| Features . | Griffiths et al 2001 [12] . | Azevedo et al 2011 [13] . | Lanzieri et al 2014 [14] . | Hogea et al 2015 [15] . | Alfaro-Murillo et al 2016 [16] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | United Kingdom | Brazil | Brazil and United States | United States | United States |
| Model type | Catalytic | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission |
| Model strata describing the natural history of infection | Susceptible Infected Immune | Susceptible Incubating Infectious Latent | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected Reactivated Reinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected ReactivatedReinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected |
| Age structure (age transition of the model population) | No | Not specified | 0–12 months, 13–18 months, 19 months to 5 years, 6–9, 10–11, 12–14, 15–19 years, and 10-year age groups from 20 to 49 years | 1-year age groups from age >1 to <86 years; 6-month age groups from 0 to 1 year | 1-year age groups (individuals remain in the same age stratum until the end of the year and then move into the next age stratum, resembling real-world conditions) |
| Contact rates | None | Three possible patterns of contact rates were derived from seroprevalence data. Pattern I had peaks in transmission from children to children and from adults to adults; pattern II had peaks in transmission from children to adults and vice versa, with CMV thus not transmitted among children; and pattern III combining the peaks observed in both pattern I and II | Adapted from Azevedo et al [13]; contact rate with best fit assumed higher transmission probabilities from mother-to-infant through breastfeeding and between young children, but lower transmission from children to adults | Based on European survey of contact between persons of different ages [17] | Assumed highest contact rates among newborns and other age groups, decreasing by age until 7 years old, and remaining stable after that |
| Population parameters | All persons die at 70 years of age | Not specified | Brazil and US birth and death rates to reproduce country-specific age distribution | US census data and age-specific fertility rates | US census data |
| Infectiousness duration | Constant across all ages | Age dependent | Age dependent ≤5 years of age: 2 years 6–19 years of age: 1 year ≥20 years: 6 months Reduced in reactivated and reinfected individuals | Age-dependent average duration of infectiousness was estimated by the model | 3–6 months following primary infection Reduced in individuals with nonprimary infection |
| Mother-to-fetus transmission rates | Not included | Not included | Not included | Primary infection: 33.4% Nonprimary infection: 8.5% Both estimated by the model | Primary infection: 32.3% [18] Nonprimary infection: 1.4% [18] |
| Mother-to-infant transmission rates via breastfeeding | Not included | Not included | Specific rate not included, but accounted for in the contact rates | Not included | 38.7% [19] |
| Vaccination strategies | Susceptible individuals At birth | Susceptible individuals 2–6 months 10–11 years 2–6 months + 10–11 years | Susceptible and latently infected individuals 0–12 months 12–18 months 10–11 years 15–19 years 20–29 years (12–18 months + 15–19 years) | Susceptible only or susceptible and infected individuals 6 months 10 years 10–17 years (females only vs males and females; seronegative only vs all; with/without booster dose) | Susceptible individuals identified by serological screening 0 to 35 years (seronegative females in older ages; both sexes for infant vaccination) |
| Vaccine efficacy | 80%–100% | 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% | 0%–100% | 70%, 90% | 50%, 75%, 95% |
| Vaccine coverage | 59%–62% (estimated by the model) | 90% | 0%–100% | 30%, 70% | 20%, 60%, 90% |
| Duration of protection | Lifelong | 2, 10, 20 years, and lifelong | 2–50 years, describes 5 and 20 years specifically | 10 and 20 years | 4 patterns (half-life): short (4 years), intermediate with gradual decline (8 years), intermediate with steep decline (10 years), long (25 years) |
| Seroprevalence data used for model fitting | Women in antenatal clinics, United Kingdom, 1975–1985 (n >14 000) | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 1–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2012 (unweighted) [22] |
| Features . | Griffiths et al 2001 [12] . | Azevedo et al 2011 [13] . | Lanzieri et al 2014 [14] . | Hogea et al 2015 [15] . | Alfaro-Murillo et al 2016 [16] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | United Kingdom | Brazil | Brazil and United States | United States | United States |
| Model type | Catalytic | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission |
| Model strata describing the natural history of infection | Susceptible Infected Immune | Susceptible Incubating Infectious Latent | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected Reactivated Reinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected ReactivatedReinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected |
| Age structure (age transition of the model population) | No | Not specified | 0–12 months, 13–18 months, 19 months to 5 years, 6–9, 10–11, 12–14, 15–19 years, and 10-year age groups from 20 to 49 years | 1-year age groups from age >1 to <86 years; 6-month age groups from 0 to 1 year | 1-year age groups (individuals remain in the same age stratum until the end of the year and then move into the next age stratum, resembling real-world conditions) |
