Table 2. Open in new tab Demographic,...

	Survivors	Nonsurvivors	SHR (95% CI)	P
Anthropometric data
Age, y	59 (50–69)	67 (58–77)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	<.001
Male sex	203 (64)	117 (59)	0.85 (0.64–1.13)	.261
Etiology of cirrhosis
Viral	121 (38)	99 (50)	1.43 (1.08–1.89)	.011
Alcohol	64 (20)	37 (19)	0.92 (0.64–1.31)	.639
NASH	20 (6)	9 (5)	0.80 (0.40–1.62)	.538
Mixed etiology^a	59 (19)	25 (13)	0.68 (0.45–1.03)	.070
Other	53 (17)	29 (15)	0.88 (0.60–1.31)	.541
BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization
BFI at admission	59 (19)	49 (25)	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	.017
BFI during hospitalization	29 (9)	32 (16)	1.87 (1.26–2.79)	.002
All BFI	88 (28)	81 (41)	1.63 (1.23–2.17)	.001
ACLF at admission	48 (15)	58 (29)	2.11 (1.53–2.92)	<.001
Grade 1	24 (50)	22 (38)	1.34 (0.87–2.06)	.186
Grade 2	21 (44)	32 (55)	2.56 (1.65–3.97)	<.001
Grade 3	3 (6)	4 (7)	2.42 (0.65–9.08)	.189
ACLF during hospitalization	23 (7)	36 (18)	2.29 (1.57–3.34)	<.001
Grade 1	20 (87)	20 (56)	1.49 (0.93–2.37)	.095
Grade 2	3 (13)	9 (25)	3.08 (1.52–6.22)	.002
Grade 3	0 (0)	7 (19)	13.18 (7.93–21.91)	<.001
All ACLF	71 (22)	94 (47)	2.68 (2.02–3.56)	<.001
Renal failure	33 (47)	50 (53)	1.30 (0.87–1.94)	.200
Liver failure	20 (28)	27 (29)	1.10 (0.70–1.75)	.670
Coagulation failure	14 (20)	20 (21)	1.16 (0.69–1.93)	.581
Brain failure	21 (30)	30 (32)	1.14 (0.74–1.78)	.547
Respiratory failure	2 (3)	12 (13)	2.41 (1.32–4.42)	.004
Circulatory failure	0 (0)	3 (3)	2.04 (1.27–3.27)	.003
Not complicated BFI	64 (20)	29 (15)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)	.700
BFI and ACLF	24 (8)	52 (26)	3.78 (2.62–5.44)	<.001
ACLF without BFI	47 (15)	42 (21)	2.05 (1.39–3.03)	<.001
Main clinical features at admission
Ascites	154 (49)	136 (68)	1.98 (1.47–2.67)	<.001
HE grades III/IV	39 (12)	44 (22)	1.85 (1.30–2.63)	.001
Renal dysfunction^b	54 (17)	54 (27)	1.73 (1.24–2.40)	.001
GI bleeding	29 (9)	7 (3)	0.42 (0.20–0.89)	.024
Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission
WBC, 10⁹/L	5.2 (3.6–7.9)	6.2 (4.2–9.3)	1.06 (1.03–1.10)	.001
CRP, mg/dL	0.98 (0.34–2.53)	1.76 (0.84–5.42)	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	.001
Platelets, 10⁹/L	90 (58–143)	89 (55–139)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	.574
Sodium, mmol/L	137 (135–140)	136 (133–139)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	.005
Bilirubin, mg/dL	1.9 (1.0–3.7)	3.0 (1.5–6.0)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	.007
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.89 (0.72–1.22)	1.11 (0.82–1.55)	1.41 (1.26–1.59)	<.001
Albumin, mg/dL	3.2 (2.9–3.7)	3.0 (2.7–3.4)	0.58 (0.46–0.74)	<.001
INR	1.37 (1.22–1.54)	1.42 (1.30–1.68)	1.27 (1.02–1.59)	.035
MAP, mmHg	87 (78–93)	83 (77–91)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	.065
HR, bpm	75 (67–85)	78 (70–86)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	.157
Clinical scores at admission
Child-Pugh score	8 (6–9)	9 (8–11)	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	<.001
Child-Pugh Class
Class A	94 (30)	21 (10)	0.33 (0.21–0.52)	<.001
Class B	150 (47)	95 (48)	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	.810
Class C	73 (23)	83 (42)	2.11 (1.59–2.81)	<.001
MELD	14 (10–18)	18 (14–24)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
MELD-Na	16 (12–21)	20 (15–25)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	<.001
CLIF-C-AD	49 (43–55)	55 (50–62)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
Transfer to ICU	25 (8)	18 (9)	1.24 (0.74–2.10)	.413
Comorbidities
CCI	5.5 (4.4–6.8)	6.9 (5.8–8.7)	1.31 (1.24–1.38)	<.001
HCC	61 (19)	65 (33)	1.69 (1.26–2.26)	<.001
Diabetes (any stage)	105 (33)	75 (38)	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	.360

