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ABI = ankle–brachial index; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS = acute coronary syndromes; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BP = blood pressure; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CAD = coronary artery disease; CCS = chronic coronary syndromes; CHA2DS2-VASc = Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 years (Doubled), Diabetes mellitus, Stroke or transient ischaemic attack (Doubled), Vascular disease, Age 65–74 years, Sex category; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CLTI = chronic limb-threatening ischaemia; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D = cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable defibrillator; CT = computed tomography; CV = cardiovascular; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DAPT = dual antiplatelet therapy; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DES = drug-eluting stent; DM = diabetes mellitus; DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4; EAS = European Atherosclerosis Society; ECG = electrocardiogram; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESC = European Society of Cardiology; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; GLP1-RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HAS-BLED = Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly (>65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly; HbA1c = haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR = heart failure; HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD = implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance; LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LEAD = lower extremity artery disease; LV = left ventricular; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; MI = myocardial infarction; MRAs = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NOAC = non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; PAD = peripheral arterial disease; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; RAAS = renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose co-transporter 2; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBI = toe–brachial index; VKA = vitamin K antagonist; VT = ventricular tachycardia; WIfI = Wound, Ischaemia, and foot Infection.
Class of recommendation.
Level of evidence.
A commonly stated goal for obese patients with DM is to lose around 5% of baseline weight.
It is recommended that all individuals reduce the amount of sedentary time by breaking up periods of sedentary activity with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in bouts of ≥10 min (broadly equivalent to 1000 steps).
See Table 7.
See the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias for non-HDL-C and apolipoprotein B targets.
Including a diabetologist and a vascular specialist.
See Table 12.
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ABI = ankle–brachial index; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS = acute coronary syndromes; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BP = blood pressure; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CAD = coronary artery disease; CCS = chronic coronary syndromes; CHA2DS2-VASc = Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 years (Doubled), Diabetes mellitus, Stroke or transient ischaemic attack (Doubled), Vascular disease, Age 65–74 years, Sex category; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CLTI = chronic limb-threatening ischaemia; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D = cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable defibrillator; CT = computed tomography; CV = cardiovascular; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DAPT = dual antiplatelet therapy; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DES = drug-eluting stent; DM = diabetes mellitus; DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4; EAS = European Atherosclerosis Society; ECG = electrocardiogram; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESC = European Society of Cardiology; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; GLP1-RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HAS-BLED = Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly (>65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly; HbA1c = haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR = heart failure; HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD = implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance; LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LEAD = lower extremity artery disease; LV = left ventricular; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; MI = myocardial infarction; MRAs = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NOAC = non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; PAD = peripheral arterial disease; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; RAAS = renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose co-transporter 2; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBI = toe–brachial index; VKA = vitamin K antagonist; VT = ventricular tachycardia; WIfI = Wound, Ischaemia, and foot Infection.
Class of recommendation.
Level of evidence.
A commonly stated goal for obese patients with DM is to lose around 5% of baseline weight.
It is recommended that all individuals reduce the amount of sedentary time by breaking up periods of sedentary activity with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in bouts of ≥10 min (broadly equivalent to 1000 steps).
See Table 7.
See the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias for non-HDL-C and apolipoprotein B targets.
Including a diabetologist and a vascular specialist.
See Table 12.
