Effects of ractopamine (RAC) dose on home pen and lairage pen behavior of market weight pigs
| Authors . | RAC dose . | Duration, d . | Pigs, # . | Measurements . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athayde et al., 2013 | 0, 5, and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 340 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (6 times per d, 3 d per wk) on: calm behaviors (lying, standing, and sitting); moving behaviors (nosing, biting, walking, exploring, running, playing, and mounting); and feeding behaviors (eating feed and drinking water). | RAC had no effect on behavior when the 13 behaviors were grouped and summarized as calm, moving, or feeding behaviors. Relative to controls, 5 mg/kg RAC increased nosing by 1.11% and drinking by 0.48%, and reduced playing by 0.20%, while RAC 10 mg/kg increased standing by 0.54%. |
| Rocha et al., 2013 | 0 and 7.5 mg/kg | 28 | 1488 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted (every 2 min during the first h of lairage) on: lying, sitting, and standing behaviors. | RAC did not affect the % of pigs standing, sitting, or lying in the lairage pen at the packing plant. |
| Poletto et al., 2010a | 0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg) | 28 | 32 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted on subordinate and dominant pigs in the home pen (every 10 min for 24 h on d 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, and 26 of RAC feeding) on: activity (alert, walking, nosing or rooting, bar biting, sham chewing, chain chewing), non-agonistic interactions (drinking, feeding), inactivity, and posture (standing, lying, sitting). | RAC increased % sitting (1.5%) and decreased % lying (2.3%), but did not affect % standing. RAC pigs spent 3.9% more time being active via increases in alertness (2.2%), bar biting (0.2%), sham chewing (0.7%), and feeding behaviors (0.9%). Differences in activity were statistically significant only on d 12, 15, 19, and 26. |
| Benjamin et al., 2006 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 288 | Willingness to approach a novel handler sitting in the home pen after a disturbance was measured by latency approach time for 5 out of 6 pigs to contact and touch the handler on d 7 and 28 of RAC feeding. | Feeding RAC at 10 mg/kg did not affect willingness to approach a handler after a disturbance. |
| Marchant-Forde et al., 2003 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 72 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (every 5 min for 22 h, one time per wk) on: inactivity vs. activity (walking, rooting, manipulating pen mates/pen components, and belly nosing), alertness, chewing, agonistic interactions, drinking, feeding, and posture (lying, standing, and sitting). Pigs were also subjected to weekly disturbance tests, and latency to lie down after disturbance was recorded. | Over the 4 wk feeding period, RAC pigs spent more time active (3.5%), feeding (0.8%), lying sternally (5.8%), and less time lying laterally (7.3%) than controls. RAC fed pigs spent 5.6% more time active and 1.9% more time alert during wk 1 and 2. Differences were not significant on wk 3 and 4. RAC pigs took on average 297 s more to lie down after disturbance during wk 1 and 2. |
| Schaefer et al., 1992 | 0, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg | 38.5 | 86 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted in the home pen (every 5 min for 4 h) on: investigating/walking, drinking, feeding, sleeping (individually and in groups), nosing (nose to nose contact and nose to body contact), agonistic, and sexual behaviors. | Relative to controls, 20 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 8.3% less time walking and investigating, and 10 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 0.9% less time engaged in nose to nose contact. RAC groups (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) spent 15% more time sleeping than controls in the 30 min following a meal. No abnormal, stereotyped, or agonistic behaviors were observed in pigs fed 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of RAC. |
| Authors . | RAC dose . | Duration, d . | Pigs, # . | Measurements . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athayde et al., 2013 | 0, 5, and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 340 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (6 times per d, 3 d per wk) on: calm behaviors (lying, standing, and sitting); moving behaviors (nosing, biting, walking, exploring, running, playing, and mounting); and feeding behaviors (eating feed and drinking water). | RAC had no effect on behavior when the 13 behaviors were grouped and summarized as calm, moving, or feeding behaviors. Relative to controls, 5 mg/kg RAC increased nosing by 1.11% and drinking by 0.48%, and reduced playing by 0.20%, while RAC 10 mg/kg increased standing by 0.54%. |
| Rocha et al., 2013 | 0 and 7.5 mg/kg | 28 | 1488 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted (every 2 min during the first h of lairage) on: lying, sitting, and standing behaviors. | RAC did not affect the % of pigs standing, sitting, or lying in the lairage pen at the packing plant. |