Survivors

Nonsurvivors

SHR (95% CI)

No.

317

199

Anthropometric data

Age, y

59 (50–69)

67 (58–77)

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

<.001

Male sex

203 (64)

117 (59)

0.85 (0.64–1.13)

.261

Etiology of cirrhosis

Viral

121 (38)

99 (50)

1.43 (1.08–1.89)

.011

Alcohol

64 (20)

37 (19)

0.92 (0.64–1.31)

.639

NASH

20 (6)

9 (5)

0.80 (0.40–1.62)

.538

Mixed etiology^a

59 (19)

25 (13)

0.68 (0.45–1.03)

.070

Other

53 (17)

29 (15)

0.88 (0.60–1.31)

.541

BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization

BFI at admission

59 (19)

49 (25)

1.51 (1.08–2.11)

.017

BFI during hospitalization

29 (9)

32 (16)

1.87 (1.26–2.79)

.002

All BFI

88 (28)

81 (41)

1.63 (1.23–2.17)

.001

ACLF at admission

48 (15)

58 (29)

2.11 (1.53–2.92)

<.001

Grade 1

24 (50)

22 (38)

1.34 (0.87–2.06)

.186

Grade 2

21 (44)

32 (55)

2.56 (1.65–3.97)

<.001

Grade 3

3 (6)

4 (7)

2.42 (0.65–9.08)

.189

ACLF during hospitalization

23 (7)

36 (18)

2.29 (1.57–3.34)

<.001

Grade 1

20 (87)

20 (56)

1.49 (0.93–2.37)

.095

Grade 2

3 (13)

9 (25)

3.08 (1.52–6.22)

.002

Grade 3

0 (0)

7 (19)

13.18 (7.93–21.91)

<.001

All ACLF

71 (22)

94 (47)

2.68 (2.02–3.56)

<.001

Renal failure

33 (47)

50 (53)

1.30 (0.87–1.94)

.200

Liver failure

20 (28)

27 (29)

1.10 (0.70–1.75)

.670

Coagulation failure

14 (20)

20 (21)

1.16 (0.69–1.93)

.581

Brain failure

21 (30)

30 (32)

1.14 (0.74–1.78)

.547

Respiratory failure

2 (3)

12 (13)

2.41 (1.32–4.42)

.004

Circulatory failure

0 (0)

3 (3)

2.04 (1.27–3.27)

.003

Not complicated BFI

64 (20)

29 (15)

1.09 (0.72–1.65)

.700

BFI and ACLF

24 (8)

52 (26)

3.78 (2.62–5.44)

<.001

ACLF without BFI

47 (15)

42 (21)

2.05 (1.39–3.03)

<.001

Main clinical features at admission

Ascites

154 (49)

136 (68)

1.98 (1.47–2.67)

