0.00 (−0.02–0.02)^c	0.969	0.00 (−0.01–0.01)	0.939	0.01 (0.00–0.02)^c	0.257
LDL-cholesterol	−0.02 (−0.06–0.02)	0.273	0.00 (−0.04–0.04)^c	0.961	0.04 (0.02–0.07)	0.001	0.03 (0.00–0.06)^c	0.036
Triglycerides §	−2.7 (−4.5– −0.8)	0.006	−0.1 (−2.0–1.7)^c	0.884	1.6 (−0.1–3.2)	0.058	0.8 (−0.8–2.5)^c	0.312
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)	−0.91 (−7.02–5.20)	0.770	0.35 (−6.21–6.90)^c	0.918	0.83 (−3.34–5.01)	0.695	−0.52 (−5.01–3.97)^c	0.820
Glucometabolic markers
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	−0.05 (−0.10–0.00)	0.036	−0.01 (−0.05–0.04)^d	0.777	−0.06 (−0.10– −0.02)	0.005	−0.03 (−0.07–0.01)^d	0.116
Insulin (µU/ml)^§	−1.6 (−4.0–0.9)	0.215	0.4 (−2.0–2.7)^d	0.764	−1.7 (−3.4–0.1)	0.069	−1.1 (−2.7–0.6)^d	0.201
Adipokines (µU/ml)
Leptin^§	−4.9 (−8.0– −1.7)	0.003	−1.8 (−4.4–0.9)^e	0.198	−2.9 (−5.2– −0.5)	0.016	−2.7 (−4.6– −0.6)^e	0.010
Adiponectin^§	−2.1 (−4.8–0.6)	0.129	−1.4 (−4.2–1.5)^e	0.337	−0.5 (−2.4–1.4)	0.598	0.4 (−1.6–2.5)^e	0.671
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP (mg/l)^§	−9.6 (−13.5– −5.5)	<0.001	−6.8 (−10.7– −2.8)^e	0.001	−4.7 (−7.6– −1.8)	0.002	−3.2 (−6.1– −0.2)^e	0.039
IL-6 (pg/ml)^§	−1.1 (−6.6–4.8)	0.713	−1.1 (−7.0–5.2)^e	0.730	−5.4 (−9.1– −1.5)	0.007	−4.1 (−8.2–0.1)^e	0.055
TNF-α (pg/ml)^§	−0.4 (−4.0–3.3)	0.828	1.2 (−2.6–5.3)^e	0.534	−2.1 (−4.5–0.4)	0.094	−1.2 (−3.8–1.5)^e	0.392
Homocysteine (µmol/l)^§	−2.9 (−4.0– −1.7)	<0.001	−0.6 (−1.8–0.7)^e	0.359	−1.1 (−2.0– −0.2)	0.019	0.6 (−0.4–1.6)^e	0.212
Uric acid (µmol/l)	−3.93 (−6.92– −0.94)	0.010	1.12 (−1.79–4.04)^e	0.449	0.53 (−1.75–2.80)	0.650	0.84 (−1.52–3.21)^e	0.485

Women

Men

Unadjusted

p-Value

Multivariate-adjusted

p-Value

Unadjusted

p-Value

Multivariate-adjusted

p-Value

Anthropometry

Body mass index (kg/m²)

−0.16 (−0.37–0.05)

0.143

0.00 (−0.22–0.22)

0.985

0.05 (−0.07–0.17)

0.384

0.22 (0.10–0.35)

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

−0.06 (−0.60–0.49)

0.839

−0.82 (−1.13– −0.52)^a

<0.001

0.26 (−0.07–0.59)

0.121

−0.77 (−0.93– −0.61)^a

<0.001

Fat mass (%)

−1.23 (−1.55– −0.90)

<0.001

−0.56 (−0.89– −0.22)

0.001

−0.63 (−0.78– −0.47)

<0.001

−0.27 (−0.43– −0.11)

0.001

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

Systolic

−1.67 (−2.46–−0.89)

<0.001

0.66 (−0.12–1.43)^b

0.098

−0.77 (−1.28– −0.26)

0.003

0.04 (−0.48–0.56)^b

0.892

Diastolic

0.07 (−0.38–0.52)

0.762

0.15 (−0.31–0.61)^b

0.522

0.44 (0.12–0.76)

0.007

0.29 (−0.05– 0.63)^b

0.090

Lipid markers (mmol/l)

Total cholesterol

−0.03 (−0.07–0.02)

