Table 1. Open in new tab Anthropometric,...

	Entire Cohort		GLUT-4 Expression Subgroup
Age (years)	30.1 ± 1.3	31.8 ± 1.6	0.417	N/A	29.1 ± 1.1	34.4 ± 3.8	0.221
BMI (kg/m²)	33.7 ± 1.9	29.5 ± 1.5	0.101	N/A	32.4 ± 0.0	33.3 ± 0.7	0.639
WHR	0.88 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.02	0.137	N/A	0.93 ± 0.02	0.92 ± 0.04	0.966
African American	2	2	N/A	N/A	0	1	N/A
Hispanic American	7	7	N/A	N/A	3	1	N/A
Non-Hispanic White	9	9	N/A	N/A	2	3	N/A
VAT (cm²)^a	148.2 ± 20.7	111.7 ± 25.7	0.302	N/A	158.2 ± 24.8	136.9 ± 16.9	0.491
SAT (cm²)^a	458.1 ± 49.7	382.9 ± 77.2	0.408	N/A	426.8 ± 59.4	483.9 ± 41.8	0.454
TAT (cm²)^a	606.4 ± 63.9	494.7 ± 102.8	0.346	N/A	585.4 ± 64.7	620.8 ± 52.8	0.682
mF-G score	7.8 ± 1.5	0.8 ± 0.3	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	6.8 ± 1.8	1.6 ± 0.0	*0.035*
Free T (pg/mL)	5.3 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.4	*<0.001*	*<0.005*	5.8 ± 1.3	2.2 ± 0.2	*0.026*
Total T (ng/dL)	45.4 ± 7.7	26.4 ± 3.4	*0.035*	0.309	32.4 ± 3.7	22.6 ± 2.8	*0.036*
DHEAS (ug/dL)	276.5 ± 27.0	202.0 ± 29.4	0.070	*0.017*	299.6 ± 27.2	145.3 ± 34.9	0.009
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	91.6 ± 3.2	89.1 ± 1.6	0.486	0.096	94.6 ± 4.7	88.2 ± 3.5	0.310
INS₀(µIU/mL)	15.9 ± 2.8	5.4 ± 0.8	*0.001*	*0.006*	17.8 ± 5.6	7.7 ± 2.1	0.066
HOMA-IR	3.64 ± 0.66	1.20 ± 0.18	*<0.001*	*0.004*	4.00 ± 1.12	1.74 ± 0.51	0.067
HOMA-β%^b	59.4 (8.2-176.5)	18.5 (2.8-43.8)	*<0.001*	*0.002*	67.4 (29.6-157.5)	27.1 (10.0-53.9)	0.099
S_i(min^–1. µU^–1∙ mL^–1)	2.96 ± 0.56	6.45 ± 0.90	*0.002*	*0.011*	1.42 ± 0.35	3.85 ± 0.86	*0.030*
S_g(min^–1)	0.0195 ± 0.0023	0.0247 ± 0.0030	0.173	0.340	0.0235 ± 0.0029	0.0259 ± 0.0051	0.821
AIR_g(µU^–1/mL)^b	554.9 (65.7-1833.3)	434.5 (34.5-1320.0)	0.402	0.814	702.5 (274.1-1173.8)	434.5 (343.0-1040.0)	0.918
Di	1206 ± 210	2075 ± 375	*0.026*	*0.041*	930 ± 228	2128 ± 327	*0.017*
NEFA₀(mmol/L)	0.505 ± 0.036	0.504 ± 0.052	0.987	0.649	0.567 ± 0.085	0.578 ± 0.134	0.946
Adipo-IR (mmol/L ∙ µIU/mL)	8.27 ± 2.59	2.49 ± 0.39	*0.034*	*0.013*	15.5 ± 8.2	3.7 ± 0.8	0.059
NEFA_nadir(mmol/L)	0.092 ± 0.017	0.069 ± 0.013	0.069	*0.022*	0.127 ± 0.038	0.053 ± 0.015	*0.041*
TIME_nadir(mins)	69.7 ± 4.3	49.8 ± 3.3	*<0.001*	*0.002*	74.0 ± 7.5	56.0 ± 2.5	*0.038*
%NEFA_supp	80.7 ± 4.0	85.5 ± 2.7	0.322	0.098	78.3 ± 3.8	89.2 ± 3.2	0.061

Entire Cohort

GLUT-4 Expression Subgroup

Variable

PCOS (n = 18)

Controls (n = 18)

P Value

P Value (Adjusted for BMI)

PCOS (n = 5)

Controls (n = 5)