<.001

HE grades III/IV

39 (12)

44 (22)

1.85 (1.30–2.63)

.001

Renal dysfunction^b

54 (17)

54 (27)

1.73 (1.24–2.40)

.001

GI bleeding

29 (9)

7 (3)

0.42 (0.20–0.89)

.024

Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission

WBC, 10⁹/L

5.2 (3.6–7.9)

6.2 (4.2–9.3)

1.06 (1.03–1.10)

.001

CRP, mg/dL

0.98 (0.34–2.53)

1.76 (0.84–5.42)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

.001

Platelets, 10⁹/L

90 (58–143)

89 (55–139)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

.574

Sodium, mmol/L

137 (135–140)

136 (133–139)

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

.005

Bilirubin, mg/dL

1.9 (1.0–3.7)

3.0 (1.5–6.0)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

.007

Creatinine, mg/dL

0.89 (0.72–1.22)

1.11 (0.82–1.55)

1.41 (1.26–1.59)

<.001

Albumin, mg/dL

3.2 (2.9–3.7)

3.0 (2.7–3.4)

0.58 (0.46–0.74)

<.001

INR

1.37 (1.22–1.54)

1.42 (1.30–1.68)

1.27 (1.02–1.59)

.035

MAP, mmHg

87 (78–93)

83 (77–91)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

.065

HR, bpm

75 (67–85)

78 (70–86)

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

.157

Clinical scores at admission

Child-Pugh score

8 (6–9)

9 (8–11)

1.25 (1.17–1.34)

<.001

Child-Pugh Class

Class A

94 (30)

21 (10)

0.33 (0.21–0.52)

<.001

Class B

150 (47)

95 (48)

0.97 (0.73–1.28)

.810

Class C

73 (23)

83 (42)

2.11 (1.59–2.81)

<.001

MELD

14 (10–18)

18 (14–24)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

<.001

MELD-Na

16 (12–21)

20 (15–25)

1.07 (1.05–1.09)

<.001

CLIF-C-AD

49 (43–55)

55 (50–62)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

<.001

Transfer to ICU

25 (8)

18 (9)

1.24 (0.74–2.10)

.413

Comorbidities

CCI

5.5 (4.4–6.8)

6.9 (5.8–8.7)

1.31 (1.24–1.38)

<.001

HCC

61 (19)

65 (33)

1.69 (1.26–2.26)

<.001

Diabetes (any stage)

105 (33)

75 (38)

1.14 (0.86–1.52)

