| Variables . | All patients (N = 400) . | Categories of vegetable consumption, tablespoons/day . | P-value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 (n = 35) . | 2 (n = 175) . | ≥3 (n = 190) . | . | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 52 ± 12 | 50 ± 13 | 52 ± 13 | 52 ± 11 | 0.67 |
| Men, n (%) | 217 (54) | 13 (37) | 95 (54) | 119 (57) | 0.09 |
| Caucasian ethnicity, n (%) | 389 (97) | 33 (94) | 171 (98) | 185 (97) | 0.52 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.19 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | 1.87 ± 0.18 | 1.89 ± 0.18 | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 0.84 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.7 ± 13.3 | 94.9 ± 15.2 | 96.8 ± 12.8 | 97.0 ± 13.4 | 0.68 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 155 ± 23 | 155 ± 22 | 154 ± 23 | 156 ± 23 | 0.81 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 10 | 92 ± 9 | 90 ± 9 | 91 ± 10 | 0.32 |
| Use of anti-hypertensives, n (%) | 355 (89) | 29 (83) | 158 (90) | 168 (88) | 0.44 |
| Number of anti-hypertensives | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.20 |
| Use of ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 131 (33) | 14 (40) | 55 (31) | 62 (33) | 0.61 |
| Use of beta-blocker, n (%) | 240 (60) | 21 (60) | 114 (65) | 105 (55) | 0.16 |
| Use of calcium antagonist, n (%) | 162 (41) | 18 (51) | 66 (38) | 78 (41) | 0.31 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 88 (22) | 8 (23) | 33 (19) | 47 (25) | 0.40 |
| Alcohol (non-user), n (%) | 192 (48) | 23 (66) | 81 (46) | 88 (46) | 0.09 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/day), median (IQR) | 279 (69–605) | 217 (14–501) | 235 (47–551) | 349 (140–670) | 0.02 |
| Socio-economic status | |||||
| Income, n (%) | 0.91 | ||||
| <1800 euros/month | 52 (13) | 5 (14) | 25 (14) | 3 (2) | |
| 1800–2799 euros/month | 108 (27) | 8 (23) | 46 (26) | 19 (10) | |
| 2800–3799 euros/month | 101 (25) | 8 (23) | 44 (25) | 54 (28) | |
| >3800 euros/month | 139 (35) | 14 (40) | 60 (34) | 49 (26) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Level 1 | 17 (4) | 4 (11) | 3 (2) | 10 (5) | |
| Level 2 | 45 (11) | 4 (11) | 16 (9) | 25 (13) | |
| Level 3 | 164 (41) | 14 (40) | 78 (45) | 72 (38) | |
| Level 4 | 147 (37) | 8 (23) | 66 (38) | 73 (38) | |
| Level 5 | 27 (7) | 5 (14) | 12 (7) | 10 (5) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | |||||
| Personal cardiovascular history | 50 (13) | 4 (11) | 23 (13) | 23 (12) | 0.94 |
| Familiar cardiovascular history | 178 (45) | 17 (49) | 76 (43) | 85 (45) | 0.85 |
| Renal allograft function | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47 ± 17 | 48 ± 17 | 46 ± 17 | 47 ± 17 | 0.75 |
| Proteinuria (≥0.5 g/24 h), n (%) | 112 (28) | 9 (26) | 45 (26) | 58 (31) | 0.56 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.33 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 0.22 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.13 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 0.42 |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 194 (49) | 13 (37) | 90 (51) | 91 (48) | 0.30 |
| Glucose homeostasis | |||||
| Insulin (µU/mL), median (IQR) | 11.2 (8.0–15.5) | 13.7 (8.6–22.8) | 11.5 (8.7–15.8) | 10.3 (7.7–14.2) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 4.6 (4.0–5.4) | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 0.06 |
| Glycated HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.5 (5.9–7.8) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.3 (5.8–7.0) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 73 (18) | 8 (23) | 36 (21) | 29 (15) | 0.32 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 2.3 (1.6–3.5) | 2.6 (1.7–5.9) | 2.4 (1.7–3.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.1) | 0.02 |
| Inflammation | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 1.7 (1.0–4.8) | 2.4 (0.9–6.0) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 0.68 |
| Variables . | All patients (N = 400) . | Categories of vegetable consumption, tablespoons/day . | P-value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 (n = 35) . | 2 (n = 175) . | ≥3 (n = 190) . | . | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 52 ± 12 | 50 ± 13 | 52 ± 13 | 52 ± 11 | 0.67 |
| Men, n (%) | 217 (54) | 13 (37) | 95 (54) | 119 (57) | 0.09 |
| Caucasian ethnicity, n (%) | 389 (97) | 33 (94) | 171 (98) | 185 (97) | 0.52 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.19 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | 1.87 ± 0.18 | 1.89 ± 0.18 | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 0.84 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.7 ± 13.3 | 94.9 ± 15.2 | 96.8 ± 12.8 | 97.0 ± 13.4 | 0.68 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 155 ± 23 | 155 ± 22 | 154 ± 23 | 156 ± 23 | 0.81 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 10 | 92 ± 9 | 90 ± 9 | 91 ± 10 | 0.32 |
| Use of anti-hypertensives, n (%) | 355 (89) | 29 (83) | 158 (90) | 168 (88) | 0.44 |
| Number of anti-hypertensives | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.20 |
| Use of ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 131 (33) | 14 (40) | 55 (31) | 62 (33) | 0.61 |
