Means, standard deviation (s.d.), and Student’s or Welch’s t-test outputs comparing sun and shade P. aquilinum frond traits. Traits are listed by P-value from smallest to largest.
| Trait . | Abbreviation . | Mean ± 1 s.d. . | . | t . | d.f. . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sun . | Shade . | . | . | . |
| Stipe density (kg m−3) | 330.38 ± 33.21 | 257.61 ± 21.66 | 7.340 | 30 | 3.55E-08 | |
| Specific leaf area (cm2 g−1) | SLA | 65.32 ± 5.17 | 271.54 ± 39.05 | −12.825 | 10 | 1.56E-07 |
| Stomatal density (mm−2) | SD | 100.97 ± 19.50 | 35.86 ± 4.92 | 9.158 | 14 | 2.75E-07 |
| Maximum electron transport rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | JMAX | 167.49 ± 23.97 | 72.17 ± 10.97 | 9.566 | 12 | 5.77E-07 |
| Maximum carboxylation rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | VCMAX | 82.40 ± 12.14 | 39.25 ± 5.49 | 8.568 | 12 | 1.85E-06 |
| Minimum water potential (MPa) | ψ MIN | −1.83 ± 0.22 | −0.74 ± 0.29 | −7.48 | 10 | 2.11E-05 |
| Vein density (mm mm−2) | VD | 2.93 ± 0.35 | 2.15 ± 0.14 | 5.885 | 14 | 3.97E-05 |
| Xylem fraction (%) | FX | 8.81 ± 0.83 | 6.20 ± 0.56 | 6.385 | 10 | 7.99E-05 |
| Phloem fraction (%) | FP | 17.15 ± 0.75 | 13.89 ± 1.25 | 5.483 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf epidermal cell area (µm2) | 3660 ± 888 | 6695 ± 1077 | −5.325 | 10 | 0.0003 | |
| Maximum stomatal conductance (mmol m−2 s−1) | gSMAX | 462 ± 76 | 282 ± 36 | 5.229 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf to xylem area ratio (m2 cm−2) | AL : AX | 3.94 ± 2.05 | 17.82 ± 5.21 | −6.072 | 6.51 | 0.0007 |
| Conduit diameter (µm) | D | 24.65 ± 0.78 | 21.67 ± 0.54 | 6.280 | 6 | 0.0008 |
| Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity 105 × (kg m−1 MPa−1 s−1) | KLEAF | 26.78 ± 18.95 | 5.39 ± 3.49 | 5.206 | 7.92 | 0.0008 |
| Stipe modulus of elasticity (N mm−2) | MOE | 6821 ± 2009 | 9091 ± 1658 | −3.484 | 30 | 0.0015 |
| Water potential at 88 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P88 | −2.59 ± 0.34 | −2.06 ± 0.20 | −3.741 | 14 | 0.0021 |
| Water potential at turgor loss point in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ TLP | −2.20 ± 0.16 | −1.72 ± 0.21 | −3.801 | 8 | 0.0052 |
| Intrinsic water use efficiency (µmol CO2 mol H2O−1) | WUE | 61.67 ± 6.59 | 34.13 ± 38.94 | 3.208 | 12 | 0.0075 |
| Maximum osmotic water potential in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ ΠMAX | −1.83 ± 0.21 | −1.48 ± 0.12 | −3.068 | 8 | 0.0154 |
| Pinnae modulus of elasticity (MPa) | ε | 18.84 ± 3.62 | 14.44 ± 3.79 | 1.965 | 8.78 | 0.0818 |
| Water potential at 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P50 | −1.76 ± 0.26 | −1.51 ± 0.28 | −1.857 | 14 | 0.0845 |
| Stipe modulus of rupture (N mm−2) | MOR | 80.29 ± 14.31 | 73.13 ± 13.37 | 1.464 | 30 | 0.1536 |
| Percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity at midday (%) | PLCmidday | 44.22 ± 25.30 | 28.18 ± 20.05 | 1.4214 | 18 | 0.1723 |
| Guard cell length (µm) | 48.58 ± 2.33 | 49.95 ± 1.87 | −1.300 | 13.36 | 0.2160 | |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.058 m from silicone injection point ( %) | 2.38 ± 0.77 | 3.31 ± 1.59 | −1.292 | 10 | 0.2256 | |