.360

	Survivors	Nonsurvivors	SHR (95% CI)	P
Anthropometric data
Age, y	59 (50–69)	67 (58–77)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	<.001
Male sex	203 (64)	117 (59)	0.85 (0.64–1.13)	.261
Etiology of cirrhosis
Viral	121 (38)	99 (50)	1.43 (1.08–1.89)	.011
Alcohol	64 (20)	37 (19)	0.92 (0.64–1.31)	.639
NASH	20 (6)	9 (5)	0.80 (0.40–1.62)	.538
Mixed etiology^a	59 (19)	25 (13)	0.68 (0.45–1.03)	.070
Other	53 (17)	29 (15)	0.88 (0.60–1.31)	.541
BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization
BFI at admission	59 (19)	49 (25)	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	.017
BFI during hospitalization	29 (9)	32 (16)	1.87 (1.26–2.79)	.002
All BFI	88 (28)	81 (41)	1.63 (1.23–2.17)	.001
ACLF at admission	48 (15)	58 (29)	2.11 (1.53–2.92)	<.001
Grade 1	24 (50)	22 (38)	1.34 (0.87–2.06)	.186
Grade 2	21 (44)	32 (55)	2.56 (1.65–3.97)	<.001
Grade 3	3 (6)	4 (7)	2.42 (0.65–9.08)	.189
ACLF during hospitalization	23 (7)	36 (18)	2.29 (1.57–3.34)	<.001
Grade 1	20 (87)	20 (56)	1.49 (0.93–2.37)	.095
Grade 2	3 (13)	9 (25)	3.08 (1.52–6.22)	.002
Grade 3	0 (0)	7 (19)	13.18 (7.93–21.91)	<.001
All ACLF	71 (22)	94 (47)	2.68 (2.02–3.56)	<.001
Renal failure	33 (47)	50 (53)	1.30 (0.87–1.94)	.200
Liver failure	20 (28)	27 (29)	1.10 (0.70–1.75)	.670
Coagulation failure	14 (20)	20 (21)	1.16 (0.69–1.93)	.581
Brain failure	21 (30)	30 (32)	1.14 (0.74–1.78)	.547
Respiratory failure	2 (3)	12 (13)	2.41 (1.32–4.42)	.004
Circulatory failure	0 (0)	3 (3)	2.04 (1.27–3.27)	.003
Not complicated BFI	64 (20)	29 (15)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)	.700
BFI and ACLF	24 (8)	52 (26)	3.78 (2.62–5.44)	<.001
ACLF without BFI	47 (15)	42 (21)	2.05 (1.39–3.03)	<.001
Main clinical features at admission
Ascites	154 (49)	136 (68)	1.98 (1.47–2.67)	<.001
HE grades III/IV	39 (12)	44 (22)	1.85 (1.30–2.63)	.001
Renal dysfunction^b	54 (17)	54 (27)	1.73 (1.24–2.40)	.001
GI bleeding	29 (9)	7 (3)	0.42 (0.20–0.89)	.024
Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission
WBC, 10⁹/L	5.2 (3.6–7.9)	6.2 (4.2–9.3)	1.06 (1.03–1.10)	.001
CRP, mg/dL	0.98 (0.34–2.53)	1.76 (0.84–5.42)	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	.001
Platelets, 10⁹/L	90 (58–143)	89 (55–139)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	.574
Sodium, mmol/L	137 (135–140)	136 (133–139)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	.005
Bilirubin, mg/dL	1.9 (1.0–3.7)	3.0 (1.5–6.0)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	.007
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.89 (0.72–1.22)	1.11 (0.82–1.55)	1.41 (1.26–1.59)	<.001
Albumin, mg/dL	3.2 (2.9–3.7)	3.0 (2.7–3.4)	0.58 (0.46–0.74)	<.001
INR	1.37 (1.22–1.54)	1.42 (1.30–1.68)	1.27 (1.02–1.59)	.035
MAP, mmHg	87 (78–93)	83 (77–91)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	.065
HR, bpm	75 (67–85)	78 (70–86)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	.157
Clinical scores at admission
Child-Pugh score	8 (6–9)	9 (8–11)	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	<.001
Child-Pugh Class
Class A	94 (30)	21 (10)	0.33 (0.21–0.52)	<.001
Class B	150 (47)	95 (48)	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	.810
Class C	73 (23)	83 (42)	2.11 (1.59–2.81)	<.001
MELD	14 (10–18)	18 (14–24)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
MELD-Na	16 (12–21)	20 (15–25)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	<.001
CLIF-C-AD	49 (43–55)	55 (50–62)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
Transfer to ICU	25 (8)	18 (9)	1.24 (0.74–2.10)	.413
Comorbidities
CCI	5.5 (4.4–6.8)	6.9 (5.8–8.7)	1.31 (1.24–1.38)	<.001
HCC	61 (19)	65 (33)	1.69 (1.26–2.26)	<.001
Diabetes (any stage)	105 (33)	75 (38)	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	.360

Survivors

Nonsurvivors

SHR (95% CI)

No.

