Childhood adversities, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, or family violence Bruffaerts and colleagues (2010)

Interpersonal or family conflict Foster (2011)

Depression Hawton, Casanas, Haw, and Saunders (2013)

Substance abuse Nock, Hwang, Sampson, and Kessler (2010); Wilcox, Conner, and Caine (2004)

Major interpersonal stressful life events in those with alcohol problems Conner and colleagues (2012)

Financial difficulties Richardson, Elliott, and Roberts (2013)

Physical illnesses Scott and colleagues (2010) and poor general health Conwell and colleagues (2010)

Chronic pain Hassett, Aquino, and Ilgen (2014); Hooley, Franklin, and Nock (2014); Tang and Crane (2006)

Traumatic brain injury Bahraini, Simpson, Brenner, Hoffberg, and Schneider (2013); Fralick and colleagues (2018); Madsen and colleagues (2018)

Personality disorders Arsenault-Lapierre, Kim, and Turecki (2004)

Impulsivity and aggression Conner, Conwell, Duberstein, and Eberly (2004); Gvion and Apter (2011); McGirr and Turecki (2007)

Limited social connectedness Fassberg and colleagues (2012)

Hopelessness Conner, Duberstein, Conwell, Seidlitz, and Caine (2001)

Hopelessness Beck, Brown, Berchick, Stewart, and Steer (1990); Beck, Steer, Kovacs, and Garrison (1985)

Problem-solving deficits, such as difficulty conceptualizing adaptive solutions to life problems McAuliffe, Keeley, and Corcoran (2002)

Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (a belief that one does not have meaningful interpersonal relationships) Van Orden, Merrill, and Joiner (2005)