| Baseline Demographics . | Overall Cohort N = 309 . | Sepsis N = 196 . | No Sepsis N = 113 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 74.7 (8.5) | 74.6 (8.3) | 74.9 (8.8) | .76 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 145 (47) | 96 (49) | 49 (43) | .34 |
| Nonwhite race, n (%) | 51 (17) | 28 (14) | 23 (20) | .17 |
| Admission | ||||
| Admitted from ER, n (%) | 205 (66) | 123 (63) | 82 (73) | .08 |
| Admitted from floor, n (%) | 97 (31) | 70 (36) | 27 (24) | .03 |
| Admitted from other location, n (%) | 7 (2) | 3 (2) | 4 (4) | .26 |
| Location Before Admission | ||||
| Admitted from nursing home, n (%) | 55 (18) | 38 (19) | 17 (15) | .34 |
| Admitted from home, n (%) | 241 (78) | 148 (76) | 93 (82) | .17 |
| Admitted from other, n (%) | 13 (4) | 10 (5) | 3 (3) | .39 |
| Baseline Medical Status | ||||
| Dementia by IQCODE score, n (%) | 95 (31) | 65 (33) | 30 (27) | .25 |
| History of depression | 85 (28) | 59 (30) | 26 (23) | .18 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | .79 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 23.5 (6.4) | 24.8 (6.3) | 21.2 (6.0) | <.001 |
| Any impairment in activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 115 (37) | 75 (38) | 40 (35) | .62 |
| Any impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 264 (85) | 169 (86) | 95 (84) | .61 |
| Full code status on admission, n (%) | 265 (86) | 172 (88) | 93 (82) | .19 |
| Total no. ICU delirium days, median (IQR) | 3 (1, 7) | 4 (2, 9) | 1 (0, 3) | <.001 |
| Admission Diagnosis (ICD-9 Code) | ||||
| Respiratory, n (%) | 156 (50) | 115 (59) | 41 (36) | <.001 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, n (%) | 52 (17) | 19 (10) | 33 (29) | <.001 |
| Sepsisb, n (%) | 51 (17) | 40 (20) | 11 (10) | .01 |
| Neurologic, n (%) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | .06 |
| Other causes, n (%) | 45 (15) | 21 (11) | 24 (21) | .01 |
| Admitting Physiologic Variables | ||||
| Temp >38°C or <36°C | 215 (70) | 144 (73) | 71 (63) | .05 |
| Heart rate >90 beats/min | 253 (82) | 172 (88) | 81 (72) | <.001 |
| Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 <32 mmHG | 282 (91) | 187 (95) | 95 (84) | <.001 |
| WBC >12 000 cells/mm3 or <4000 cells/mm3 | 196 (63) | 149 (76) | 47 (42) | <.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure mmHg, mean (SD) | 59.8 (15.1) | 57.5 (13.4) | 63.9 (17.0) | .001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Received antimicrobialsc within 48 h | 241 (78) | 176 (90) | 65 (58) | <.001 |
| Received vasopressor support within 48 h | 101 (33) | 84 (43) | 17 (15) | <.001 |
| Documented Infection | ||||
| No. of patients with at least 1 documented infection | 200 (65) | 196 (100) | 4 (4) | <.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Death within 1 month | 95 (31) | 75 (38) | 20 (18) | <.001 |
| Death within 1 year | 165 (53) | 117 (60) | 48 (42) | .004 |
| Baseline Demographics . | Overall Cohort N = 309 . | Sepsis N = 196 . | No Sepsis N = 113 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 74.7 (8.5) | 74.6 (8.3) | 74.9 (8.8) | .76 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 145 (47) | 96 (49) | 49 (43) | .34 |
| Nonwhite race, n (%) | 51 (17) | 28 (14) | 23 (20) | .17 |
| Admission | ||||
| Admitted from ER, n (%) | 205 (66) | 123 (63) | 82 (73) | .08 |
| Admitted from floor, n (%) | 97 (31) | 70 (36) | 27 (24) | .03 |
| Admitted from other location, n (%) | 7 (2) | 3 (2) | 4 (4) | .26 |
| Location Before Admission | ||||
| Admitted from nursing home, n (%) | 55 (18) | 38 (19) | 17 (15) | .34 |