0.230

0.00 (−0.04–0.05)^c

0.863

0.06 (0.03–0.09)

<0.001

0.05 (0.02–0.08)^c

0.002

HDL-cholesterol

0.01 (−0.01–0.03)

0.505

0.00 (−0.02–0.02)^c

0.969

0.00 (−0.01–0.01)

0.939

0.01 (0.00–0.02)^c

0.257

LDL-cholesterol

−0.02 (−0.06–0.02)

0.273

0.00 (−0.04–0.04)^c

0.961

0.04 (0.02–0.07)

0.001

0.03 (0.00–0.06)^c

0.036

Triglycerides §

−2.7 (−4.5– −0.8)

0.006

−0.1 (−2.0–1.7)^c

0.884

1.6 (−0.1–3.2)

0.058

0.8 (−0.8–2.5)^c

0.312

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)

−0.91 (−7.02–5.20)

0.770

0.35 (−6.21–6.90)^c

0.918

0.83 (−3.34–5.01)

0.695

−0.52 (−5.01–3.97)^c

0.820

Glucometabolic markers

Fasting glucose (mmol/l)

−0.05 (−0.10–0.00)

0.036

−0.01 (−0.05–0.04)^d

0.777

−0.06 (−0.10– −0.02)

0.005

−0.03 (−0.07–0.01)^d

0.116

Insulin (µU/ml)^§

−1.6 (−4.0–0.9)

0.215

0.4 (−2.0–2.7)^d

0.764

−1.7 (−3.4–0.1)

0.069

−1.1 (−2.7–0.6)^d

0.201

Adipokines (µU/ml)

Leptin^§

−4.9 (−8.0– −1.7)

0.003

−1.8 (−4.4–0.9)^e

0.198

−2.9 (−5.2– −0.5)

0.016

−2.7 (−4.6– −0.6)^e

0.010

Adiponectin^§

−2.1 (−4.8–0.6)

0.129

−1.4 (−4.2–1.5)^e

0.337

−0.5 (−2.4–1.4)

0.598

0.4 (−1.6–2.5)^e

0.671

Inflammatory markers

hs-CRP (mg/l)^§

−9.6 (−13.5– −5.5)

<0.001

−6.8 (−10.7– −2.8)^e

0.001

−4.7 (−7.6– −1.8)

0.002

−3.2 (−6.1– −0.2)^e

0.039

IL-6 (pg/ml)^§

−1.1 (−6.6–4.8)

0.713

−1.1 (−7.0–5.2)^e

0.730

−5.4 (−9.1– −1.5)

0.007

−4.1 (−8.2–0.1)^e

0.055

TNF-α (pg/ml)^§

−0.4 (−4.0–3.3)

0.828

1.2 (−2.6–5.3)^e

0.534

−2.1 (−4.5–0.4)

0.094

−1.2 (−3.8–1.5)^e

0.392

Homocysteine (µmol/l)^§

−2.9 (−4.0– −1.7)

<0.001

−0.6 (−1.8–0.7)^e

0.359

−1.1 (−2.0– −0.2)

0.019

0.6 (−0.4–1.6)^e

0.212

Uric acid (µmol/l)

−3.93 (−6.92– −0.94)

0.010

1.12 (−1.79–4.04)^e

0.449

0.53 (−1.75–2.80)

0.650

0.84 (−1.52–3.21)^e

0.485

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Unadjusted and multivariate-adjusted changes in cardiovascular risk marker levels per 5 kg increase in grip strength, stratified by gender.

