Effects of ractopamine (RAC) and handling treatment on the percentage of fatigued pigs in handling model studies1
| . | . | . | RAC × Handling treatment subclasses2 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Gentle handling3 . | Aggressive handling4 . | ||||
| Study . | Pigs, # . | RAC duration, d . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . |
| Miller, unpublished data | 150 | 31 | 0.0%a | – | 0.0%a | 0.0%a | – | 39.0%b |
| Ivers, unpublished data | 144 | 31 | – | 0.0%a | 5.6%a | – | 25.0%b | 61.1%c |
| . | . | . | RAC × Handling treatment subclasses2 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Gentle handling3 . | Aggressive handling4 . | ||||
| Study . | Pigs, # . | RAC duration, d . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . |
| Miller, unpublished data | 150 | 31 | 0.0%a | – | 0.0%a | 0.0%a | – | 39.0%b |
| Ivers, unpublished data | 144 | 31 | – | 0.0%a | 5.6%a | – | 25.0%b | 61.1%c |
1Fatigued pigs were defined as non-ambulatory, non-injured, and/or pigs showing clinical signs of acute stress (open-mouth breathing, skin discoloration, and/or muscle tremors) with rectal temperatures ≥ 40.6°C.
2RAC × handling interactions existed for the percentage of fatigued pigs (P < 0.05).
3Gentle handling: pigs were moved slowly without electric prods.
4Aggressive handling: pigs were moved rapidly with 18 (Ivers, unpublished data) or 32 (Miller, unpublished data) applications of an electric prod.
a–cMeans with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).
Effects of ractopamine (RAC) and handling treatment on the percentage of fatigued pigs in handling model studies1
| . | . | . | RAC × Handling treatment subclasses2 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Gentle handling3 . | Aggressive handling4 . | ||||
| Study . | Pigs, # . | RAC duration, d . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . |
| Miller, unpublished data | 150 | 31 | 0.0%a | – | 0.0%a | 0.0%a | – | 39.0%b |
| Ivers, unpublished data | 144 | 31 | – | 0.0%a | 5.6%a | – | 25.0%b | 61.1%c |
| . | . | . | RAC × Handling treatment subclasses2 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Gentle handling3 . | Aggressive handling4 . | ||||
| Study . | Pigs, # . | RAC duration, d . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . | 0 mg/kg . | 5 mg/kg . | 20 mg/kg . |
| Miller, unpublished data | 150 | 31 | 0.0%a | – | 0.0%a | 0.0%a | – | 39.0%b |
| Ivers, unpublished data | 144 | 31 | – | 0.0%a | 5.6%a | – | 25.0%b | 61.1%c |
1Fatigued pigs were defined as non-ambulatory, non-injured, and/or pigs showing clinical signs of acute stress (open-mouth breathing, skin discoloration, and/or muscle tremors) with rectal temperatures ≥ 40.6°C.
2RAC × handling interactions existed for the percentage of fatigued pigs (P < 0.05).
3Gentle handling: pigs were moved slowly without electric prods.
4Aggressive handling: pigs were moved rapidly with 18 (Ivers, unpublished data) or 32 (Miller, unpublished data) applications of an electric prod.
a–cMeans with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).
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