| Admitted from home, n (%) | 241 (78) | 148 (76) | 93 (82) | .17 |
| Admitted from other, n (%) | 13 (4) | 10 (5) | 3 (3) | .39 |
| Baseline Medical Status | ||||
| Dementia by IQCODE score, n (%) | 95 (31) | 65 (33) | 30 (27) | .25 |
| History of depression | 85 (28) | 59 (30) | 26 (23) | .18 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | .79 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 23.5 (6.4) | 24.8 (6.3) | 21.2 (6.0) | <.001 |
| Any impairment in activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 115 (37) | 75 (38) | 40 (35) | .62 |
| Any impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 264 (85) | 169 (86) | 95 (84) | .61 |
| Full code status on admission, n (%) | 265 (86) | 172 (88) | 93 (82) | .19 |
| Total no. ICU delirium days, median (IQR) | 3 (1, 7) | 4 (2, 9) | 1 (0, 3) | <.001 |
| Admission Diagnosis (ICD-9 Code) | ||||
| Respiratory, n (%) | 156 (50) | 115 (59) | 41 (36) | <.001 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, n (%) | 52 (17) | 19 (10) | 33 (29) | <.001 |
| Sepsisb, n (%) | 51 (17) | 40 (20) | 11 (10) | .01 |
| Neurologic, n (%) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | .06 |
| Other causes, n (%) | 45 (15) | 21 (11) | 24 (21) | .01 |
| Admitting Physiologic Variables | ||||
| Temp >38°C or <36°C | 215 (70) | 144 (73) | 71 (63) | .05 |
| Heart rate >90 beats/min | 253 (82) | 172 (88) | 81 (72) | <.001 |
| Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 <32 mmHG | 282 (91) | 187 (95) | 95 (84) | <.001 |
| WBC >12 000 cells/mm3 or <4000 cells/mm3 | 196 (63) | 149 (76) | 47 (42) | <.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure mmHg, mean (SD) | 59.8 (15.1) | 57.5 (13.4) | 63.9 (17.0) | .001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Received antimicrobialsc within 48 h | 241 (78) | 176 (90) | 65 (58) | <.001 |
| Received vasopressor support within 48 h | 101 (33) | 84 (43) | 17 (15) | <.001 |
| Documented Infection | ||||
| No. of patients with at least 1 documented infection | 200 (65) | 196 (100) | 4 (4) | <.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Death within 1 month | 95 (31) | 75 (38) | 20 (18) | <.001 |
| Death within 1 year | 165 (53) | 117 (60) | 48 (42) | .004 |
Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICU, intensive care unit; ER, emergency room; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; Temp, temperature; WBC, white blood cells.
a Missing data: Charlson Comorbidity Index Score (n = 1), education (n = 9), dementia by IQCODE score (n = 3), medications (n = 1). For categorical variables, χ2 or Fisher's test exact was used as appropriate. For continuous variables, t test or Wilcoxon test was used as appropriate.
b Diagnosis of sepsis based on ICD-9 Code.
c Antimicrobials included the following medications: acyclovir, amikacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, amphotericin B, ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, aztreonam, azithromycin, cefazolin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, dapsone, diflucan, doxycycline, erythromycin, ethambutol, flagyl, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, isoniazid, meropenem, moxifloxacin, nafcillin, penicillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, pyrazinamide, rifampin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin-clavulanate, valganciclovir, vancomycin, voriconazole. The most common antimicrobial administered overall in this cohort was piperacillin-tazobactam followed by vancomycin.
