Hazard Ratio of Mortality by Urinary LAM Grade Among ART-Naive HIV-Infected South African Adults
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | ||
| All Participants | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 42/504 (8.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 18/129 (14.0) | 1.71 (0.99–2.98) | .06 | 1.54 (0.88–2.68) | .13 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/14 (21.4) | 2.74 (0.85–8.83) | .09 | 2.57 (0.79–8.38) | .12 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/13 (30.8) | 4.12 (1.48–11.5) | .007 | 3.41 (1.22–9.57) | .02 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 10/23 (43.5) | 6.88 (3.45–13.7) | <.0001 | 5.02 (2.48–10.2) | <.0001 | ||
| Participants with CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3 | <.0001 | .0005 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 33/233 (14.2) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 15/100 (15.0) | 1.06 (0.57–1.94) | .86 | 0.99 (0.53–1.83) | .96 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/12 (25.0) | 1.83 (0.56–5.95) | .32 | 1.74 (0.53–5.72) | .36 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/10 (40.0) | 3.17 (1.12–8.95) | .03 | 2.71 (0.95–7.71) | .06 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 9/19 (47.4) | 4.51 (2.15–9.43) | <.0001 | 3.61 (1.69–7.71) | .0009 | ||
| Participants With CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 | .0003 | .003 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 27/164 (16.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 8/69 (11.6) | 0.69 (0.31–1.51) | .35 | 0.65 (0.29–1.43) | .31 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/8 (37.5) | 2.45 (0.74–8.09) | .13 | 2.10 (0.63–7.05) | .21 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/8 (50.0) | 3.51 (1.23–10.0) | .02 | 2.96 (1.01–8.70) | .05 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 8/17 (47.1) | 3.70 (1.68–8.14) | .001 | 3.04 (1.34–6.91) | .008 | ||
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | ||
| All Participants | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 42/504 (8.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 18/129 (14.0) | 1.71 (0.99–2.98) | .06 | 1.54 (0.88–2.68) | .13 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/14 (21.4) | 2.74 (0.85–8.83) | .09 | 2.57 (0.79–8.38) | .12 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/13 (30.8) | 4.12 (1.48–11.5) | .007 | 3.41 (1.22–9.57) | .02 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 10/23 (43.5) | 6.88 (3.45–13.7) | <.0001 | 5.02 (2.48–10.2) | <.0001 | ||
| Participants with CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3 | <.0001 | .0005 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 33/233 (14.2) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 15/100 (15.0) | 1.06 (0.57–1.94) | .86 | 0.99 (0.53–1.83) | .96 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/12 (25.0) | 1.83 (0.56–5.95) | .32 | 1.74 (0.53–5.72) | .36 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/10 (40.0) | 3.17 (1.12–8.95) | .03 | 2.71 (0.95–7.71) | .06 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 9/19 (47.4) | 4.51 (2.15–9.43) | <.0001 | 3.61 (1.69–7.71) | .0009 | ||
| Participants With CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 | .0003 | .003 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 27/164 (16.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 8/69 (11.6) | 0.69 (0.31–1.51) | .35 | 0.65 (0.29–1.43) | .31 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/8 (37.5) | 2.45 (0.74–8.09) | .13 | 2.10 (0.63–7.05) | .21 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/8 (50.0) | 3.51 (1.23–10.0) | .02 | 2.96 (1.01–8.70) | .05 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 8/17 (47.1) | 3.70 (1.68–8.14) | .001 | 3.04 (1.34–6.91) | .008 | ||
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LAM, lipoarabinomannan; Ref., ; TB, tuberculosis.
aAdjusted by age, sex, education, and smoking status.
Hazard Ratio of Mortality by Urinary LAM Grade Among ART-Naive HIV-Infected South African Adults
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | ||
| All Participants | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 42/504 (8.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 18/129 (14.0) | 1.71 (0.99–2.98) | .06 | 1.54 (0.88–2.68) | .13 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/14 (21.4) | 2.74 (0.85–8.83) | .09 | 2.57 (0.79–8.38) | .12 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/13 (30.8) | 4.12 (1.48–11.5) | .007 | 3.41 (1.22–9.57) | .02 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 10/23 (43.5) | 6.88 (3.45–13.7) | <.0001 | 5.02 (2.48–10.2) | <.0001 | ||
| Participants with CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3 | <.0001 | .0005 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 33/233 (14.2) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 15/100 (15.0) | 1.06 (0.57–1.94) | .86 | 0.99 (0.53–1.83) | .96 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/12 (25.0) | 1.83 (0.56–5.95) | .32 | 1.74 (0.53–5.72) | .36 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/10 (40.0) | 3.17 (1.12–8.95) | .03 | 2.71 (0.95–7.71) | .06 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 9/19 (47.4) | 4.51 (2.15–9.43) | <.0001 | 3.61 (1.69–7.71) | .0009 | ||
| Participants With CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 | .0003 | .003 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 27/164 (16.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 8/69 (11.6) | 0.69 (0.31–1.51) | .35 | 0.65 (0.29–1.43) | .31 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/8 (37.5) | 2.45 (0.74–8.09) | .13 | 2.10 (0.63–7.05) | .21 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/8 (50.0) | 3.51 (1.23–10.0) | .02 | 2.96 (1.01–8.70) | .05 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 8/17 (47.1) | 3.70 (1.68–8.14) | .001 | 3.04 (1.34–6.91) | .008 | ||
| Screening Test . | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) . | Unadjusted Models . | Adjusted Modelsa . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | P Value for Trend . | ||
| All Participants | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 42/504 (8.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 18/129 (14.0) | 1.71 (0.99–2.98) | .06 | 1.54 (0.88–2.68) | .13 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/14 (21.4) | 2.74 (0.85–8.83) | .09 | 2.57 (0.79–8.38) | .12 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/13 (30.8) | 4.12 (1.48–11.5) | .007 | 3.41 (1.22–9.57) | .02 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 10/23 (43.5) | 6.88 (3.45–13.7) | <.0001 | 5.02 (2.48–10.2) | <.0001 | ||
| Participants with CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3 | <.0001 | .0005 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 33/233 (14.2) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 15/100 (15.0) | 1.06 (0.57–1.94) | .86 | 0.99 (0.53–1.83) | .96 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/12 (25.0) | 1.83 (0.56–5.95) | .32 | 1.74 (0.53–5.72) | .36 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/10 (40.0) | 3.17 (1.12–8.95) | .03 | 2.71 (0.95–7.71) | .06 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 9/19 (47.4) | 4.51 (2.15–9.43) | <.0001 | 3.61 (1.69–7.71) | .0009 | ||
| Participants With CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 | .0003 | .003 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 27/164 (16.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — | ||
| Evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 8/69 (11.6) | 0.69 (0.31–1.51) | .35 | 0.65 (0.29–1.43) | .31 | ||
| Urine LAM 1+ grade | 3/8 (37.5) | 2.45 (0.74–8.09) | .13 | 2.10 (0.63–7.05) | .21 | ||
| Urine LAM 2+ grade | 4/8 (50.0) | 3.51 (1.23–10.0) | .02 | 2.96 (1.01–8.70) | .05 | ||
| Urine LAM ≥3+ grade | 8/17 (47.1) | 3.70 (1.68–8.14) | .001 | 3.04 (1.34–6.91) | .008 | ||
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LAM, lipoarabinomannan; Ref., ; TB, tuberculosis.
aAdjusted by age, sex, education, and smoking status.
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