P Value

Age (years)

30.1 ± 1.3

31.8 ± 1.6

0.417

N/A

29.1 ± 1.1

34.4 ± 3.8

0.221

BMI (kg/m²)

33.7 ± 1.9

29.5 ± 1.5

0.101

N/A

32.4 ± 0.0

33.3 ± 0.7

0.639

WHR

0.88 ± 0.02

0.83 ± 0.02

0.137

N/A

0.93 ± 0.02

0.92 ± 0.04

0.966

African American

N/A

N/A

N/A

Hispanic American

N/A

N/A

N/A

Non-Hispanic White

N/A

N/A

N/A

VAT (cm²)^a

148.2 ± 20.7

111.7 ± 25.7

0.302

N/A

158.2 ± 24.8

136.9 ± 16.9

0.491

SAT (cm²)^a

458.1 ± 49.7

382.9 ± 77.2

0.408

N/A

426.8 ± 59.4

483.9 ± 41.8

0.454

TAT (cm²)^a

606.4 ± 63.9

494.7 ± 102.8

0.346

N/A

585.4 ± 64.7

620.8 ± 52.8

0.682

mF-G score

7.8 ± 1.5

0.8 ± 0.3

<0.001

6.8 ± 1.8

1.6 ± 0.0

0.035

Free T (pg/mL)

5.3 ± 0.5

2.5 ± 0.4

<0.001

<0.005

5.8 ± 1.3

2.2 ± 0.2

0.026

Total T (ng/dL)

45.4 ± 7.7

26.4 ± 3.4

0.035

0.309

32.4 ± 3.7

22.6 ± 2.8

0.036

DHEAS (ug/dL)

276.5 ± 27.0

202.0 ± 29.4

0.070

0.017

299.6 ± 27.2

145.3 ± 34.9

0.009

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

91.6 ± 3.2

89.1 ± 1.6

0.486

0.096

94.6 ± 4.7

88.2 ± 3.5

0.310

INS₀(µIU/mL)

15.9 ± 2.8

5.4 ± 0.8

0.001

0.006

17.8 ± 5.6

7.7 ± 2.1

0.066

HOMA-IR

3.64 ± 0.66

1.20 ± 0.18

<0.001

0.004

4.00 ± 1.12

1.74 ± 0.51

0.067

HOMA-β%^b

59.4 (8.2-176.5)

18.5 (2.8-43.8)

<0.001

0.002

67.4 (29.6-157.5)

27.1 (10.0-53.9)

0.099

S_i(min^–1. µU^–1∙ mL^–1)

2.96 ± 0.56

6.45 ± 0.90

0.002

0.011

1.42 ± 0.35

3.85 ± 0.86

0.030

S_g(min^–1)

0.0195 ± 0.0023

0.0247 ± 0.0030

0.173

0.340

0.0235 ± 0.0029

0.0259 ± 0.0051

0.821

AIR_g(µU^–1/mL)^b

554.9 (65.7-1833.3)

434.5 (34.5-1320.0)

0.402

0.814

702.5 (274.1-1173.8)

434.5 (343.0-1040.0)

0.918

1206 ± 210

2075 ± 375

0.026

0.041

930 ± 228

2128 ± 327

0.017

NEFA₀(mmol/L)

0.505 ± 0.036

0.504 ± 0.052

0.987

0.649

0.567 ± 0.085

0.578 ± 0.134

0.946

Adipo-IR (mmol/L ∙ µIU/mL)

8.27 ± 2.59

2.49 ± 0.39

0.034

0.013

15.5 ± 8.2

3.7 ± 0.8

0.059

NEFA_nadir(mmol/L)

0.092 ± 0.017

0.069 ± 0.013

0.069

0.022

0.127 ± 0.038

0.053 ± 0.015

0.041

TIME_nadir(mins)