| Baseline Demographics . | Overall Cohort N = 309 . | Sepsis N = 196 . | No Sepsis N = 113 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 74.7 (8.5) | 74.6 (8.3) | 74.9 (8.8) | .76 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 145 (47) | 96 (49) | 49 (43) | .34 |
| Nonwhite race, n (%) | 51 (17) | 28 (14) | 23 (20) | .17 |
| Admission | ||||
| Admitted from ER, n (%) | 205 (66) | 123 (63) | 82 (73) | .08 |
| Admitted from floor, n (%) | 97 (31) | 70 (36) | 27 (24) | .03 |
| Admitted from other location, n (%) | 7 (2) | 3 (2) | 4 (4) | .26 |
| Location Before Admission | ||||
| Admitted from nursing home, n (%) | 55 (18) | 38 (19) | 17 (15) | .34 |
| Admitted from home, n (%) | 241 (78) | 148 (76) | 93 (82) | .17 |
| Admitted from other, n (%) | 13 (4) | 10 (5) | 3 (3) | .39 |
| Baseline Medical Status | ||||
| Dementia by IQCODE score, n (%) | 95 (31) | 65 (33) | 30 (27) | .25 |
| History of depression | 85 (28) | 59 (30) | 26 (23) | .18 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | .79 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 23.5 (6.4) | 24.8 (6.3) | 21.2 (6.0) | <.001 |
| Any impairment in activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 115 (37) | 75 (38) | 40 (35) | .62 |
| Any impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 264 (85) | 169 (86) | 95 (84) | .61 |
| Full code status on admission, n (%) | 265 (86) | 172 (88) | 93 (82) | .19 |
| Total no. ICU delirium days, median (IQR) | 3 (1, 7) | 4 (2, 9) | 1 (0, 3) | <.001 |
| Admission Diagnosis (ICD-9 Code) | ||||
| Respiratory, n (%) | 156 (50) | 115 (59) | 41 (36) | <.001 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, n (%) | 52 (17) | 19 (10) | 33 (29) | <.001 |
| Sepsisb, n (%) | 51 (17) | 40 (20) | 11 (10) | .01 |
| Neurologic, n (%) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | .06 |
| Other causes, n (%) | 45 (15) | 21 (11) | 24 (21) | .01 |
| Admitting Physiologic Variables | ||||
| Temp >38°C or <36°C | 215 (70) | 144 (73) | 71 (63) | .05 |
| Heart rate >90 beats/min | 253 (82) | 172 (88) | 81 (72) | <.001 |
| Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 <32 mmHG | 282 (91) | 187 (95) | 95 (84) | <.001 |
| WBC >12 000 cells/mm3 or <4000 cells/mm3 | 196 (63) | 149 (76) | 47 (42) | <.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure mmHg, mean (SD) | 59.8 (15.1) | 57.5 (13.4) | 63.9 (17.0) | .001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Received antimicrobialsc within 48 h | 241 (78) | 176 (90) | 65 (58) | <.001 |
| Received vasopressor support within 48 h | 101 (33) | 84 (43) | 17 (15) | <.001 |
| Documented Infection | ||||
| No. of patients with at least 1 documented infection | 200 (65) | 196 (100) | 4 (4) | <.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Death within 1 month | 95 (31) | 75 (38) | 20 (18) | <.001 |
| Death within 1 year | 165 (53) | 117 (60) | 48 (42) | .004 |
| Baseline Demographics . | Overall Cohort N = 309 . | Sepsis N = 196 . | No Sepsis N = 113 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 74.7 (8.5) | 74.6 (8.3) | 74.9 (8.8) | .76 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 145 (47) | 96 (49) | 49 (43) | .34 |
| Nonwhite race, n (%) | 51 (17) | 28 (14) | 23 (20) | .17 |
| Admission | ||||
| Admitted from ER, n (%) | 205 (66) | 123 (63) | 82 (73) | .08 |
| Admitted from floor, n (%) | 97 (31) | 70 (36) | 27 (24) | .03 |
| Admitted from other location, n (%) | 7 (2) | 3 (2) | 4 (4) | .26 |
| Location Before Admission | ||||
| Admitted from nursing home, n (%) | 55 (18) | 38 (19) | 17 (15) | .34 |
