Laboratory Results and Management Characteristics of 340 Adults With Encephalitis, According to Age
| Clinical Feature . | <65 years, n = 278 . | ≥65 years, n = 62 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood and CSF analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Serum leukocyte ≥12 000 cells µL | 105/261 (40.2) | 18/57 (31.6) | .26 |
| Serum leukocyte ≤3000 cells µL | 22/277 (9.7) | 4/62 (6.5) | .90 |
| CSF protein >120 mg/dL | 77/266 (28.9) | 24/58 (41.4) | .08 |
| CSF glucose <40 mg/dL | 37/267 (13.8) | 7/57 (12.3) | .84 |
| CSF WBC <100 mg/dL | 177/256 (69.1) | 33/55 (60.0) | .25 |
| Imaging and special testing, n/N (%) | |||
| Abnormal findings on head computer tomography | 86/252 (34.1) | 32/60 (53.3) | .008 |
| Abnormal findings on brain MR image | 150/200 (75.0) | 32/42 (76.2) | .89 |
| Abnormal findings on electroencephalogram | 143/195 (73.3) | 33/42 (78.6) | .56 |
| Microbiology analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Positive CSF bacterial culture | 10/237 (4.2) | 5/51 (9.8) | .15 |
| Positive CSF fungal culture | 5/165 (3.0) | 0/31 (0) | .33 |
| Varicella zoster virus | 9/69 (13.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | .82 |
| Enterovirus | 3/118 (2.5) | 0/21 (0) | .46 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 16/196 (8.2) | 9/41 (21.9) | .02 |
| Arboviral panela | 22/139 (15.8) | 12/30 (40.0) | .005 |
| Immunologic analyses, n/N (%) | |||
| Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies | 20/44 (45.5) | 0/5 (0) | .07 |
| Management decisions, n/N (%) | |||
| Empirical antibiotic therapy | 161/217 (74.2) | 39/48 (81.3) | .36 |
| Empirical antiviral therapy | 142/221 (64.3) | 31/48 (64.6) | .99 |
| Empirical treatment with oral or IV steroids | 95/156 (60.1) | 12/37 (32.4) | .003 |
| Intubation for respiratory failure | 87/268 (32.5) | 18/57 (31.6) | .89 |
| Admission to intensive care unit | 122/239 (51.0) | 27/55 (49.1) | .89 |
| Adverse clinical outcome, n/N (%)b | 133/263 (50.6) | 39/60 (65.0) | .04 |
| Clinical Feature . | <65 years, n = 278 . | ≥65 years, n = 62 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood and CSF analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Serum leukocyte ≥12 000 cells µL | 105/261 (40.2) | 18/57 (31.6) | .26 |
| Serum leukocyte ≤3000 cells µL | 22/277 (9.7) | 4/62 (6.5) | .90 |
| CSF protein >120 mg/dL | 77/266 (28.9) | 24/58 (41.4) | .08 |
| CSF glucose <40 mg/dL | 37/267 (13.8) | 7/57 (12.3) | .84 |
| CSF WBC <100 mg/dL | 177/256 (69.1) | 33/55 (60.0) | .25 |
| Imaging and special testing, n/N (%) | |||
| Abnormal findings on head computer tomography | 86/252 (34.1) | 32/60 (53.3) | .008 |
| Abnormal findings on brain MR image | 150/200 (75.0) | 32/42 (76.2) | .89 |
| Abnormal findings on electroencephalogram | 143/195 (73.3) | 33/42 (78.6) | .56 |
| Microbiology analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Positive CSF bacterial culture | 10/237 (4.2) | 5/51 (9.8) | .15 |
| Positive CSF fungal culture | 5/165 (3.0) | 0/31 (0) | .33 |
| Varicella zoster virus | 9/69 (13.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | .82 |
| Enterovirus | 3/118 (2.5) | 0/21 (0) | .46 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 16/196 (8.2) | 9/41 (21.9) | .02 |
| Arboviral panela | 22/139 (15.8) | 12/30 (40.0) | .005 |
| Immunologic analyses, n/N (%) | |||
| Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies | 20/44 (45.5) | 0/5 (0) | .07 |
| Management decisions, n/N (%) | |||
| Empirical antibiotic therapy | 161/217 (74.2) | 39/48 (81.3) | .36 |
| Empirical antiviral therapy | 142/221 (64.3) | 31/48 (64.6) | .99 |
| Empirical treatment with oral or IV steroids | 95/156 (60.1) | 12/37 (32.4) | .003 |
| Intubation for respiratory failure | 87/268 (32.5) | 18/57 (31.6) | .89 |
| Admission to intensive care unit | 122/239 (51.0) | 27/55 (49.1) | .89 |
| Adverse clinical outcome, n/N (%)b | 133/263 (50.6) | 39/60 (65.0) | .04 |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IV, intravenous; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; WBC, white blood cell.
aThe arboviral panel consisted of serologies for California encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and West Nile virus.
bDefined according to Glasgow Outcome Scale of 1 (death), 2 (persistent vegetative state), 3 (severe disability), or 4 (moderate disability).