69.7 ± 4.3

49.8 ± 3.3

<0.001

0.002

74.0 ± 7.5

56.0 ± 2.5

0.038

%NEFA_supp

80.7 ± 4.0

85.5 ± 2.7

0.322

0.098

78.3 ± 3.8

89.2 ± 3.2

0.061

	Entire Cohort		GLUT-4 Expression Subgroup
Age (years)	30.1 ± 1.3	31.8 ± 1.6	0.417	N/A	29.1 ± 1.1	34.4 ± 3.8	0.221
BMI (kg/m²)	33.7 ± 1.9	29.5 ± 1.5	0.101	N/A	32.4 ± 0.0	33.3 ± 0.7	0.639
WHR	0.88 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.02	0.137	N/A	0.93 ± 0.02	0.92 ± 0.04	0.966
African American	2	2	N/A	N/A	0	1	N/A
Hispanic American	7	7	N/A	N/A	3	1	N/A
Non-Hispanic White	9	9	N/A	N/A	2	3	N/A
VAT (cm²)^a	148.2 ± 20.7	111.7 ± 25.7	0.302	N/A	158.2 ± 24.8	136.9 ± 16.9	0.491
SAT (cm²)^a	458.1 ± 49.7	382.9 ± 77.2	0.408	N/A	426.8 ± 59.4	483.9 ± 41.8	0.454
TAT (cm²)^a	606.4 ± 63.9	494.7 ± 102.8	0.346	N/A	585.4 ± 64.7	620.8 ± 52.8	0.682
mF-G score	7.8 ± 1.5	0.8 ± 0.3	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	6.8 ± 1.8	1.6 ± 0.0	*0.035*
Free T (pg/mL)	5.3 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.4	*<0.001*	*<0.005*	5.8 ± 1.3	2.2 ± 0.2	*0.026*
Total T (ng/dL)	45.4 ± 7.7	26.4 ± 3.4	*0.035*	0.309	32.4 ± 3.7	22.6 ± 2.8	*0.036*
DHEAS (ug/dL)	276.5 ± 27.0	202.0 ± 29.4	0.070	*0.017*	299.6 ± 27.2	145.3 ± 34.9	0.009
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	91.6 ± 3.2	89.1 ± 1.6	0.486	0.096	94.6 ± 4.7	88.2 ± 3.5	0.310
INS₀(µIU/mL)	15.9 ± 2.8	5.4 ± 0.8	*0.001*	*0.006*	17.8 ± 5.6	7.7 ± 2.1	0.066
HOMA-IR	3.64 ± 0.66	1.20 ± 0.18	*<0.001*	*0.004*	4.00 ± 1.12	1.74 ± 0.51	0.067
HOMA-β%^b	59.4 (8.2-176.5)	18.5 (2.8-43.8)	*<0.001*	*0.002*	67.4 (29.6-157.5)	27.1 (10.0-53.9)	0.099
S_i(min^–1. µU^–1∙ mL^–1)	2.96 ± 0.56	6.45 ± 0.90	*0.002*	*0.011*	1.42 ± 0.35	3.85 ± 0.86	*0.030*
S_g(min^–1)	0.0195 ± 0.0023	0.0247 ± 0.0030	0.173	0.340	0.0235 ± 0.0029	0.0259 ± 0.0051	0.821
AIR_g(µU^–1/mL)^b	554.9 (65.7-1833.3)	434.5 (34.5-1320.0)	0.402	0.814	702.5 (274.1-1173.8)	434.5 (343.0-1040.0)	0.918
Di	1206 ± 210	2075 ± 375	*0.026*	*0.041*	930 ± 228	2128 ± 327	*0.017*
NEFA₀(mmol/L)	0.505 ± 0.036	0.504 ± 0.052	0.987	0.649	0.567 ± 0.085	0.578 ± 0.134	0.946
Adipo-IR (mmol/L ∙ µIU/mL)	8.27 ± 2.59	2.49 ± 0.39	*0.034*	*0.013*	15.5 ± 8.2	3.7 ± 0.8	0.059
NEFA_nadir(mmol/L)	0.092 ± 0.017	0.069 ± 0.013	0.069	*0.022*	0.127 ± 0.038	0.053 ± 0.015	*0.041*
TIME_nadir(mins)	69.7 ± 4.3	49.8 ± 3.3	*<0.001*	*0.002*	74.0 ± 7.5	56.0 ± 2.5	*0.038*
%NEFA_supp	80.7 ± 4.0	85.5 ± 2.7	0.322	0.098	78.3 ± 3.8	89.2 ± 3.2	0.061

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Anthropometric, Endocrine, and Metabolic Characteristics of Study Participants