| Admitted from home, n (%) | 241 (78) | 148 (76) | 93 (82) | .17 |
| Admitted from other, n (%) | 13 (4) | 10 (5) | 3 (3) | .39 |
| Baseline Medical Status | ||||
| Dementia by IQCODE score, n (%) | 95 (31) | 65 (33) | 30 (27) | .25 |
| History of depression | 85 (28) | 59 (30) | 26 (23) | .18 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | .79 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 23.5 (6.4) | 24.8 (6.3) | 21.2 (6.0) | <.001 |
| Any impairment in activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 115 (37) | 75 (38) | 40 (35) | .62 |
| Any impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, 7-item, n (%) | 264 (85) | 169 (86) | 95 (84) | .61 |
| Full code status on admission, n (%) | 265 (86) | 172 (88) | 93 (82) | .19 |
| Total no. ICU delirium days, median (IQR) | 3 (1, 7) | 4 (2, 9) | 1 (0, 3) | <.001 |
| Admission Diagnosis (ICD-9 Code) | ||||
| Respiratory, n (%) | 156 (50) | 115 (59) | 41 (36) | <.001 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, n (%) | 52 (17) | 19 (10) | 33 (29) | <.001 |
| Sepsisb, n (%) | 51 (17) | 40 (20) | 11 (10) | .01 |
| Neurologic, n (%) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | .06 |
| Other causes, n (%) | 45 (15) | 21 (11) | 24 (21) | .01 |
| Admitting Physiologic Variables | ||||
| Temp >38°C or <36°C | 215 (70) | 144 (73) | 71 (63) | .05 |
| Heart rate >90 beats/min | 253 (82) | 172 (88) | 81 (72) | <.001 |
| Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 <32 mmHG | 282 (91) | 187 (95) | 95 (84) | <.001 |
| WBC >12 000 cells/mm3 or <4000 cells/mm3 | 196 (63) | 149 (76) | 47 (42) | <.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure mmHg, mean (SD) | 59.8 (15.1) | 57.5 (13.4) | 63.9 (17.0) | .001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Received antimicrobialsc within 48 h | 241 (78) | 176 (90) | 65 (58) | <.001 |
| Received vasopressor support within 48 h | 101 (33) | 84 (43) | 17 (15) | <.001 |
| Documented Infection | ||||
| No. of patients with at least 1 documented infection | 200 (65) | 196 (100) | 4 (4) | <.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Death within 1 month | 95 (31) | 75 (38) | 20 (18) | <.001 |
| Death within 1 year | 165 (53) | 117 (60) | 48 (42) | .004 |
Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICU, intensive care unit; ER, emergency room; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; Temp, temperature; WBC, white blood cells.
a Missing data: Charlson Comorbidity Index Score (n = 1), education (n = 9), dementia by IQCODE score (n = 3), medications (n = 1). For categorical variables, χ2 or Fisher's test exact was used as appropriate. For continuous variables, t test or Wilcoxon test was used as appropriate.
b Diagnosis of sepsis based on ICD-9 Code.
c Antimicrobials included the following medications: acyclovir, amikacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, amphotericin B, ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, aztreonam, azithromycin, cefazolin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, dapsone, diflucan, doxycycline, erythromycin, ethambutol, flagyl, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, isoniazid, meropenem, moxifloxacin, nafcillin, penicillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, pyrazinamide, rifampin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin-clavulanate, valganciclovir, vancomycin, voriconazole. The most common antimicrobial administered overall in this cohort was piperacillin-tazobactam followed by vancomycin.
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