Baseline Characteristics of the Study Patients and Patients Infected With HSV/EVs/Mumps Virus
| . | Total (n = 66)a . | HSV (n = 7)b . | EVs (n = 7)c . | Mumps Virus (n = 5)d . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender (male), No. (%) | 39 (59) | 4 (57) | 5/7 (71) | 5 (100) |
| Age, y | 35 (15–84) | 45 (25–53) | 32 (22–57) | 39 (32–61) |
| Illness day on admission, d | 5 (1–30) | 5 (2–14) | 3.5 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) |
| Duration of hospital stay, d | 5 (1–76) | 5 (3–67) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (3–35) |
| HIV status, No. (%) | ||||
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Negative | 24 (36) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (20) |
| Unknown | 42 (64) | 6 (86) | 3 (43) | 4 (80) |
| Clinical signs and symptoms, No. (%) | ||||
| Fever | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Headache | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Irritability | 15 (23) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Lethargy | 18 (28) | 3/6 (50) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Vomiting | 34 (52) | 4/6 (67) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Seizures | 23 (36) | 2/6 (33) | 0/7 | 2 (40) |
| Conscious | 46 (70) | 6/7 (86) | 1/7 (14) | 2 (40) |
| Skin rash | 6 (9) | 0/7 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia | 5 (8) | 2/7 (29) | 0/7 | 0 |
| Paraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/7 | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Tetraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/6 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Neck stiffness | 45 (68) | 6/7 (86) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Glasgow coma score of ≤8 | 7 (11) | 3/7 (43) | 0/7 | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 9–12 | 16 (24) | 2/7 (29) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 13–15 | 43 (65) | 2/7 (29) | 6 /7 (86) | 3 (60) |
| CSF cells and biochemistry | ||||
| White cells, cells/µL | 101 (0–4183) | 708 (38–1571) | 503 (20–961) | 683 (27–2146) |
| Neutrophils, No. (%) | 13 (0–96) | 9 (2–61) | 24 (0–47) | 18 (3–23) |
| Lymphocytes, No. (%) | 86.5 (1–100) | 91 (39–98) | 76 (53–99.9) | 82 (77–97) |
| Protein, g/L | 0.7 (0.2–8.9) | 1.36 (0.75–2.17) | 0.71 (0.47–1.18) | 0.67 (0.45–2.42) |
| CSF/blood glucose ratio | 0.61 (0.34–1.04) | 0.55 (0.47–0.61) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.52 (0.49–0.81) |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2.65 (1.4–14.03) | 3.52 (2.02–4.83) | 2.5 (1.9–3.8) | 2.9 (1.9–4.3) |
| Antiviral treatment, No. (%) | ||||
| Oral acyclovir | 2 (3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Intravenous acyclovir | 8 (13) | 6/6 (100) | NA | NA |
| Oral valacyclovir | 44 (72) | NA | NA | 1 (20) |
| Modified Rankin Scale at discharge,e No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 8 (13) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 1 | 12 (19) | 0 | 1/7 (14) | 3 (60) |
| 2 | 10 (15) | 0 | 4/7 (58) | 0 |
| 3 | 25 (39) | 3/7 (43) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 4 | 4 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 4 (6) | 3/7 (43) | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| . | Total (n = 66)a . | HSV (n = 7)b . | EVs (n = 7)c . | Mumps Virus (n = 5)d . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender (male), No. (%) | 39 (59) | 4 (57) | 5/7 (71) | 5 (100) |
| Age, y | 35 (15–84) | 45 (25–53) | 32 (22–57) | 39 (32–61) |
| Illness day on admission, d | 5 (1–30) | 5 (2–14) | 3.5 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) |
| Duration of hospital stay, d | 5 (1–76) | 5 (3–67) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (3–35) |
| HIV status, No. (%) | ||||
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Negative | 24 (36) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (20) |
| Unknown | 42 (64) | 6 (86) | 3 (43) | 4 (80) |
| Clinical signs and symptoms, No. (%) | ||||
| Fever | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Headache | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Irritability | 15 (23) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Lethargy | 18 (28) | 3/6 (50) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Vomiting | 34 (52) | 4/6 (67) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Seizures | 23 (36) | 2/6 (33) | 0/7 | 2 (40) |
| Conscious | 46 (70) | 6/7 (86) | 1/7 (14) | 2 (40) |
| Skin rash | 6 (9) | 0/7 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia | 5 (8) | 2/7 (29) | 0/7 | 0 |
| Paraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/7 | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Tetraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/6 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Neck stiffness | 45 (68) | 6/7 (86) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Glasgow coma score of ≤8 | 7 (11) | 3/7 (43) | 0/7 | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 9–12 | 16 (24) | 2/7 (29) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 13–15 | 43 (65) | 2/7 (29) | 6 /7 (86) | 3 (60) |
| CSF cells and biochemistry | ||||
| White cells, cells/µL | 101 (0–4183) | 708 (38–1571) | 503 (20–961) | 683 (27–2146) |
| Neutrophils, No. (%) | 13 (0–96) | 9 (2–61) | 24 (0–47) | 18 (3–23) |
| Lymphocytes, No. (%) | 86.5 (1–100) | 91 (39–98) | 76 (53–99.9) | 82 (77–97) |
| Protein, g/L | 0.7 (0.2–8.9) | 1.36 (0.75–2.17) | 0.71 (0.47–1.18) | 0.67 (0.45–2.42) |
| CSF/blood glucose ratio | 0.61 (0.34–1.04) | 0.55 (0.47–0.61) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.52 (0.49–0.81) |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2.65 (1.4–14.03) | 3.52 (2.02–4.83) | 2.5 (1.9–3.8) | 2.9 (1.9–4.3) |
| Antiviral treatment, No. (%) | ||||
| Oral acyclovir | 2 (3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Intravenous acyclovir | 8 (13) | 6/6 (100) | NA | NA |
| Oral valacyclovir | 44 (72) | NA | NA | 1 (20) |
| Modified Rankin Scale at discharge,e No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 8 (13) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 1 | 12 (19) | 0 | 1/7 (14) | 3 (60) |
| 2 | 10 (15) | 0 | 4/7 (58) | 0 |
| 3 | 25 (39) | 3/7 (43) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 4 | 4 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 4 (6) | 3/7 (43) | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (range).
aDenominators may vary slightly.
bDiagnosed by current standard tests for routine diagnosis.
cDiagnosed by mNGS, followed by PCR confirmatory testing.
dDiagnosed by current standard tests, expanded PCR testing, and mNGS combined.
e0: Full recovery with no symptoms; 1: No significant disability; 2: Slight disability; 3: Moderate disability; 4: Moderately severe disability; 5: Severe disability; and 6: Dead.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Patients and Patients Infected With HSV/EVs/Mumps Virus
| . | Total (n = 66)a . | HSV (n = 7)b . | EVs (n = 7)c . | Mumps Virus (n = 5)d . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender (male), No. (%) | 39 (59) | 4 (57) | 5/7 (71) | 5 (100) |
| Age, y | 35 (15–84) | 45 (25–53) | 32 (22–57) | 39 (32–61) |
| Illness day on admission, d | 5 (1–30) | 5 (2–14) | 3.5 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) |
| Duration of hospital stay, d | 5 (1–76) | 5 (3–67) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (3–35) |
| HIV status, No. (%) | ||||
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Negative | 24 (36) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (20) |
| Unknown | 42 (64) | 6 (86) | 3 (43) | 4 (80) |
| Clinical signs and symptoms, No. (%) | ||||
| Fever | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Headache | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Irritability | 15 (23) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Lethargy | 18 (28) | 3/6 (50) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Vomiting | 34 (52) | 4/6 (67) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Seizures | 23 (36) | 2/6 (33) | 0/7 | 2 (40) |
| Conscious | 46 (70) | 6/7 (86) | 1/7 (14) | 2 (40) |
| Skin rash | 6 (9) | 0/7 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia | 5 (8) | 2/7 (29) | 0/7 | 0 |
| Paraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/7 | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Tetraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/6 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Neck stiffness | 45 (68) | 6/7 (86) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Glasgow coma score of ≤8 | 7 (11) | 3/7 (43) | 0/7 | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 9–12 | 16 (24) | 2/7 (29) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 13–15 | 43 (65) | 2/7 (29) | 6 /7 (86) | 3 (60) |
| CSF cells and biochemistry | ||||
| White cells, cells/µL | 101 (0–4183) | 708 (38–1571) | 503 (20–961) | 683 (27–2146) |
| Neutrophils, No. (%) | 13 (0–96) | 9 (2–61) | 24 (0–47) | 18 (3–23) |
| Lymphocytes, No. (%) | 86.5 (1–100) | 91 (39–98) | 76 (53–99.9) | 82 (77–97) |