| Hydraulic conduit diameter (µm) | DH | 68.68 ± 2.68 | 70.38 ± 1.38 | −1.123 | 6 | 0.3044 |
| Guard cell width (µm) | 14.66 ± 0.63 | 14.08 ± 1.20 | 0.785 | 14 | 0.4450 | |
| Xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (kg m−1 kPa−1 s−1) | KS | 21.01 ± 6.57 | 23.35 ± 5.07 | −0.690 | 10 | 0.5059 |
| Day respiration (µmol m−2 s−1) | RD | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 1.38 ± 1.09 | −0.375 | 12 | 0.7141 |
| Mean conduit length (m) | LC | 0.014 ± 0.004 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | −0.308 | 10 | 0.7645 |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.118 m from silicone injection point (%) | 0.52 ± 0.25 | 0.58 ± 0.61 | −0.180 | 10 | 0.8604 | |
| Water potential at 12 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P12 | −0.89 ± 0.55 | −0.93 ± 0.59 | 0.148 | 14 | 0.8843 |
| Trait . | Abbreviation . | Mean ± 1 s.d. . | . | t . | d.f. . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sun . | Shade . | . | . | . |
| Stipe density (kg m−3) | 330.38 ± 33.21 | 257.61 ± 21.66 | 7.340 | 30 | 3.55E-08 | |
| Specific leaf area (cm2 g−1) | SLA | 65.32 ± 5.17 | 271.54 ± 39.05 | −12.825 | 10 | 1.56E-07 |
| Stomatal density (mm−2) | SD | 100.97 ± 19.50 | 35.86 ± 4.92 | 9.158 | 14 | 2.75E-07 |
| Maximum electron transport rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | JMAX | 167.49 ± 23.97 | 72.17 ± 10.97 | 9.566 | 12 | 5.77E-07 |
| Maximum carboxylation rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | VCMAX | 82.40 ± 12.14 | 39.25 ± 5.49 | 8.568 | 12 | 1.85E-06 |
| Minimum water potential (MPa) | ψ MIN | −1.83 ± 0.22 | −0.74 ± 0.29 | −7.48 | 10 | 2.11E-05 |
| Vein density (mm mm−2) | VD | 2.93 ± 0.35 | 2.15 ± 0.14 | 5.885 | 14 | 3.97E-05 |
| Xylem fraction (%) | FX | 8.81 ± 0.83 | 6.20 ± 0.56 | 6.385 | 10 | 7.99E-05 |
| Phloem fraction (%) | FP | 17.15 ± 0.75 | 13.89 ± 1.25 | 5.483 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf epidermal cell area (µm2) | 3660 ± 888 | 6695 ± 1077 | −5.325 | 10 | 0.0003 | |
| Maximum stomatal conductance (mmol m−2 s−1) | gSMAX | 462 ± 76 | 282 ± 36 | 5.229 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf to xylem area ratio (m2 cm−2) | AL : AX | 3.94 ± 2.05 | 17.82 ± 5.21 | −6.072 | 6.51 | 0.0007 |
| Conduit diameter (µm) | D | 24.65 ± 0.78 | 21.67 ± 0.54 | 6.280 | 6 | 0.0008 |
| Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity 105 × (kg m−1 MPa−1 s−1) | KLEAF | 26.78 ± 18.95 | 5.39 ± 3.49 | 5.206 | 7.92 | 0.0008 |
| Stipe modulus of elasticity (N mm−2) | MOE | 6821 ± 2009 | 9091 ± 1658 | −3.484 | 30 | 0.0015 |
| Water potential at 88 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P88 | −2.59 ± 0.34 | −2.06 ± 0.20 | −3.741 | 14 | 0.0021 |
| Water potential at turgor loss point in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ TLP | −2.20 ± 0.16 | −1.72 ± 0.21 | −3.801 | 8 | 0.0052 |
| Intrinsic water use efficiency (µmol CO2 mol H2O−1) | WUE | 61.67 ± 6.59 | 34.13 ± 38.94 | 3.208 | 12 | 0.0075 |
| Maximum osmotic water potential in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ ΠMAX | −1.83 ± 0.21 | −1.48 ± 0.12 | −3.068 | 8 | 0.0154 |