	Women				Men
	Unadjusted	p-Value	Multivariate-adjusted	p-Value	Unadjusted	p-Value	Multivariate-adjusted	p-Value
Anthropometry
Body mass index (kg/m²)	−0.16 (−0.37–0.05)	0.143	0.00 (−0.22–0.22)	0.985	0.05 (−0.07–0.17)	0.384	0.22 (0.10–0.35)	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.06 (−0.60–0.49)	0.839	−0.82 (−1.13– −0.52)^a	<0.001	0.26 (−0.07–0.59)	0.121	−0.77 (−0.93– −0.61)^a	<0.001
Fat mass (%)	−1.23 (−1.55– −0.90)	<0.001	−0.56 (−0.89– −0.22)	0.001	−0.63 (−0.78– −0.47)	<0.001	−0.27 (−0.43– −0.11)	0.001
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic	−1.67 (−2.46–−0.89)	<0.001	0.66 (−0.12–1.43)^b	0.098	−0.77 (−1.28– −0.26)	0.003	0.04 (−0.48–0.56)^b	0.892
Diastolic	0.07 (−0.38–0.52)	0.762	0.15 (−0.31–0.61)^b	0.522	0.44 (0.12–0.76)	0.007	0.29 (−0.05– 0.63)^b	0.090
Lipid markers (mmol/l)
Total cholesterol	−0.03 (−0.07–0.02)	0.230	0.00 (−0.04–0.05)^c	0.863	0.06 (0.03–0.09)	<0.001	0.05 (0.02–0.08)^c	0.002
HDL-cholesterol	0.01 (−0.01–0.03)	0.505	0.00 (−0.02–0.02)^c	0.969	0.00 (−0.01–0.01)	0.939	0.01 (0.00–0.02)^c	0.257
LDL-cholesterol	−0.02 (−0.06–0.02)	0.273	0.00 (−0.04–0.04)^c	0.961	0.04 (0.02–0.07)	0.001	0.03 (0.00–0.06)^c	0.036
Triglycerides §	−2.7 (−4.5– −0.8)	0.006	−0.1 (−2.0–1.7)^c	0.884	1.6 (−0.1–3.2)	0.058	0.8 (−0.8–2.5)^c	0.312
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)	−0.91 (−7.02–5.20)	0.770	0.35 (−6.21–6.90)^c	0.918	0.83 (−3.34–5.01)	0.695	−0.52 (−5.01–3.97)^c	0.820
Glucometabolic markers
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	−0.05 (−0.10–0.00)	0.036	−0.01 (−0.05–0.04)^d	0.777	−0.06 (−0.10– −0.02)	0.005	−0.03 (−0.07–0.01)^d	0.116
Insulin (µU/ml)^§	−1.6 (−4.0–0.9)	0.215	0.4 (−2.0–2.7)^d	0.764	−1.7 (−3.4–0.1)	0.069	−1.1 (−2.7–0.6)^d	0.201
Adipokines (µU/ml)
Leptin^§	−4.9 (−8.0– −1.7)	0.003	−1.8 (−4.4–0.9)^e	0.198	−2.9 (−5.2– −0.5)	0.016	−2.7 (−4.6– −0.6)^e	0.010
Adiponectin^§	−2.1 (−4.8–0.6)	0.129	−1.4 (−4.2–1.5)^e	0.337	−0.5 (−2.4–1.4)	0.598	0.4 (−1.6–2.5)^e	0.671
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP (mg/l)^§	−9.6 (−13.5– −5.5)	<0.001	−6.8 (−10.7– −2.8)^e	0.001	−4.7 (−7.6– −1.8)	0.002	−3.2 (−6.1– −0.2)^e	0.039
IL-6 (pg/ml)^§	−1.1 (−6.6–4.8)	0.713	−1.1 (−7.0–5.2)^e	0.730	−5.4 (−9.1– −1.5)	0.007	−4.1 (−8.2–0.1)^e	0.055
TNF-α (pg/ml)^§	−0.4 (−4.0–3.3)	0.828	1.2 (−2.6–5.3)^e	0.534	−2.1 (−4.5–0.4)	0.094	−1.2 (−3.8–1.5)^e	0.392
Homocysteine (µmol/l)^§	−2.9 (−4.0– −1.7)	<0.001	−0.6 (−1.8–0.7)^e	0.359	−1.1 (−2.0– −0.2)	0.019	0.6 (−0.4–1.6)^e	0.212
Uric acid (µmol/l)	−3.93 (−6.92– −0.94)	0.010	1.12 (−1.79–4.04)^e	0.449	0.53 (−1.75–2.80)	0.650	0.84 (−1.52–3.21)^e	0.485