| Contact rates | None | Three possible patterns of contact rates were derived from seroprevalence data. Pattern I had peaks in transmission from children to children and from adults to adults; pattern II had peaks in transmission from children to adults and vice versa, with CMV thus not transmitted among children; and pattern III combining the peaks observed in both pattern I and II | Adapted from Azevedo et al [13]; contact rate with best fit assumed higher transmission probabilities from mother-to-infant through breastfeeding and between young children, but lower transmission from children to adults | Based on European survey of contact between persons of different ages [17] | Assumed highest contact rates among newborns and other age groups, decreasing by age until 7 years old, and remaining stable after that |
| Population parameters | All persons die at 70 years of age | Not specified | Brazil and US birth and death rates to reproduce country-specific age distribution | US census data and age-specific fertility rates | US census data |
| Infectiousness duration | Constant across all ages | Age dependent | Age dependent ≤5 years of age: 2 years 6–19 years of age: 1 year ≥20 years: 6 months Reduced in reactivated and reinfected individuals | Age-dependent average duration of infectiousness was estimated by the model | 3–6 months following primary infection Reduced in individuals with nonprimary infection |
| Mother-to-fetus transmission rates | Not included | Not included | Not included | Primary infection: 33.4% Nonprimary infection: 8.5% Both estimated by the model | Primary infection: 32.3% [18] Nonprimary infection: 1.4% [18] |
| Mother-to-infant transmission rates via breastfeeding | Not included | Not included | Specific rate not included, but accounted for in the contact rates | Not included | 38.7% [19] |
| Vaccination strategies | Susceptible individuals At birth | Susceptible individuals 2–6 months 10–11 years 2–6 months + 10–11 years | Susceptible and latently infected individuals 0–12 months 12–18 months 10–11 years 15–19 years 20–29 years (12–18 months + 15–19 years) | Susceptible only or susceptible and infected individuals 6 months 10 years 10–17 years (females only vs males and females; seronegative only vs all; with/without booster dose) | Susceptible individuals identified by serological screening 0 to 35 years (seronegative females in older ages; both sexes for infant vaccination) |
| Vaccine efficacy | 80%–100% | 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% | 0%–100% | 70%, 90% | 50%, 75%, 95% |
| Vaccine coverage | 59%–62% (estimated by the model) | 90% | 0%–100% | 30%, 70% | 20%, 60%, 90% |
| Duration of protection | Lifelong | 2, 10, 20 years, and lifelong | 2–50 years, describes 5 and 20 years specifically | 10 and 20 years | 4 patterns (half-life): short (4 years), intermediate with gradual decline (8 years), intermediate with steep decline (10 years), long (25 years) |
| Seroprevalence data used for model fitting | Women in antenatal clinics, United Kingdom, 1975–1985 (n >14 000) | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 1–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2012 (unweighted) [22] |
Abbreviation: CMV, cytomegalovirus.
| Features . | Griffiths et al 2001 [12] . | Azevedo et al 2011 [13] . | Lanzieri et al 2014 [14] . | Hogea et al 2015 [15] . | Alfaro-Murillo et al 2016 [16] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | United Kingdom | Brazil | Brazil and United States | United States | United States |
| Model type | Catalytic | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission |
| Model strata describing the natural history of infection | Susceptible Infected Immune | Susceptible Incubating Infectious Latent | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected Reactivated Reinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected ReactivatedReinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected |
| Age structure (age transition of the model population) | No | Not specified | 0–12 months, 13–18 months, 19 months to 5 years, 6–9, 10–11, 12–14, 15–19 years, and 10-year age groups from 20 to 49 years | 1-year age groups from age >1 to <86 years; 6-month age groups from 0 to 1 year | 1-year age groups (individuals remain in the same age stratum until the end of the year and then move into the next age stratum, resembling real-world conditions) |
| Contact rates | None | Three possible patterns of contact rates were derived from seroprevalence data. Pattern I had peaks in transmission from children to children and from adults to adults; pattern II had peaks in transmission from children to adults and vice versa, with CMV thus not transmitted among children; and pattern III combining the peaks observed in both pattern I and II | Adapted from Azevedo et al [13]; contact rate with best fit assumed higher transmission probabilities from mother-to-infant through breastfeeding and between young children, but lower transmission from children to adults | Based on European survey of contact between persons of different ages [17] | Assumed highest contact rates among newborns and other age groups, decreasing by age until 7 years old, and remaining stable after that |
| Population parameters | All persons die at 70 years of age | Not specified | Brazil and US birth and death rates to reproduce country-specific age distribution | US census data and age-specific fertility rates | US census data |
| Infectiousness duration | Constant across all ages | Age dependent | Age dependent ≤5 years of age: 2 years 6–19 years of age: 1 year ≥20 years: 6 months Reduced in reactivated and reinfected individuals | Age-dependent average duration of infectiousness was estimated by the model | 3–6 months following primary infection Reduced in individuals with nonprimary infection |
| Mother-to-fetus transmission rates | Not included | Not included | Not included | Primary infection: 33.4% Nonprimary infection: 8.5% Both estimated by the model | Primary infection: 32.3% [18] Nonprimary infection: 1.4% [18] |
| Mother-to-infant transmission rates via breastfeeding | Not included | Not included | Specific rate not included, but accounted for in the contact rates | Not included | 38.7% [19] |