317

199

Anthropometric data

Age, y

59 (50–69)

67 (58–77)

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

<.001

Male sex

203 (64)

117 (59)

0.85 (0.64–1.13)

.261

Etiology of cirrhosis

Viral

121 (38)

99 (50)

1.43 (1.08–1.89)

.011

Alcohol

64 (20)

37 (19)

0.92 (0.64–1.31)

.639

NASH

20 (6)

9 (5)

0.80 (0.40–1.62)

.538

Mixed etiology^a

59 (19)

25 (13)

0.68 (0.45–1.03)

.070

Other

53 (17)

29 (15)

0.88 (0.60–1.31)

.541

BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization

BFI at admission

59 (19)

49 (25)

1.51 (1.08–2.11)

.017

BFI during hospitalization

29 (9)

32 (16)

1.87 (1.26–2.79)

.002

All BFI

88 (28)

81 (41)

1.63 (1.23–2.17)

.001

ACLF at admission

48 (15)

58 (29)

2.11 (1.53–2.92)

<.001

Grade 1

24 (50)

22 (38)

1.34 (0.87–2.06)

.186

Grade 2

21 (44)

32 (55)

2.56 (1.65–3.97)

<.001

Grade 3

3 (6)

4 (7)

2.42 (0.65–9.08)

.189

ACLF during hospitalization

23 (7)

36 (18)

2.29 (1.57–3.34)

<.001

Grade 1

20 (87)

20 (56)

1.49 (0.93–2.37)

.095

Grade 2

3 (13)

9 (25)

3.08 (1.52–6.22)

.002

Grade 3

0 (0)

7 (19)

13.18 (7.93–21.91)

<.001

All ACLF

71 (22)

94 (47)

2.68 (2.02–3.56)

<.001

Renal failure

33 (47)

50 (53)

1.30 (0.87–1.94)

.200

Liver failure

20 (28)

27 (29)

1.10 (0.70–1.75)

.670

Coagulation failure

14 (20)

20 (21)

1.16 (0.69–1.93)

.581

Brain failure

21 (30)

30 (32)

1.14 (0.74–1.78)

.547

Respiratory failure

2 (3)

12 (13)

2.41 (1.32–4.42)

.004

Circulatory failure

0 (0)

3 (3)

2.04 (1.27–3.27)

.003

Not complicated BFI

64 (20)

29 (15)

1.09 (0.72–1.65)

.700

BFI and ACLF

24 (8)

52 (26)

3.78 (2.62–5.44)

<.001

ACLF without BFI

47 (15)

42 (21)

2.05 (1.39–3.03)

<.001

Main clinical features at admission

Ascites

154 (49)

136 (68)

1.98 (1.47–2.67)

<.001

HE grades III/IV

39 (12)

44 (22)

1.85 (1.30–2.63)

.001

Renal dysfunction^b

54 (17)

54 (27)

1.73 (1.24–2.40)

.001

GI bleeding

29 (9)

7 (3)

0.42 (0.20–0.89)

.024

Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission

WBC, 10⁹/L

5.2 (3.6–7.9)

6.2 (4.2–9.3)

1.06 (1.03–1.10)

.001

CRP, mg/dL

0.98 (0.34–2.53)

1.76 (0.84–5.42)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

.001

Platelets, 10⁹/L

90 (58–143)

89 (55–139)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

.574

Sodium, mmol/L

137 (135–140)

136 (133–139)

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

.005

Bilirubin, mg/dL

1.9 (1.0–3.7)

3.0 (1.5–6.0)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

.007

Creatinine, mg/dL

0.89 (0.72–1.22)

1.11 (0.82–1.55)

1.41 (1.26–1.59)

<.001

Albumin, mg/dL

3.2 (2.9–3.7)

3.0 (2.7–3.4)

0.58 (0.46–0.74)

<.001

INR

1.37 (1.22–1.54)

1.42 (1.30–1.68)

1.27 (1.02–1.59)

.035

MAP, mmHg

87 (78–93)

83 (77–91)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

.065

HR, bpm

75 (67–85)

78 (70–86)

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

.157

Clinical scores at admission

Child-Pugh score

8 (6–9)

9 (8–11)