| Pinnae modulus of elasticity (MPa) | ε | 18.84 ± 3.62 | 14.44 ± 3.79 | 1.965 | 8.78 | 0.0818 |
| Water potential at 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P50 | −1.76 ± 0.26 | −1.51 ± 0.28 | −1.857 | 14 | 0.0845 |
| Stipe modulus of rupture (N mm−2) | MOR | 80.29 ± 14.31 | 73.13 ± 13.37 | 1.464 | 30 | 0.1536 |
| Percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity at midday (%) | PLCmidday | 44.22 ± 25.30 | 28.18 ± 20.05 | 1.4214 | 18 | 0.1723 |
| Guard cell length (µm) | 48.58 ± 2.33 | 49.95 ± 1.87 | −1.300 | 13.36 | 0.2160 | |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.058 m from silicone injection point ( %) | 2.38 ± 0.77 | 3.31 ± 1.59 | −1.292 | 10 | 0.2256 | |
| Hydraulic conduit diameter (µm) | DH | 68.68 ± 2.68 | 70.38 ± 1.38 | −1.123 | 6 | 0.3044 |
| Guard cell width (µm) | 14.66 ± 0.63 | 14.08 ± 1.20 | 0.785 | 14 | 0.4450 | |
| Xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (kg m−1 kPa−1 s−1) | KS | 21.01 ± 6.57 | 23.35 ± 5.07 | −0.690 | 10 | 0.5059 |
| Day respiration (µmol m−2 s−1) | RD | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 1.38 ± 1.09 | −0.375 | 12 | 0.7141 |
| Mean conduit length (m) | LC | 0.014 ± 0.004 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | −0.308 | 10 | 0.7645 |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.118 m from silicone injection point (%) | 0.52 ± 0.25 | 0.58 ± 0.61 | −0.180 | 10 | 0.8604 | |
| Water potential at 12 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P12 | −0.89 ± 0.55 | −0.93 ± 0.59 | 0.148 | 14 | 0.8843 |
Means, standard deviation (s.d.), and Student’s or Welch’s t-test outputs comparing sun and shade P. aquilinum frond traits. Traits are listed by P-value from smallest to largest.
| Trait . | Abbreviation . | Mean ± 1 s.d. . | . | t . | d.f. . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sun . | Shade . | . | . | . |
| Stipe density (kg m−3) | 330.38 ± 33.21 | 257.61 ± 21.66 | 7.340 | 30 | 3.55E-08 | |
| Specific leaf area (cm2 g−1) | SLA | 65.32 ± 5.17 | 271.54 ± 39.05 | −12.825 | 10 | 1.56E-07 |
| Stomatal density (mm−2) | SD | 100.97 ± 19.50 | 35.86 ± 4.92 | 9.158 | 14 | 2.75E-07 |
| Maximum electron transport rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | JMAX | 167.49 ± 23.97 | 72.17 ± 10.97 | 9.566 | 12 | 5.77E-07 |
| Maximum carboxylation rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | VCMAX | 82.40 ± 12.14 | 39.25 ± 5.49 | 8.568 | 12 | 1.85E-06 |
| Minimum water potential (MPa) | ψ MIN | −1.83 ± 0.22 | −0.74 ± 0.29 | −7.48 | 10 | 2.11E-05 |
| Vein density (mm mm−2) | VD | 2.93 ± 0.35 | 2.15 ± 0.14 | 5.885 | 14 | 3.97E-05 |
| Xylem fraction (%) | FX | 8.81 ± 0.83 | 6.20 ± 0.56 | 6.385 | 10 | 7.99E-05 |
| Phloem fraction (%) | FP | 17.15 ± 0.75 | 13.89 ± 1.25 | 5.483 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf epidermal cell area (µm2) | 3660 ± 888 | 6695 ± 1077 | −5.325 | 10 | 0.0003 | |
| Maximum stomatal conductance (mmol m−2 s−1) | gSMAX | 462 ± 76 | 282 ± 36 | 5.229 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf to xylem area ratio (m2 cm−2) | AL : AX | 3.94 ± 2.05 | 17.82 ± 5.21 | −6.072 | 6.51 | 0.0007 |