	Entire Cohort				GLUT-4 Expression Subgroup
Variable	PCOS (n = 18)	Controls (n = 18)	P Value	P Value (Adjusted for BMI)	PCOS (n = 5)	Controls (n = 5)	P Value
Age (years)	30.1 ± 1.3	31.8 ± 1.6	0.417	N/A	29.1 ± 1.1	34.4 ± 3.8	0.221
BMI (kg/m²)	33.7 ± 1.9	29.5 ± 1.5	0.101	N/A	32.4 ± 0.0	33.3 ± 0.7	0.639
WHR	0.88 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.02	0.137	N/A	0.93 ± 0.02	0.92 ± 0.04	0.966
African American	2	2	N/A	N/A	0	1	N/A
Hispanic American	7	7	N/A	N/A	3	1	N/A
Non-Hispanic White	9	9	N/A	N/A	2	3	N/A
VAT (cm²)^a	148.2 ± 20.7	111.7 ± 25.7	0.302	N/A	158.2 ± 24.8	136.9 ± 16.9	0.491
SAT (cm²)^a	458.1 ± 49.7	382.9 ± 77.2	0.408	N/A	426.8 ± 59.4	483.9 ± 41.8	0.454
TAT (cm²)^a	606.4 ± 63.9	494.7 ± 102.8	0.346	N/A	585.4 ± 64.7	620.8 ± 52.8	0.682
mF-G score	7.8 ± 1.5	0.8 ± 0.3	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	6.8 ± 1.8	1.6 ± 0.0	*0.035*
Free T (pg/mL)	5.3 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.4	*<0.001*	*<0.005*	5.8 ± 1.3	2.2 ± 0.2	*0.026*
Total T (ng/dL)	45.4 ± 7.7	26.4 ± 3.4	*0.035*	0.309	32.4 ± 3.7	22.6 ± 2.8	*0.036*
DHEAS (ug/dL)	276.5 ± 27.0	202.0 ± 29.4	0.070	*0.017*	299.6 ± 27.2	145.3 ± 34.9	0.009
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	91.6 ± 3.2	89.1 ± 1.6	0.486	0.096	94.6 ± 4.7	88.2 ± 3.5	0.310
INS₀(µIU/mL)	15.9 ± 2.8	5.4 ± 0.8	*0.001*	*0.006*	17.8 ± 5.6	7.7 ± 2.1	0.066
HOMA-IR	3.64 ± 0.66	1.20 ± 0.18	*<0.001*	*0.004*	4.00 ± 1.12	1.74 ± 0.51	0.067
HOMA-β%^b	59.4 (8.2-176.5)	18.5 (2.8-43.8)	*<0.001*	*0.002*	67.4 (29.6-157.5)	27.1 (10.0-53.9)	0.099
S_i(min^–1. µU^–1∙ mL^–1)	2.96 ± 0.56	6.45 ± 0.90	*0.002*	*0.011*	1.42 ± 0.35	3.85 ± 0.86	*0.030*
S_g(min^–1)	0.0195 ± 0.0023	0.0247 ± 0.0030	0.173	0.340	0.0235 ± 0.0029	0.0259 ± 0.0051	0.821
AIR_g(µU^–1/mL)^b	554.9 (65.7-1833.3)	434.5 (34.5-1320.0)	0.402	0.814	702.5 (274.1-1173.8)	434.5 (343.0-1040.0)	0.918
Di	1206 ± 210	2075 ± 375	*0.026*	*0.041*	930 ± 228	2128 ± 327	*0.017*
NEFA₀(mmol/L)	0.505 ± 0.036	0.504 ± 0.052	0.987	0.649	0.567 ± 0.085	0.578 ± 0.134	0.946
Adipo-IR (mmol/L ∙ µIU/mL)	8.27 ± 2.59	2.49 ± 0.39	*0.034*	*0.013*	15.5 ± 8.2	3.7 ± 0.8	0.059
NEFA_nadir(mmol/L)	0.092 ± 0.017	0.069 ± 0.013	0.069	*0.022*	0.127 ± 0.038	0.053 ± 0.015	*0.041*
TIME_nadir(mins)	69.7 ± 4.3	49.8 ± 3.3	*<0.001*	*0.002*	74.0 ± 7.5	56.0 ± 2.5	*0.038*
%NEFA_supp	80.7 ± 4.0	85.5 ± 2.7	0.322	0.098	78.3 ± 3.8	89.2 ± 3.2	0.061