Laboratory Results and Management Characteristics of 340 Adults With Encephalitis, According to Age
| Clinical Feature . | <65 years, n = 278 . | ≥65 years, n = 62 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood and CSF analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Serum leukocyte ≥12 000 cells µL | 105/261 (40.2) | 18/57 (31.6) | .26 |
| Serum leukocyte ≤3000 cells µL | 22/277 (9.7) | 4/62 (6.5) | .90 |
| CSF protein >120 mg/dL | 77/266 (28.9) | 24/58 (41.4) | .08 |
| CSF glucose <40 mg/dL | 37/267 (13.8) | 7/57 (12.3) | .84 |
| CSF WBC <100 mg/dL | 177/256 (69.1) | 33/55 (60.0) | .25 |
| Imaging and special testing, n/N (%) | |||
| Abnormal findings on head computer tomography | 86/252 (34.1) | 32/60 (53.3) | .008 |
| Abnormal findings on brain MR image | 150/200 (75.0) | 32/42 (76.2) | .89 |
| Abnormal findings on electroencephalogram | 143/195 (73.3) | 33/42 (78.6) | .56 |
| Microbiology analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Positive CSF bacterial culture | 10/237 (4.2) | 5/51 (9.8) | .15 |
| Positive CSF fungal culture | 5/165 (3.0) | 0/31 (0) | .33 |
| Varicella zoster virus | 9/69 (13.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | .82 |
| Enterovirus | 3/118 (2.5) | 0/21 (0) | .46 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 16/196 (8.2) | 9/41 (21.9) | .02 |
| Arboviral panela | 22/139 (15.8) | 12/30 (40.0) | .005 |
| Immunologic analyses, n/N (%) | |||
| Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies | 20/44 (45.5) | 0/5 (0) | .07 |
| Management decisions, n/N (%) | |||
| Empirical antibiotic therapy | 161/217 (74.2) | 39/48 (81.3) | .36 |
| Empirical antiviral therapy | 142/221 (64.3) | 31/48 (64.6) | .99 |
| Empirical treatment with oral or IV steroids | 95/156 (60.1) | 12/37 (32.4) | .003 |
| Intubation for respiratory failure | 87/268 (32.5) | 18/57 (31.6) | .89 |
| Admission to intensive care unit | 122/239 (51.0) | 27/55 (49.1) | .89 |
| Adverse clinical outcome, n/N (%)b | 133/263 (50.6) | 39/60 (65.0) | .04 |
| Clinical Feature . | <65 years, n = 278 . | ≥65 years, n = 62 . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood and CSF analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Serum leukocyte ≥12 000 cells µL | 105/261 (40.2) | 18/57 (31.6) | .26 |
| Serum leukocyte ≤3000 cells µL | 22/277 (9.7) | 4/62 (6.5) | .90 |
| CSF protein >120 mg/dL | 77/266 (28.9) | 24/58 (41.4) | .08 |
| CSF glucose <40 mg/dL | 37/267 (13.8) | 7/57 (12.3) | .84 |
| CSF WBC <100 mg/dL | 177/256 (69.1) | 33/55 (60.0) | .25 |
| Imaging and special testing, n/N (%) | |||
| Abnormal findings on head computer tomography | 86/252 (34.1) | 32/60 (53.3) | .008 |
| Abnormal findings on brain MR image | 150/200 (75.0) | 32/42 (76.2) | .89 |
| Abnormal findings on electroencephalogram | 143/195 (73.3) | 33/42 (78.6) | .56 |
| Microbiology analysis, n/N (%) | |||
| Positive CSF bacterial culture | 10/237 (4.2) | 5/51 (9.8) | .15 |
| Positive CSF fungal culture | 5/165 (3.0) | 0/31 (0) | .33 |
| Varicella zoster virus | 9/69 (13.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | .82 |
| Enterovirus | 3/118 (2.5) | 0/21 (0) | .46 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 16/196 (8.2) | 9/41 (21.9) | .02 |
| Arboviral panela | 22/139 (15.8) | 12/30 (40.0) | .005 |
| Immunologic analyses, n/N (%) | |||
| Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies | 20/44 (45.5) | 0/5 (0) | .07 |
| Management decisions, n/N (%) | |||
| Empirical antibiotic therapy | 161/217 (74.2) | 39/48 (81.3) | .36 |
| Empirical antiviral therapy | 142/221 (64.3) | 31/48 (64.6) | .99 |
| Empirical treatment with oral or IV steroids | 95/156 (60.1) | 12/37 (32.4) | .003 |
| Intubation for respiratory failure | 87/268 (32.5) | 18/57 (31.6) | .89 |
| Admission to intensive care unit | 122/239 (51.0) | 27/55 (49.1) | .89 |
| Adverse clinical outcome, n/N (%)b | 133/263 (50.6) | 39/60 (65.0) | .04 |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IV, intravenous; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; WBC, white blood cell.
aThe arboviral panel consisted of serologies for California encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and West Nile virus.
bDefined according to Glasgow Outcome Scale of 1 (death), 2 (persistent vegetative state), 3 (severe disability), or 4 (moderate disability).
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
