Hazard Ratio of Mortality by Tuberculosis Screening Method Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected South African Adults
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | ||
| All Participants | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 46/471 (9.8) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 43/255 (16.9) | 1.80 (1.18–2.72) | .006 | 1.68 (1.10–2.55) | .02 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 17/277 (6.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 72/449 (16.0) | 2.76 (1.63–4.68) | .0002 | 2.41 (1.41–4.12) | .001 |
| Sputum AFB smear-negative | 75/650 (11.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Sputum AFB smear-positive | 6/37 (16.2) | 1.43 (062-3.29) | .40 | 1.22 (0.53–2.82) | .64 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 60/632 (9.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 29/93 (31.2) | 3.72 (2.39–5.79) | <.0001 | 3.18 (2.02–5.00) | <.0001 |
| Urine LAM <2+ grade | 30/313 (9.6) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM ≥2+ grade | 14/36 (38.9) | 4.74 (2.51–8.95) | <.0001 | 3.34 (1.73–6.46) | .0003 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 31/90 (34.4) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 44/85 (51.8) | 1.82 (1.14–2.89) | .01 | 1.67 (1.04–2.69) | .03 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 16/39 (41.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 59/136 (43.4) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | .47 | 1.07 (0.61–1.88) | .82 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 42/124 (33.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 33/51 (64.7) | 2.51 (1.58–4.00) | <.0001 | 2.48 (1.55–3.98) | .0002 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb and CD4 <200/mm3 | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 25/64 (39.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 36/66 (54.6) | 1.63 (0.97–2.73) | .06 | 1.42 (0.83–2.41) | .20 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 11/25 (44.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 50/105 (47.6) | 1.22 (0.64–2.35) | .55 | 1.09 (0.56–2.12) | .81 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 33/87 (37.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 28/43 (65.1) | 2.45 (1.47–4.10) | .0006 | 2.29 (1.35–3.88) | .002 |
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | ||
| All Participants | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 46/471 (9.8) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 43/255 (16.9) | 1.80 (1.18–2.72) | .006 | 1.68 (1.10–2.55) | .02 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 17/277 (6.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 72/449 (16.0) | 2.76 (1.63–4.68) | .0002 | 2.41 (1.41–4.12) | .001 |
| Sputum AFB smear-negative | 75/650 (11.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Sputum AFB smear-positive | 6/37 (16.2) | 1.43 (062-3.29) | .40 | 1.22 (0.53–2.82) | .64 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 60/632 (9.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 29/93 (31.2) | 3.72 (2.39–5.79) | <.0001 | 3.18 (2.02–5.00) | <.0001 |
| Urine LAM <2+ grade | 30/313 (9.6) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM ≥2+ grade | 14/36 (38.9) | 4.74 (2.51–8.95) | <.0001 | 3.34 (1.73–6.46) | .0003 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 31/90 (34.4) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 44/85 (51.8) | 1.82 (1.14–2.89) | .01 | 1.67 (1.04–2.69) | .03 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 16/39 (41.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 59/136 (43.4) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | .47 | 1.07 (0.61–1.88) | .82 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 42/124 (33.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 33/51 (64.7) | 2.51 (1.58–4.00) | <.0001 | 2.48 (1.55–3.98) | .0002 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb and CD4 <200/mm3 | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 25/64 (39.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 36/66 (54.6) | 1.63 (0.97–2.73) | .06 | 1.42 (0.83–2.41) | .20 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 11/25 (44.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 50/105 (47.6) | 1.22 (0.64–2.35) | .55 | 1.09 (0.56–2.12) | .81 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 33/87 (37.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 28/43 (65.1) | 2.45 (1.47–4.10) | .0006 | 2.29 (1.35–3.88) | .002 |
Abbreviations: AFB, acid-fast bacilli; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LAM, lipoarabinomannan; Ref., ; TB, tuberculosis.
aAdjusted by age, sex, education, and smoking status.
bEvidence of TB was defined as either microbiologically TB+ being empirically stated on anti-TB therapy.