	Entire Cohort				GLUT-4 Expression Subgroup
Variable	PCOS (n = 18)	Controls (n = 18)	P Value	P Value (Adjusted for BMI)	PCOS (n = 5)	Controls (n = 5)	P Value
Age (years)	30.1 ± 1.3	31.8 ± 1.6	0.417	N/A	29.1 ± 1.1	34.4 ± 3.8	0.221
BMI (kg/m²)	33.7 ± 1.9	29.5 ± 1.5	0.101	N/A	32.4 ± 0.0	33.3 ± 0.7	0.639
WHR	0.88 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.02	0.137	N/A	0.93 ± 0.02	0.92 ± 0.04	0.966
African American	2	2	N/A	N/A	0	1	N/A
Hispanic American	7	7	N/A	N/A	3	1	N/A
Non-Hispanic White	9	9	N/A	N/A	2	3	N/A
VAT (cm²)^a	148.2 ± 20.7	111.7 ± 25.7	0.302	N/A	158.2 ± 24.8	136.9 ± 16.9	0.491
SAT (cm²)^a	458.1 ± 49.7	382.9 ± 77.2	0.408	N/A	426.8 ± 59.4	483.9 ± 41.8	0.454
TAT (cm²)^a	606.4 ± 63.9	494.7 ± 102.8	0.346	N/A	585.4 ± 64.7	620.8 ± 52.8	0.682
mF-G score	7.8 ± 1.5	0.8 ± 0.3	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	6.8 ± 1.8	1.6 ± 0.0	*0.035*
Free T (pg/mL)	5.3 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.4	*<0.001*	*<0.005*	5.8 ± 1.3	2.2 ± 0.2	*0.026*
Total T (ng/dL)	45.4 ± 7.7	26.4 ± 3.4	*0.035*	0.309	32.4 ± 3.7	22.6 ± 2.8	*0.036*
DHEAS (ug/dL)	276.5 ± 27.0	202.0 ± 29.4	0.070	*0.017*	299.6 ± 27.2	145.3 ± 34.9	0.009
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	91.6 ± 3.2	89.1 ± 1.6	0.486	0.096	94.6 ± 4.7	88.2 ± 3.5	0.310
INS₀(µIU/mL)	15.9 ± 2.8	5.4 ± 0.8	*0.001*	*0.006*	17.8 ± 5.6	7.7 ± 2.1	0.066
HOMA-IR	3.64 ± 0.66	1.20 ± 0.18	*<0.001*	*0.004*	4.00 ± 1.12	1.74 ± 0.51	0.067
HOMA-β%^b	59.4 (8.2-176.5)	18.5 (2.8-43.8)	*<0.001*	*0.002*	67.4 (29.6-157.5)	27.1 (10.0-53.9)	0.099
S_i(min^–1. µU^–1∙ mL^–1)	2.96 ± 0.56	6.45 ± 0.90	*0.002*	*0.011*	1.42 ± 0.35	3.85 ± 0.86	*0.030*
S_g(min^–1)	0.0195 ± 0.0023	0.0247 ± 0.0030	0.173	0.340	0.0235 ± 0.0029	0.0259 ± 0.0051	0.821
AIR_g(µU^–1/mL)^b	554.9 (65.7-1833.3)	434.5 (34.5-1320.0)	0.402	0.814	702.5 (274.1-1173.8)	434.5 (343.0-1040.0)	0.918
Di	1206 ± 210	2075 ± 375	*0.026*	*0.041*	930 ± 228	2128 ± 327	*0.017*
NEFA₀(mmol/L)	0.505 ± 0.036	0.504 ± 0.052	0.987	0.649	0.567 ± 0.085	0.578 ± 0.134	0.946
Adipo-IR (mmol/L ∙ µIU/mL)	8.27 ± 2.59	2.49 ± 0.39	*0.034*	*0.013*	15.5 ± 8.2	3.7 ± 0.8	0.059
NEFA_nadir(mmol/L)	0.092 ± 0.017	0.069 ± 0.013	0.069	*0.022*	0.127 ± 0.038	0.053 ± 0.015	*0.041*
TIME_nadir(mins)	69.7 ± 4.3	49.8 ± 3.3	*<0.001*	*0.002*	74.0 ± 7.5	56.0 ± 2.5	*0.038*
%NEFA_supp	80.7 ± 4.0	85.5 ± 2.7	0.322	0.098	78.3 ± 3.8	89.2 ± 3.2	0.061

For this analysis P < 0.05 is considered significant. P values in italics and bold are considered statistically significant.

To convert values for insulin to pmol/L, multiply by 6.945 (69).

Abbreviations: AIR_g, acute insulin response to glucose; BMI, body mass index; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; GLUT-4, glucose transporter type 4; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; INS₀, fasting plasma insulin level; mF-G, modified Ferriman-Gallwey; IR, insulin resistance; N/A, not applicable; NEFA₀, basal level of nonesterified fatty acids; NEFA_supp, NEFA suppression; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; S_g, glucose effectiveness; S_i, insulin sensitivity index; T, testosterone; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissute; WHR, waist to hip ratio.

^aVariables are expressed as mean ± SE; others as numbers or percentage (and range).

^bGeometric means, the antilog of the log scale mean, is reported for log-transformed data.

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