| Protein, g/L | 0.7 (0.2–8.9) | 1.36 (0.75–2.17) | 0.71 (0.47–1.18) | 0.67 (0.45–2.42) |
| CSF/blood glucose ratio | 0.61 (0.34–1.04) | 0.55 (0.47–0.61) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.52 (0.49–0.81) |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2.65 (1.4–14.03) | 3.52 (2.02–4.83) | 2.5 (1.9–3.8) | 2.9 (1.9–4.3) |
| Antiviral treatment, No. (%) | ||||
| Oral acyclovir | 2 (3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Intravenous acyclovir | 8 (13) | 6/6 (100) | NA | NA |
| Oral valacyclovir | 44 (72) | NA | NA | 1 (20) |
| Modified Rankin Scale at discharge,e No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 8 (13) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 1 | 12 (19) | 0 | 1/7 (14) | 3 (60) |
| 2 | 10 (15) | 0 | 4/7 (58) | 0 |
| 3 | 25 (39) | 3/7 (43) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 4 | 4 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 4 (6) | 3/7 (43) | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| . | Total (n = 66)a . | HSV (n = 7)b . | EVs (n = 7)c . | Mumps Virus (n = 5)d . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender (male), No. (%) | 39 (59) | 4 (57) | 5/7 (71) | 5 (100) |
| Age, y | 35 (15–84) | 45 (25–53) | 32 (22–57) | 39 (32–61) |
| Illness day on admission, d | 5 (1–30) | 5 (2–14) | 3.5 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) |
| Duration of hospital stay, d | 5 (1–76) | 5 (3–67) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (3–35) |
| HIV status, No. (%) | ||||
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Negative | 24 (36) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (20) |
| Unknown | 42 (64) | 6 (86) | 3 (43) | 4 (80) |
| Clinical signs and symptoms, No. (%) | ||||
| Fever | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Headache | 58 (88) | 7/7 (100) | 6 /7 (86) | 5 (100) |
| Irritability | 15 (23) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Lethargy | 18 (28) | 3/6 (50) | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Vomiting | 34 (52) | 4/6 (67) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Seizures | 23 (36) | 2/6 (33) | 0/7 | 2 (40) |
| Conscious | 46 (70) | 6/7 (86) | 1/7 (14) | 2 (40) |
| Skin rash | 6 (9) | 0/7 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia | 5 (8) | 2/7 (29) | 0/7 | 0 |
| Paraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/7 | 1/7 (14) | 0 |
| Tetraplegia | 1 (2) | 0/6 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Neck stiffness | 45 (68) | 6/7 (86) | 5/7 (71) | 3 (60) |
| Glasgow coma score of ≤8 | 7 (11) | 3/7 (43) | 0/7 | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 9–12 | 16 (24) | 2/7 (29) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| Glasgow coma score of 13–15 | 43 (65) | 2/7 (29) | 6 /7 (86) | 3 (60) |
| CSF cells and biochemistry | ||||
| White cells, cells/µL | 101 (0–4183) | 708 (38–1571) | 503 (20–961) | 683 (27–2146) |
| Neutrophils, No. (%) | 13 (0–96) | 9 (2–61) | 24 (0–47) | 18 (3–23) |
| Lymphocytes, No. (%) | 86.5 (1–100) | 91 (39–98) | 76 (53–99.9) | 82 (77–97) |
| Protein, g/L | 0.7 (0.2–8.9) | 1.36 (0.75–2.17) | 0.71 (0.47–1.18) | 0.67 (0.45–2.42) |
| CSF/blood glucose ratio | 0.61 (0.34–1.04) | 0.55 (0.47–0.61) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.52 (0.49–0.81) |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2.65 (1.4–14.03) | 3.52 (2.02–4.83) | 2.5 (1.9–3.8) | 2.9 (1.9–4.3) |
| Antiviral treatment, No. (%) | ||||
| Oral acyclovir | 2 (3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Intravenous acyclovir | 8 (13) | 6/6 (100) | NA | NA |
| Oral valacyclovir | 44 (72) | NA | NA | 1 (20) |
| Modified Rankin Scale at discharge,e No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 8 (13) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 1 | 12 (19) | 0 | 1/7 (14) | 3 (60) |
| 2 | 10 (15) | 0 | 4/7 (58) | 0 |
| 3 | 25 (39) | 3/7 (43) | 1/7 (14) | 1 (20) |
| 4 | 4 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 4 (6) | 3/7 (43) | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (range).
aDenominators may vary slightly.
bDiagnosed by current standard tests for routine diagnosis.
cDiagnosed by mNGS, followed by PCR confirmatory testing.
dDiagnosed by current standard tests, expanded PCR testing, and mNGS combined.
e0: Full recovery with no symptoms; 1: No significant disability; 2: Slight disability; 3: Moderate disability; 4: Moderately severe disability; 5: Severe disability; and 6: Dead.
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