Hazard Ratio of Mortality by Tuberculosis Screening Method Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected South African Adults
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | ||
| All Participants | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 46/471 (9.8) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 43/255 (16.9) | 1.80 (1.18–2.72) | .006 | 1.68 (1.10–2.55) | .02 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 17/277 (6.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 72/449 (16.0) | 2.76 (1.63–4.68) | .0002 | 2.41 (1.41–4.12) | .001 |
| Sputum AFB smear-negative | 75/650 (11.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Sputum AFB smear-positive | 6/37 (16.2) | 1.43 (062-3.29) | .40 | 1.22 (0.53–2.82) | .64 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 60/632 (9.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 29/93 (31.2) | 3.72 (2.39–5.79) | <.0001 | 3.18 (2.02–5.00) | <.0001 |
| Urine LAM <2+ grade | 30/313 (9.6) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM ≥2+ grade | 14/36 (38.9) | 4.74 (2.51–8.95) | <.0001 | 3.34 (1.73–6.46) | .0003 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 31/90 (34.4) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 44/85 (51.8) | 1.82 (1.14–2.89) | .01 | 1.67 (1.04–2.69) | .03 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 16/39 (41.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 59/136 (43.4) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | .47 | 1.07 (0.61–1.88) | .82 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 42/124 (33.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 33/51 (64.7) | 2.51 (1.58–4.00) | <.0001 | 2.48 (1.55–3.98) | .0002 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb and CD4 <200/mm3 | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 25/64 (39.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 36/66 (54.6) | 1.63 (0.97–2.73) | .06 | 1.42 (0.83–2.41) | .20 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 11/25 (44.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 50/105 (47.6) | 1.22 (0.64–2.35) | .55 | 1.09 (0.56–2.12) | .81 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 33/87 (37.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 28/43 (65.1) | 2.45 (1.47–4.10) | .0006 | 2.29 (1.35–3.88) | .002 |
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | ||
| All Participants | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 46/471 (9.8) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 43/255 (16.9) | 1.80 (1.18–2.72) | .006 | 1.68 (1.10–2.55) | .02 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 17/277 (6.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 72/449 (16.0) | 2.76 (1.63–4.68) | .0002 | 2.41 (1.41–4.12) | .001 |
| Sputum AFB smear-negative | 75/650 (11.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Sputum AFB smear-positive | 6/37 (16.2) | 1.43 (062-3.29) | .40 | 1.22 (0.53–2.82) | .64 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 60/632 (9.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 29/93 (31.2) | 3.72 (2.39–5.79) | <.0001 | 3.18 (2.02–5.00) | <.0001 |
| Urine LAM <2+ grade | 30/313 (9.6) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM ≥2+ grade | 14/36 (38.9) | 4.74 (2.51–8.95) | <.0001 | 3.34 (1.73–6.46) | .0003 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 31/90 (34.4) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 44/85 (51.8) | 1.82 (1.14–2.89) | .01 | 1.67 (1.04–2.69) | .03 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 16/39 (41.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 59/136 (43.4) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | .47 | 1.07 (0.61–1.88) | .82 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 42/124 (33.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 33/51 (64.7) | 2.51 (1.58–4.00) | <.0001 | 2.48 (1.55–3.98) | .0002 |
| Participants With Evidence of TBb and CD4 <200/mm3 | |||||
| Absence of Cough | 25/64 (39.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Presence of Cough | 36/66 (54.6) | 1.63 (0.97–2.73) | .06 | 1.42 (0.83–2.41) | .20 |
| No TB-related symptoms | 11/25 (44.0) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Any TB-related symptom | 50/105 (47.6) | 1.22 (0.64–2.35) | .55 | 1.09 (0.56–2.12) | .81 |
| Urine LAM-negative | 33/87 (37.9) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 28/43 (65.1) | 2.45 (1.47–4.10) | .0006 | 2.29 (1.35–3.88) | .002 |
Abbreviations: AFB, acid-fast bacilli; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LAM, lipoarabinomannan; Ref., ; TB, tuberculosis.
aAdjusted by age, sex, education, and smoking status.
bEvidence of TB was defined as either microbiologically TB+ being empirically stated on anti-TB therapy.
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