| Poletto et al., 2010a | 0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg) | 28 | 32 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted on subordinate and dominant pigs in the home pen (every 10 min for 24 h on d 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, and 26 of RAC feeding) on: activity (alert, walking, nosing or rooting, bar biting, sham chewing, chain chewing), non-agonistic interactions (drinking, feeding), inactivity, and posture (standing, lying, sitting). | RAC increased % sitting (1.5%) and decreased % lying (2.3%), but did not affect % standing. RAC pigs spent 3.9% more time being active via increases in alertness (2.2%), bar biting (0.2%), sham chewing (0.7%), and feeding behaviors (0.9%). Differences in activity were statistically significant only on d 12, 15, 19, and 26. |
| Benjamin et al., 2006 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 288 | Willingness to approach a novel handler sitting in the home pen after a disturbance was measured by latency approach time for 5 out of 6 pigs to contact and touch the handler on d 7 and 28 of RAC feeding. | Feeding RAC at 10 mg/kg did not affect willingness to approach a handler after a disturbance. |
| Marchant-Forde et al., 2003 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 72 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (every 5 min for 22 h, one time per wk) on: inactivity vs. activity (walking, rooting, manipulating pen mates/pen components, and belly nosing), alertness, chewing, agonistic interactions, drinking, feeding, and posture (lying, standing, and sitting). Pigs were also subjected to weekly disturbance tests, and latency to lie down after disturbance was recorded. | Over the 4 wk feeding period, RAC pigs spent more time active (3.5%), feeding (0.8%), lying sternally (5.8%), and less time lying laterally (7.3%) than controls. RAC fed pigs spent 5.6% more time active and 1.9% more time alert during wk 1 and 2. Differences were not significant on wk 3 and 4. RAC pigs took on average 297 s more to lie down after disturbance during wk 1 and 2. |
| Schaefer et al., 1992 | 0, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg | 38.5 | 86 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted in the home pen (every 5 min for 4 h) on: investigating/walking, drinking, feeding, sleeping (individually and in groups), nosing (nose to nose contact and nose to body contact), agonistic, and sexual behaviors. | Relative to controls, 20 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 8.3% less time walking and investigating, and 10 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 0.9% less time engaged in nose to nose contact. RAC groups (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) spent 15% more time sleeping than controls in the 30 min following a meal. No abnormal, stereotyped, or agonistic behaviors were observed in pigs fed 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of RAC. |
Effects of ractopamine (RAC) dose on home pen and lairage pen behavior of market weight pigs
| Authors . | RAC dose . | Duration, d . | Pigs, # . | Measurements . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athayde et al., 2013 | 0, 5, and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 340 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (6 times per d, 3 d per wk) on: calm behaviors (lying, standing, and sitting); moving behaviors (nosing, biting, walking, exploring, running, playing, and mounting); and feeding behaviors (eating feed and drinking water). | RAC had no effect on behavior when the 13 behaviors were grouped and summarized as calm, moving, or feeding behaviors. Relative to controls, 5 mg/kg RAC increased nosing by 1.11% and drinking by 0.48%, and reduced playing by 0.20%, while RAC 10 mg/kg increased standing by 0.54%. |
| Rocha et al., 2013 | 0 and 7.5 mg/kg | 28 | 1488 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted (every 2 min during the first h of lairage) on: lying, sitting, and standing behaviors. | RAC did not affect the % of pigs standing, sitting, or lying in the lairage pen at the packing plant. |
| Poletto et al., 2010a | 0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg) | 28 | 32 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted on subordinate and dominant pigs in the home pen (every 10 min for 24 h on d 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, and 26 of RAC feeding) on: activity (alert, walking, nosing or rooting, bar biting, sham chewing, chain chewing), non-agonistic interactions (drinking, feeding), inactivity, and posture (standing, lying, sitting). | RAC increased % sitting (1.5%) and decreased % lying (2.3%), but did not affect % standing. RAC pigs spent 3.9% more time being active via increases in alertness (2.2%), bar biting (0.2%), sham chewing (0.7%), and feeding behaviors (0.9%). Differences in activity were statistically significant only on d 12, 15, 19, and 26. |
| Benjamin et al., 2006 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 288 | Willingness to approach a novel handler sitting in the home pen after a disturbance was measured by latency approach time for 5 out of 6 pigs to contact and touch the handler on d 7 and 28 of RAC feeding. | Feeding RAC at 10 mg/kg did not affect willingness to approach a handler after a disturbance. |