| Vaccination strategies | Susceptible individuals At birth | Susceptible individuals 2–6 months 10–11 years 2–6 months + 10–11 years | Susceptible and latently infected individuals 0–12 months 12–18 months 10–11 years 15–19 years 20–29 years (12–18 months + 15–19 years) | Susceptible only or susceptible and infected individuals 6 months 10 years 10–17 years (females only vs males and females; seronegative only vs all; with/without booster dose) | Susceptible individuals identified by serological screening 0 to 35 years (seronegative females in older ages; both sexes for infant vaccination) |
| Vaccine efficacy | 80%–100% | 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% | 0%–100% | 70%, 90% | 50%, 75%, 95% |
| Vaccine coverage | 59%–62% (estimated by the model) | 90% | 0%–100% | 30%, 70% | 20%, 60%, 90% |
| Duration of protection | Lifelong | 2, 10, 20 years, and lifelong | 2–50 years, describes 5 and 20 years specifically | 10 and 20 years | 4 patterns (half-life): short (4 years), intermediate with gradual decline (8 years), intermediate with steep decline (10 years), long (25 years) |
| Seroprevalence data used for model fitting | Women in antenatal clinics, United Kingdom, 1975–1985 (n >14 000) | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 1–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2012 (unweighted) [22] |
| Features . | Griffiths et al 2001 [12] . | Azevedo et al 2011 [13] . | Lanzieri et al 2014 [14] . | Hogea et al 2015 [15] . | Alfaro-Murillo et al 2016 [16] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | United Kingdom | Brazil | Brazil and United States | United States | United States |
| Model type | Catalytic | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission | Dynamic transmission |
| Model strata describing the natural history of infection | Susceptible Infected Immune | Susceptible Incubating Infectious Latent | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected Reactivated Reinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected ReactivatedReinfected | Susceptible Primarily infected Latently infected |
| Age structure (age transition of the model population) | No | Not specified | 0–12 months, 13–18 months, 19 months to 5 years, 6–9, 10–11, 12–14, 15–19 years, and 10-year age groups from 20 to 49 years | 1-year age groups from age >1 to <86 years; 6-month age groups from 0 to 1 year | 1-year age groups (individuals remain in the same age stratum until the end of the year and then move into the next age stratum, resembling real-world conditions) |
| Contact rates | None | Three possible patterns of contact rates were derived from seroprevalence data. Pattern I had peaks in transmission from children to children and from adults to adults; pattern II had peaks in transmission from children to adults and vice versa, with CMV thus not transmitted among children; and pattern III combining the peaks observed in both pattern I and II | Adapted from Azevedo et al [13]; contact rate with best fit assumed higher transmission probabilities from mother-to-infant through breastfeeding and between young children, but lower transmission from children to adults | Based on European survey of contact between persons of different ages [17] | Assumed highest contact rates among newborns and other age groups, decreasing by age until 7 years old, and remaining stable after that |
| Population parameters | All persons die at 70 years of age | Not specified | Brazil and US birth and death rates to reproduce country-specific age distribution | US census data and age-specific fertility rates | US census data |
| Infectiousness duration | Constant across all ages | Age dependent | Age dependent ≤5 years of age: 2 years 6–19 years of age: 1 year ≥20 years: 6 months Reduced in reactivated and reinfected individuals | Age-dependent average duration of infectiousness was estimated by the model | 3–6 months following primary infection Reduced in individuals with nonprimary infection |
| Mother-to-fetus transmission rates | Not included | Not included | Not included | Primary infection: 33.4% Nonprimary infection: 8.5% Both estimated by the model | Primary infection: 32.3% [18] Nonprimary infection: 1.4% [18] |
| Mother-to-infant transmission rates via breastfeeding | Not included | Not included | Specific rate not included, but accounted for in the contact rates | Not included | 38.7% [19] |
| Vaccination strategies | Susceptible individuals At birth | Susceptible individuals 2–6 months 10–11 years 2–6 months + 10–11 years | Susceptible and latently infected individuals 0–12 months 12–18 months 10–11 years 15–19 years 20–29 years (12–18 months + 15–19 years) | Susceptible only or susceptible and infected individuals 6 months 10 years 10–17 years (females only vs males and females; seronegative only vs all; with/without booster dose) | Susceptible individuals identified by serological screening 0 to 35 years (seronegative females in older ages; both sexes for infant vaccination) |
| Vaccine efficacy | 80%–100% | 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% | 0%–100% | 70%, 90% | 50%, 75%, 95% |
| Vaccine coverage | 59%–62% (estimated by the model) | 90% | 0%–100% | 30%, 70% | 20%, 60%, 90% |
| Duration of protection | Lifelong | 2, 10, 20 years, and lifelong | 2–50 years, describes 5 and 20 years specifically | 10 and 20 years | 4 patterns (half-life): short (4 years), intermediate with gradual decline (8 years), intermediate with steep decline (10 years), long (25 years) |
| Seroprevalence data used for model fitting | Women in antenatal clinics, United Kingdom, 1975–1985 (n >14 000) | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] | Persons 0–40 years of age, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990 (n = 443) [20] Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 6–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2004 [21] | Persons 1–49 years of age, United States, 1988–2012 (unweighted) [22] |
Abbreviation: CMV, cytomegalovirus.
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