1.25 (1.17–1.34)

<.001

Child-Pugh Class

Class A

94 (30)

21 (10)

0.33 (0.21–0.52)

<.001

Class B

150 (47)

95 (48)

0.97 (0.73–1.28)

.810

Class C

73 (23)

83 (42)

2.11 (1.59–2.81)

<.001

MELD

14 (10–18)

18 (14–24)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

<.001

MELD-Na

16 (12–21)

20 (15–25)

1.07 (1.05–1.09)

<.001

CLIF-C-AD

49 (43–55)

55 (50–62)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

<.001

Transfer to ICU

25 (8)

18 (9)

1.24 (0.74–2.10)

.413

Comorbidities

CCI

5.5 (4.4–6.8)

6.9 (5.8–8.7)

1.31 (1.24–1.38)

<.001

HCC

61 (19)

65 (33)

1.69 (1.26–2.26)

<.001

Diabetes (any stage)

105 (33)

75 (38)

1.14 (0.86–1.52)

.360

Table 2.

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Demographic, Biochemical, and Clinical Characteristics of the 516 Patients Included in the Study, Divided According to 1-Year Mortality Status

	Survivors	Nonsurvivors	SHR (95% CI)	P
No.	317	199
Anthropometric data
Age, y	59 (50–69)	67 (58–77)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	<.001
Male sex	203 (64)	117 (59)	0.85 (0.64–1.13)	.261
Etiology of cirrhosis
Viral	121 (38)	99 (50)	1.43 (1.08–1.89)	.011
Alcohol	64 (20)	37 (19)	0.92 (0.64–1.31)	.639
NASH	20 (6)	9 (5)	0.80 (0.40–1.62)	.538
Mixed etiology^a	59 (19)	25 (13)	0.68 (0.45–1.03)	.070
Other	53 (17)	29 (15)	0.88 (0.60–1.31)	.541
BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization
BFI at admission	59 (19)	49 (25)	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	.017
BFI during hospitalization	29 (9)	32 (16)	1.87 (1.26–2.79)	.002
All BFI	88 (28)	81 (41)	1.63 (1.23–2.17)	.001
ACLF at admission	48 (15)	58 (29)	2.11 (1.53–2.92)	<.001
Grade 1	24 (50)	22 (38)	1.34 (0.87–2.06)	.186
Grade 2	21 (44)	32 (55)	2.56 (1.65–3.97)	<.001
Grade 3	3 (6)	4 (7)	2.42 (0.65–9.08)	.189
ACLF during hospitalization	23 (7)	36 (18)	2.29 (1.57–3.34)	<.001
Grade 1	20 (87)	20 (56)	1.49 (0.93–2.37)	.095
Grade 2	3 (13)	9 (25)	3.08 (1.52–6.22)	.002
Grade 3	0 (0)	7 (19)	13.18 (7.93–21.91)	<.001
All ACLF	71 (22)	94 (47)	2.68 (2.02–3.56)	<.001
Renal failure	33 (47)	50 (53)	1.30 (0.87–1.94)	.200
Liver failure	20 (28)	27 (29)	1.10 (0.70–1.75)	.670
Coagulation failure	14 (20)	20 (21)	1.16 (0.69–1.93)	.581
Brain failure	21 (30)	30 (32)	1.14 (0.74–1.78)	.547
Respiratory failure	2 (3)	12 (13)	2.41 (1.32–4.42)	.004