| Marchant-Forde et al., 2003 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 72 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (every 5 min for 22 h, one time per wk) on: inactivity vs. activity (walking, rooting, manipulating pen mates/pen components, and belly nosing), alertness, chewing, agonistic interactions, drinking, feeding, and posture (lying, standing, and sitting). Pigs were also subjected to weekly disturbance tests, and latency to lie down after disturbance was recorded. | Over the 4 wk feeding period, RAC pigs spent more time active (3.5%), feeding (0.8%), lying sternally (5.8%), and less time lying laterally (7.3%) than controls. RAC fed pigs spent 5.6% more time active and 1.9% more time alert during wk 1 and 2. Differences were not significant on wk 3 and 4. RAC pigs took on average 297 s more to lie down after disturbance during wk 1 and 2. |
| Schaefer et al., 1992 | 0, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg | 38.5 | 86 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted in the home pen (every 5 min for 4 h) on: investigating/walking, drinking, feeding, sleeping (individually and in groups), nosing (nose to nose contact and nose to body contact), agonistic, and sexual behaviors. | Relative to controls, 20 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 8.3% less time walking and investigating, and 10 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 0.9% less time engaged in nose to nose contact. RAC groups (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) spent 15% more time sleeping than controls in the 30 min following a meal. No abnormal, stereotyped, or agonistic behaviors were observed in pigs fed 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of RAC. |
| Authors . | RAC dose . | Duration, d . | Pigs, # . | Measurements . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athayde et al., 2013 | 0, 5, and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 340 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (6 times per d, 3 d per wk) on: calm behaviors (lying, standing, and sitting); moving behaviors (nosing, biting, walking, exploring, running, playing, and mounting); and feeding behaviors (eating feed and drinking water). | RAC had no effect on behavior when the 13 behaviors were grouped and summarized as calm, moving, or feeding behaviors. Relative to controls, 5 mg/kg RAC increased nosing by 1.11% and drinking by 0.48%, and reduced playing by 0.20%, while RAC 10 mg/kg increased standing by 0.54%. |
| Rocha et al., 2013 | 0 and 7.5 mg/kg | 28 | 1488 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted (every 2 min during the first h of lairage) on: lying, sitting, and standing behaviors. | RAC did not affect the % of pigs standing, sitting, or lying in the lairage pen at the packing plant. |
| Poletto et al., 2010a | 0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg) | 28 | 32 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted on subordinate and dominant pigs in the home pen (every 10 min for 24 h on d 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, and 26 of RAC feeding) on: activity (alert, walking, nosing or rooting, bar biting, sham chewing, chain chewing), non-agonistic interactions (drinking, feeding), inactivity, and posture (standing, lying, sitting). | RAC increased % sitting (1.5%) and decreased % lying (2.3%), but did not affect % standing. RAC pigs spent 3.9% more time being active via increases in alertness (2.2%), bar biting (0.2%), sham chewing (0.7%), and feeding behaviors (0.9%). Differences in activity were statistically significant only on d 12, 15, 19, and 26. |
| Benjamin et al., 2006 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 288 | Willingness to approach a novel handler sitting in the home pen after a disturbance was measured by latency approach time for 5 out of 6 pigs to contact and touch the handler on d 7 and 28 of RAC feeding. | Feeding RAC at 10 mg/kg did not affect willingness to approach a handler after a disturbance. |
| Marchant-Forde et al., 2003 | 0 and 10 mg/kg | 28 | 72 | Behavior scan sampling in the home pen was conducted (every 5 min for 22 h, one time per wk) on: inactivity vs. activity (walking, rooting, manipulating pen mates/pen components, and belly nosing), alertness, chewing, agonistic interactions, drinking, feeding, and posture (lying, standing, and sitting). Pigs were also subjected to weekly disturbance tests, and latency to lie down after disturbance was recorded. | Over the 4 wk feeding period, RAC pigs spent more time active (3.5%), feeding (0.8%), lying sternally (5.8%), and less time lying laterally (7.3%) than controls. RAC fed pigs spent 5.6% more time active and 1.9% more time alert during wk 1 and 2. Differences were not significant on wk 3 and 4. RAC pigs took on average 297 s more to lie down after disturbance during wk 1 and 2. |
| Schaefer et al., 1992 | 0, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg | 38.5 | 86 | Behavior scan sampling was conducted in the home pen (every 5 min for 4 h) on: investigating/walking, drinking, feeding, sleeping (individually and in groups), nosing (nose to nose contact and nose to body contact), agonistic, and sexual behaviors. | Relative to controls, 20 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 8.3% less time walking and investigating, and 10 mg/kg RAC pigs spent 0.9% less time engaged in nose to nose contact. RAC groups (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) spent 15% more time sleeping than controls in the 30 min following a meal. No abnormal, stereotyped, or agonistic behaviors were observed in pigs fed 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of RAC. |
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