Table 7. Open in new tab Effects of...

Authors

RAC doses

Duration, d

Pigs, #

Treatments

Measurements

Results

Campos et al., 2012

0 and 5 mg/kg

112

Fed 4 different available phosphorous (AP) concentrations (0.109%, 0.209%, 0.309%, and 0.409%).

Bone strength, calcium, phosphorus, and ash concentrations of metatarsals.

No effect of RAC on parameters evaluated, and no interaction with phosphorus level. Authors recommend feeding 0.33% AP to RAC and control pigs.

Poletto et al., 2009

0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg)

Treatments: diet (RAC vs. control), gender (barrows vs. gilts), and social rank (dominant vs. subordinate).

Number of splits, cracks-erosions, and bruises on the front and rear hooves.

Average of 2.1 more total lesions across all hooves with RAC. One RAC pig required treatment for lameness vs. 2 control pigs.

Pardo et al., 2004

0 and 10 mg/kg

120

Different combinations of RAC, phytase (0 vs. 500 FTU/kg), and inorganic P (0.45 vs. 0.65%) were fed.

Metacarpal bone ash, force, and stress.

RAC did not compromise bone traits. However, bone traits improved when inorganic P was increased 0.2%

Lutz and Stahly, 2003

0 and 20 mg/kg

120

Fed 6 different available phosphorous (AP) concentrations (0.08%, 0.13%, 0.18%, 0.23%, 0.28%, and 0.33%) and kept the Ca:AP ratio constant at 2.5:1.

Ham-loin bone weight and mineral content of the fifth vertebrae and femur.

RAC reduced bone weights and bone mineral content. Authors recommend increasing AP in RAC diets by 0.02 to 0.03%.

He et al., 1993

0 and 20 mg/kg

Treatments evaluated included diet (RAC vs. control), gender (gilt vs. barrow), and crude protein (17 vs. 20%).

The incidence and severity of osteochondrosis, as measured by bone accretion rates, joint-cartilage soundness and uronic acid concentrations.

RAC did not affect bone accretion rates, the incidence or severity of joint-cartilage soundness, uronic acid concentrations.

Table 7.

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Effects of ractopamine (RAC) dose on lameness of market weight pigs

Authors	RAC doses	Duration, d	Pigs, #	Treatments	Measurements	Results
Campos et al., 2012	0 and 5 mg/kg	34	112	Fed 4 different available phosphorous (AP) concentrations (0.109%, 0.209%, 0.309%, and 0.409%).	Bone strength, calcium, phosphorus, and ash concentrations of metatarsals.	No effect of RAC on parameters evaluated, and no interaction with phosphorus level. Authors recommend feeding 0.33% AP to RAC and control pigs.
Poletto et al., 2009	0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg)	31	32	Treatments: diet (RAC vs. control), gender (barrows vs. gilts), and social rank (dominant vs. subordinate).	Number of splits, cracks-erosions, and bruises on the front and rear hooves.	Average of 2.1 more total lesions across all hooves with RAC. One RAC pig required treatment for lameness vs. 2 control pigs.
Pardo et al., 2004	0 and 10 mg/kg	28	120	Different combinations of RAC, phytase (0 vs. 500 FTU/kg), and inorganic P (0.45 vs. 0.65%) were fed.	Metacarpal bone ash, force, and stress.	RAC did not compromise bone traits. However, bone traits improved when inorganic P was increased 0.2%
Lutz and Stahly, 2003	0 and 20 mg/kg	35	120	Fed 6 different available phosphorous (AP) concentrations (0.08%, 0.13%, 0.18%, 0.23%, 0.28%, and 0.33%) and kept the Ca:AP ratio constant at 2.5:1.	Ham-loin bone weight and mineral content of the fifth vertebrae and femur.	RAC reduced bone weights and bone mineral content. Authors recommend increasing AP in RAC diets by 0.02 to 0.03%.
He et al., 1993	0 and 20 mg/kg	43	48	Treatments evaluated included diet (RAC vs. control), gender (gilt vs. barrow), and crude protein (17 vs. 20%).	The incidence and severity of osteochondrosis, as measured by bone accretion rates, joint-cartilage soundness and uronic acid concentrations.	RAC did not affect bone accretion rates, the incidence or severity of joint-cartilage soundness, uronic acid concentrations.

Authors	RAC doses	Duration, d	Pigs, #	Treatments	Measurements	Results
Campos et al., 2012	0 and 5 mg/kg	34	112	Fed 4 different available phosphorous (AP) concentrations (0.109%, 0.209%, 0.309%, and 0.409%).	Bone strength, calcium, phosphorus, and ash concentrations of metatarsals.	No effect of RAC on parameters evaluated, and no interaction with phosphorus level. Authors recommend feeding 0.33% AP to RAC and control pigs.
Poletto et al., 2009	0 mg/kg and RAC step-up (5 to 10 mg/kg)	31	32	Treatments: diet (RAC vs. control), gender (barrows vs. gilts), and social rank (dominant vs. subordinate).	Number of splits, cracks-erosions, and bruises on the front and rear hooves.	Average of 2.1 more total lesions across all hooves with RAC. One RAC pig required treatment for lameness vs. 2 control pigs.
Pardo et al., 2004	0 and 10 mg/kg	28	120	Different combinations of RAC, phytase (0 vs. 500 FTU/kg), and inorganic P (0.45 vs. 0.65%) were fed.	Metacarpal bone ash, force, and stress.	RAC did not compromise bone traits. However, bone traits improved when inorganic P was increased 0.2%
Lutz and Stahly, 2003	0 and 20 mg/kg	35	120	Fed 6 different available phosphorous (AP) concentrations (0.08%, 0.13%, 0.18%, 0.23%, 0.28%, and 0.33%) and kept the Ca:AP ratio constant at 2.5:1.	Ham-loin bone weight and mineral content of the fifth vertebrae and femur.	RAC reduced bone weights and bone mineral content. Authors recommend increasing AP in RAC diets by 0.02 to 0.03%.
He et al., 1993	0 and 20 mg/kg	43	48	Treatments evaluated included diet (RAC vs. control), gender (gilt vs. barrow), and crude protein (17 vs. 20%).	The incidence and severity of osteochondrosis, as measured by bone accretion rates, joint-cartilage soundness and uronic acid concentrations.	RAC did not affect bone accretion rates, the incidence or severity of joint-cartilage soundness, uronic acid concentrations.

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