Circulatory failure	0 (0)	3 (3)	2.04 (1.27–3.27)	.003
Not complicated BFI	64 (20)	29 (15)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)	.700
BFI and ACLF	24 (8)	52 (26)	3.78 (2.62–5.44)	<.001
ACLF without BFI	47 (15)	42 (21)	2.05 (1.39–3.03)	<.001
Main clinical features at admission
Ascites	154 (49)	136 (68)	1.98 (1.47–2.67)	<.001
HE grades III/IV	39 (12)	44 (22)	1.85 (1.30–2.63)	.001
Renal dysfunction^b	54 (17)	54 (27)	1.73 (1.24–2.40)	.001
GI bleeding	29 (9)	7 (3)	0.42 (0.20–0.89)	.024
Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission
WBC, 10⁹/L	5.2 (3.6–7.9)	6.2 (4.2–9.3)	1.06 (1.03–1.10)	.001
CRP, mg/dL	0.98 (0.34–2.53)	1.76 (0.84–5.42)	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	.001
Platelets, 10⁹/L	90 (58–143)	89 (55–139)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	.574
Sodium, mmol/L	137 (135–140)	136 (133–139)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	.005
Bilirubin, mg/dL	1.9 (1.0–3.7)	3.0 (1.5–6.0)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	.007
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.89 (0.72–1.22)	1.11 (0.82–1.55)	1.41 (1.26–1.59)	<.001
Albumin, mg/dL	3.2 (2.9–3.7)	3.0 (2.7–3.4)	0.58 (0.46–0.74)	<.001
INR	1.37 (1.22–1.54)	1.42 (1.30–1.68)	1.27 (1.02–1.59)	.035
MAP, mmHg	87 (78–93)	83 (77–91)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	.065
HR, bpm	75 (67–85)	78 (70–86)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	.157
Clinical scores at admission
Child-Pugh score	8 (6–9)	9 (8–11)	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	<.001
Child-Pugh Class
Class A	94 (30)	21 (10)	0.33 (0.21–0.52)	<.001
Class B	150 (47)	95 (48)	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	.810
Class C	73 (23)	83 (42)	2.11 (1.59–2.81)	<.001
MELD	14 (10–18)	18 (14–24)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
MELD-Na	16 (12–21)	20 (15–25)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	<.001
CLIF-C-AD	49 (43–55)	55 (50–62)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
Transfer to ICU	25 (8)	18 (9)	1.24 (0.74–2.10)	.413
Comorbidities
CCI	5.5 (4.4–6.8)	6.9 (5.8–8.7)	1.31 (1.24–1.38)	<.001
HCC	61 (19)	65 (33)	1.69 (1.26–2.26)	<.001
Diabetes (any stage)	105 (33)	75 (38)	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	.360