| Conduit diameter (µm) | D | 24.65 ± 0.78 | 21.67 ± 0.54 | 6.280 | 6 | 0.0008 |
| Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity 105 × (kg m−1 MPa−1 s−1) | KLEAF | 26.78 ± 18.95 | 5.39 ± 3.49 | 5.206 | 7.92 | 0.0008 |
| Stipe modulus of elasticity (N mm−2) | MOE | 6821 ± 2009 | 9091 ± 1658 | −3.484 | 30 | 0.0015 |
| Water potential at 88 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P88 | −2.59 ± 0.34 | −2.06 ± 0.20 | −3.741 | 14 | 0.0021 |
| Water potential at turgor loss point in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ TLP | −2.20 ± 0.16 | −1.72 ± 0.21 | −3.801 | 8 | 0.0052 |
| Intrinsic water use efficiency (µmol CO2 mol H2O−1) | WUE | 61.67 ± 6.59 | 34.13 ± 38.94 | 3.208 | 12 | 0.0075 |
| Maximum osmotic water potential in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ ΠMAX | −1.83 ± 0.21 | −1.48 ± 0.12 | −3.068 | 8 | 0.0154 |
| Pinnae modulus of elasticity (MPa) | ε | 18.84 ± 3.62 | 14.44 ± 3.79 | 1.965 | 8.78 | 0.0818 |
| Water potential at 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P50 | −1.76 ± 0.26 | −1.51 ± 0.28 | −1.857 | 14 | 0.0845 |
| Stipe modulus of rupture (N mm−2) | MOR | 80.29 ± 14.31 | 73.13 ± 13.37 | 1.464 | 30 | 0.1536 |
| Percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity at midday (%) | PLCmidday | 44.22 ± 25.30 | 28.18 ± 20.05 | 1.4214 | 18 | 0.1723 |
| Guard cell length (µm) | 48.58 ± 2.33 | 49.95 ± 1.87 | −1.300 | 13.36 | 0.2160 | |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.058 m from silicone injection point ( %) | 2.38 ± 0.77 | 3.31 ± 1.59 | −1.292 | 10 | 0.2256 | |
| Hydraulic conduit diameter (µm) | DH | 68.68 ± 2.68 | 70.38 ± 1.38 | −1.123 | 6 | 0.3044 |
| Guard cell width (µm) | 14.66 ± 0.63 | 14.08 ± 1.20 | 0.785 | 14 | 0.4450 | |
| Xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (kg m−1 kPa−1 s−1) | KS | 21.01 ± 6.57 | 23.35 ± 5.07 | −0.690 | 10 | 0.5059 |
| Day respiration (µmol m−2 s−1) | RD | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 1.38 ± 1.09 | −0.375 | 12 | 0.7141 |
| Mean conduit length (m) | LC | 0.014 ± 0.004 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | −0.308 | 10 | 0.7645 |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.118 m from silicone injection point (%) | 0.52 ± 0.25 | 0.58 ± 0.61 | −0.180 | 10 | 0.8604 | |
| Water potential at 12 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P12 | −0.89 ± 0.55 | −0.93 ± 0.59 | 0.148 | 14 | 0.8843 |
| Trait . | Abbreviation . | Mean ± 1 s.d. . | . | t . | d.f. . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sun . | Shade . | . | . | . |
| Stipe density (kg m−3) | 330.38 ± 33.21 | 257.61 ± 21.66 | 7.340 | 30 | 3.55E-08 | |
| Specific leaf area (cm2 g−1) | SLA | 65.32 ± 5.17 | 271.54 ± 39.05 | −12.825 | 10 | 1.56E-07 |
| Stomatal density (mm−2) | SD | 100.97 ± 19.50 | 35.86 ± 4.92 | 9.158 | 14 | 2.75E-07 |
| Maximum electron transport rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | JMAX | 167.49 ± 23.97 | 72.17 ± 10.97 | 9.566 | 12 | 5.77E-07 |
| Maximum carboxylation rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | VCMAX | 82.40 ± 12.14 | 39.25 ± 5.49 | 8.568 | 12 | 1.85E-06 |