	Women				Men
	Unadjusted	p-Value	Multivariate-adjusted	p-Value	Unadjusted	p-Value	Multivariate-adjusted	p-Value
Anthropometry
Body mass index (kg/m²)	−0.16 (−0.37–0.05)	0.143	0.00 (−0.22–0.22)	0.985	0.05 (−0.07–0.17)	0.384	0.22 (0.10–0.35)	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.06 (−0.60–0.49)	0.839	−0.82 (−1.13– −0.52)^a	<0.001	0.26 (−0.07–0.59)	0.121	−0.77 (−0.93– −0.61)^a	<0.001
Fat mass (%)	−1.23 (−1.55– −0.90)	<0.001	−0.56 (−0.89– −0.22)	0.001	−0.63 (−0.78– −0.47)	<0.001	−0.27 (−0.43– −0.11)	0.001
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic	−1.67 (−2.46–−0.89)	<0.001	0.66 (−0.12–1.43)^b	0.098	−0.77 (−1.28– −0.26)	0.003	0.04 (−0.48–0.56)^b	0.892
Diastolic	0.07 (−0.38–0.52)	0.762	0.15 (−0.31–0.61)^b	0.522	0.44 (0.12–0.76)	0.007	0.29 (−0.05– 0.63)^b	0.090
Lipid markers (mmol/l)
Total cholesterol	−0.03 (−0.07–0.02)	0.230	0.00 (−0.04–0.05)^c	0.863	0.06 (0.03–0.09)	<0.001	0.05 (0.02–0.08)^c	0.002
HDL-cholesterol	0.01 (−0.01–0.03)	0.505	0.00 (−0.02–0.02)^c	0.969	0.00 (−0.01–0.01)	0.939	0.01 (0.00–0.02)^c	0.257
LDL-cholesterol	−0.02 (−0.06–0.02)	0.273	0.00 (−0.04–0.04)^c	0.961	0.04 (0.02–0.07)	0.001	0.03 (0.00–0.06)^c	0.036
Triglycerides §	−2.7 (−4.5– −0.8)	0.006	−0.1 (−2.0–1.7)^c	0.884	1.6 (−0.1–3.2)	0.058	0.8 (−0.8–2.5)^c	0.312
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)	−0.91 (−7.02–5.20)	0.770	0.35 (−6.21–6.90)^c	0.918	0.83 (−3.34–5.01)	0.695	−0.52 (−5.01–3.97)^c	0.820
Glucometabolic markers
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	−0.05 (−0.10–0.00)	0.036	−0.01 (−0.05–0.04)^d	0.777	−0.06 (−0.10– −0.02)	0.005	−0.03 (−0.07–0.01)^d	0.116
Insulin (µU/ml)^§	−1.6 (−4.0–0.9)	0.215	0.4 (−2.0–2.7)^d	0.764	−1.7 (−3.4–0.1)	0.069	−1.1 (−2.7–0.6)^d	0.201
Adipokines (µU/ml)
Leptin^§	−4.9 (−8.0– −1.7)	0.003	−1.8 (−4.4–0.9)^e	0.198	−2.9 (−5.2– −0.5)	0.016	−2.7 (−4.6– −0.6)^e	0.010
Adiponectin^§	−2.1 (−4.8–0.6)	0.129	−1.4 (−4.2–1.5)^e	0.337	−0.5 (−2.4–1.4)	0.598	0.4 (−1.6–2.5)^e	0.671
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP (mg/l)^§	−9.6 (−13.5– −5.5)	<0.001	−6.8 (−10.7– −2.8)^e	0.001	−4.7 (−7.6– −1.8)	0.002	−3.2 (−6.1– −0.2)^e	0.039
IL-6 (pg/ml)^§	−1.1 (−6.6–4.8)	0.713	−1.1 (−7.0–5.2)^e	0.730	−5.4 (−9.1– −1.5)	0.007	−4.1 (−8.2–0.1)^e	0.055
TNF-α (pg/ml)^§	−0.4 (−4.0–3.3)	0.828	1.2 (−2.6–5.3)^e	0.534	−2.1 (−4.5–0.4)	0.094	−1.2 (−3.8–1.5)^e	0.392
Homocysteine (µmol/l)^§	−2.9 (−4.0– −1.7)	<0.001	−0.6 (−1.8–0.7)^e	0.359	−1.1 (−2.0– −0.2)	0.019	0.6 (−0.4–1.6)^e	0.212
Uric acid (µmol/l)	−3.93 (−6.92– −0.94)	0.010	1.12 (−1.79–4.04)^e	0.449	0.53 (−1.75–2.80)	0.650	0.84 (−1.52–3.21)^e	0.485

HDL: high density lipoprotein: hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin 6; LDL: low density lipoprotein; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor alpha.

Statistical analyses performed using linear regression. Results are expressed as effect of a 5 kg increase in grip strength and (95% confidence interval). Multivariate adjustment for age, current smoking, leisure-time physical activity and occupational physical activity, with a further adjustment on ^aweight; ^bbody mass index and antihypertensive drug treatment; ^cbody mass index and lipid lowering drug treatment; ^dbody mass index and antidiabetic drug treatment; ^ebody mass index.

On log-transformed data results are expressed as % change of the risk marker related to a 5 kg increase in grip strength.

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