	Survivors	Nonsurvivors	SHR (95% CI)	P
No.	317	199
Anthropometric data
Age, y	59 (50–69)	67 (58–77)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	<.001
Male sex	203 (64)	117 (59)	0.85 (0.64–1.13)	.261
Etiology of cirrhosis
Viral	121 (38)	99 (50)	1.43 (1.08–1.89)	.011
Alcohol	64 (20)	37 (19)	0.92 (0.64–1.31)	.639
NASH	20 (6)	9 (5)	0.80 (0.40–1.62)	.538
Mixed etiology^a	59 (19)	25 (13)	0.68 (0.45–1.03)	.070
Other	53 (17)	29 (15)	0.88 (0.60–1.31)	.541
BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization
BFI at admission	59 (19)	49 (25)	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	.017
BFI during hospitalization	29 (9)	32 (16)	1.87 (1.26–2.79)	.002
All BFI	88 (28)	81 (41)	1.63 (1.23–2.17)	.001
ACLF at admission	48 (15)	58 (29)	2.11 (1.53–2.92)	<.001
Grade 1	24 (50)	22 (38)	1.34 (0.87–2.06)	.186
Grade 2	21 (44)	32 (55)	2.56 (1.65–3.97)	<.001
Grade 3	3 (6)	4 (7)	2.42 (0.65–9.08)	.189
ACLF during hospitalization	23 (7)	36 (18)	2.29 (1.57–3.34)	<.001
Grade 1	20 (87)	20 (56)	1.49 (0.93–2.37)	.095
Grade 2	3 (13)	9 (25)	3.08 (1.52–6.22)	.002
Grade 3	0 (0)	7 (19)	13.18 (7.93–21.91)	<.001
All ACLF	71 (22)	94 (47)	2.68 (2.02–3.56)	<.001
Renal failure	33 (47)	50 (53)	1.30 (0.87–1.94)	.200
Liver failure	20 (28)	27 (29)	1.10 (0.70–1.75)	.670
Coagulation failure	14 (20)	20 (21)	1.16 (0.69–1.93)	.581
Brain failure	21 (30)	30 (32)	1.14 (0.74–1.78)	.547
Respiratory failure	2 (3)	12 (13)	2.41 (1.32–4.42)	.004
Circulatory failure	0 (0)	3 (3)	2.04 (1.27–3.27)	.003
Not complicated BFI	64 (20)	29 (15)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)	.700
BFI and ACLF	24 (8)	52 (26)	3.78 (2.62–5.44)	<.001
ACLF without BFI	47 (15)	42 (21)	2.05 (1.39–3.03)	<.001
Main clinical features at admission
Ascites	154 (49)	136 (68)	1.98 (1.47–2.67)	<.001
HE grades III/IV	39 (12)	44 (22)	1.85 (1.30–2.63)	.001
Renal dysfunction^b	54 (17)	54 (27)	1.73 (1.24–2.40)	.001
GI bleeding	29 (9)	7 (3)	0.42 (0.20–0.89)	.024
Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission
WBC, 10⁹/L	5.2 (3.6–7.9)	6.2 (4.2–9.3)	1.06 (1.03–1.10)	.001
CRP, mg/dL	0.98 (0.34–2.53)	1.76 (0.84–5.42)	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	.001
Platelets, 10⁹/L	90 (58–143)	89 (55–139)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	.574
Sodium, mmol/L	137 (135–140)	136 (133–139)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	.005
Bilirubin, mg/dL	1.9 (1.0–3.7)	3.0 (1.5–6.0)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	.007
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.89 (0.72–1.22)	1.11 (0.82–1.55)	1.41 (1.26–1.59)	<.001
Albumin, mg/dL	3.2 (2.9–3.7)	3.0 (2.7–3.4)	0.58 (0.46–0.74)	<.001
INR	1.37 (1.22–1.54)	1.42 (1.30–1.68)	1.27 (1.02–1.59)	.035
MAP, mmHg	87 (78–93)	83 (77–91)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	.065
HR, bpm	75 (67–85)	78 (70–86)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	.157
Clinical scores at admission
Child-Pugh score	8 (6–9)	9 (8–11)	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	<.001
Child-Pugh Class
Class A	94 (30)	21 (10)	0.33 (0.21–0.52)	<.001
Class B	150 (47)	95 (48)	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	.810
Class C	73 (23)	83 (42)	2.11 (1.59–2.81)	<.001
MELD	14 (10–18)	18 (14–24)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
MELD-Na	16 (12–21)	20 (15–25)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	<.001
CLIF-C-AD	49 (43–55)	55 (50–62)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<.001
Transfer to ICU	25 (8)	18 (9)	1.24 (0.74–2.10)	.413
Comorbidities
CCI	5.5 (4.4–6.8)	6.9 (5.8–8.7)	1.31 (1.24–1.38)	<.001
HCC	61 (19)	65 (33)	1.69 (1.26–2.26)	<.001
Diabetes (any stage)	105 (33)	75 (38)	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	.360

For each parameter, the subdistribution hazard ratio with 95% CI for 1-year mortality is reported.

Abbreviations: ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; AD, acute decompensation; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CLIF-C, Chronic Liver Failure Consortium; CRP, C-reactive protein; GI, gastrointestinal; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MELD, Model for End-stage Liver Disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; WBC, white blood cell count.

^aMixed etiology includes viral and alcohol, viral and metabolic, and alcohol and metabolic etiologies.

^bRenal dysfunction was defined as serum creatinine level >1.5 mg/dL.

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