| Minimum water potential (MPa) | ψ MIN | −1.83 ± 0.22 | −0.74 ± 0.29 | −7.48 | 10 | 2.11E-05 |
| Vein density (mm mm−2) | VD | 2.93 ± 0.35 | 2.15 ± 0.14 | 5.885 | 14 | 3.97E-05 |
| Xylem fraction (%) | FX | 8.81 ± 0.83 | 6.20 ± 0.56 | 6.385 | 10 | 7.99E-05 |
| Phloem fraction (%) | FP | 17.15 ± 0.75 | 13.89 ± 1.25 | 5.483 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf epidermal cell area (µm2) | 3660 ± 888 | 6695 ± 1077 | −5.325 | 10 | 0.0003 | |
| Maximum stomatal conductance (mmol m−2 s−1) | gSMAX | 462 ± 76 | 282 ± 36 | 5.229 | 10 | 0.0003 |
| Leaf to xylem area ratio (m2 cm−2) | AL : AX | 3.94 ± 2.05 | 17.82 ± 5.21 | −6.072 | 6.51 | 0.0007 |
| Conduit diameter (µm) | D | 24.65 ± 0.78 | 21.67 ± 0.54 | 6.280 | 6 | 0.0008 |
| Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity 105 × (kg m−1 MPa−1 s−1) | KLEAF | 26.78 ± 18.95 | 5.39 ± 3.49 | 5.206 | 7.92 | 0.0008 |
| Stipe modulus of elasticity (N mm−2) | MOE | 6821 ± 2009 | 9091 ± 1658 | −3.484 | 30 | 0.0015 |
| Water potential at 88 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P88 | −2.59 ± 0.34 | −2.06 ± 0.20 | −3.741 | 14 | 0.0021 |
| Water potential at turgor loss point in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ TLP | −2.20 ± 0.16 | −1.72 ± 0.21 | −3.801 | 8 | 0.0052 |
| Intrinsic water use efficiency (µmol CO2 mol H2O−1) | WUE | 61.67 ± 6.59 | 34.13 ± 38.94 | 3.208 | 12 | 0.0075 |
| Maximum osmotic water potential in pinnae (MPa) | Ψ ΠMAX | −1.83 ± 0.21 | −1.48 ± 0.12 | −3.068 | 8 | 0.0154 |
| Pinnae modulus of elasticity (MPa) | ε | 18.84 ± 3.62 | 14.44 ± 3.79 | 1.965 | 8.78 | 0.0818 |
| Water potential at 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P50 | −1.76 ± 0.26 | −1.51 ± 0.28 | −1.857 | 14 | 0.0845 |
| Stipe modulus of rupture (N mm−2) | MOR | 80.29 ± 14.31 | 73.13 ± 13.37 | 1.464 | 30 | 0.1536 |
| Percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity at midday (%) | PLCmidday | 44.22 ± 25.30 | 28.18 ± 20.05 | 1.4214 | 18 | 0.1723 |
| Guard cell length (µm) | 48.58 ± 2.33 | 49.95 ± 1.87 | −1.300 | 13.36 | 0.2160 | |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.058 m from silicone injection point ( %) | 2.38 ± 0.77 | 3.31 ± 1.59 | −1.292 | 10 | 0.2256 | |
| Hydraulic conduit diameter (µm) | DH | 68.68 ± 2.68 | 70.38 ± 1.38 | −1.123 | 6 | 0.3044 |
| Guard cell width (µm) | 14.66 ± 0.63 | 14.08 ± 1.20 | 0.785 | 14 | 0.4450 | |
| Xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (kg m−1 kPa−1 s−1) | KS | 21.01 ± 6.57 | 23.35 ± 5.07 | −0.690 | 10 | 0.5059 |
| Day respiration (µmol m−2 s−1) | RD | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 1.38 ± 1.09 | −0.375 | 12 | 0.7141 |
| Mean conduit length (m) | LC | 0.014 ± 0.004 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | −0.308 | 10 | 0.7645 |
| Proportion of xylem conduits filled at 0.118 m from silicone injection point (%) | 0.52 ± 0.25 | 0.58 ± 0.61 | −0.180 | 10 | 0.8604 | |
| Water potential at 12 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (MPa) | P12 | −0.89 ± 0.55 | −0.93 ± 0.59 | 0.148 | 14 | 0.8843 |
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