| Use of beta-blocker, n (%) | 240 (60) | 21 (60) | 114 (65) | 105 (55) | 0.16 |
| Use of calcium antagonist, n (%) | 162 (41) | 18 (51) | 66 (38) | 78 (41) | 0.31 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 88 (22) | 8 (23) | 33 (19) | 47 (25) | 0.40 |
| Alcohol (non-user), n (%) | 192 (48) | 23 (66) | 81 (46) | 88 (46) | 0.09 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/day), median (IQR) | 279 (69–605) | 217 (14–501) | 235 (47–551) | 349 (140–670) | 0.02 |
| Socio-economic status | |||||
| Income, n (%) | 0.91 | ||||
| <1800 euros/month | 52 (13) | 5 (14) | 25 (14) | 3 (2) | |
| 1800–2799 euros/month | 108 (27) | 8 (23) | 46 (26) | 19 (10) | |
| 2800–3799 euros/month | 101 (25) | 8 (23) | 44 (25) | 54 (28) | |
| >3800 euros/month | 139 (35) | 14 (40) | 60 (34) | 49 (26) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Level 1 | 17 (4) | 4 (11) | 3 (2) | 10 (5) | |
| Level 2 | 45 (11) | 4 (11) | 16 (9) | 25 (13) | |
| Level 3 | 164 (41) | 14 (40) | 78 (45) | 72 (38) | |
| Level 4 | 147 (37) | 8 (23) | 66 (38) | 73 (38) | |
| Level 5 | 27 (7) | 5 (14) | 12 (7) | 10 (5) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | |||||
| Personal cardiovascular history | 50 (13) | 4 (11) | 23 (13) | 23 (12) | 0.94 |
| Familiar cardiovascular history | 178 (45) | 17 (49) | 76 (43) | 85 (45) | 0.85 |
| Renal allograft function | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47 ± 17 | 48 ± 17 | 46 ± 17 | 47 ± 17 | 0.75 |
| Proteinuria (≥0.5 g/24 h), n (%) | 112 (28) | 9 (26) | 45 (26) | 58 (31) | 0.56 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.33 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 0.22 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.13 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 0.42 |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 194 (49) | 13 (37) | 90 (51) | 91 (48) | 0.30 |
| Glucose homeostasis | |||||
| Insulin (µU/mL), median (IQR) | 11.2 (8.0–15.5) | 13.7 (8.6–22.8) | 11.5 (8.7–15.8) | 10.3 (7.7–14.2) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 4.6 (4.0–5.4) | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 0.06 |
| Glycated HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.5 (5.9–7.8) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.3 (5.8–7.0) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 73 (18) | 8 (23) | 36 (21) | 29 (15) | 0.32 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 2.3 (1.6–3.5) | 2.6 (1.7–5.9) | 2.4 (1.7–3.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.1) | 0.02 |
| Inflammation | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 1.7 (1.0–4.8) | 2.4 (0.9–6.0) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 0.68 |
Values presented as mean ± SD unless stated otherwise. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance. Differences were tested by analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and by chi-squared test for categorical variables.
| Variables . | All patients (N = 400) . | Categories of vegetable consumption, tablespoons/day . | P-value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 (n = 35) . | 2 (n = 175) . | ≥3 (n = 190) . | . | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 52 ± 12 | 50 ± 13 | 52 ± 13 | 52 ± 11 | 0.67 |
| Men, n (%) | 217 (54) | 13 (37) | 95 (54) | 119 (57) | 0.09 |
| Caucasian ethnicity, n (%) | 389 (97) | 33 (94) | 171 (98) | 185 (97) | 0.52 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.19 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | 1.87 ± 0.18 | 1.89 ± 0.18 | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 0.84 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.7 ± 13.3 | 94.9 ± 15.2 | 96.8 ± 12.8 | 97.0 ± 13.4 | 0.68 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 155 ± 23 | 155 ± 22 | 154 ± 23 | 156 ± 23 | 0.81 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 10 | 92 ± 9 | 90 ± 9 | 91 ± 10 | 0.32 |
| Use of anti-hypertensives, n (%) | 355 (89) | 29 (83) | 158 (90) | 168 (88) | 0.44 |
| Number of anti-hypertensives | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.20 |
| Use of ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 131 (33) | 14 (40) | 55 (31) | 62 (33) | 0.61 |
| Use of beta-blocker, n (%) | 240 (60) | 21 (60) | 114 (65) | 105 (55) | 0.16 |
| Use of calcium antagonist, n (%) | 162 (41) | 18 (51) | 66 (38) | 78 (41) | 0.31 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 88 (22) | 8 (23) | 33 (19) | 47 (25) | 0.40 |
| Alcohol (non-user), n (%) | 192 (48) | 23 (66) | 81 (46) | 88 (46) | 0.09 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/day), median (IQR) | 279 (69–605) | 217 (14–501) | 235 (47–551) | 349 (140–670) | 0.02 |
| Socio-economic status | |||||
| Income, n (%) | 0.91 | ||||
| <1800 euros/month | 52 (13) | 5 (14) | 25 (14) | 3 (2) | |
| 1800–2799 euros/month | 108 (27) | 8 (23) | 46 (26) | 19 (10) | |
| 2800–3799 euros/month | 101 (25) | 8 (23) | 44 (25) | 54 (28) | |
| >3800 euros/month | 139 (35) | 14 (40) | 60 (34) | 49 (26) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Level 1 | 17 (4) | 4 (11) | 3 (2) | 10 (5) | |
| Level 2 | 45 (11) | 4 (11) | 16 (9) | 25 (13) | |
| Level 3 | 164 (41) | 14 (40) | 78 (45) | 72 (38) | |
| Level 4 | 147 (37) | 8 (23) | 66 (38) | 73 (38) | |
| Level 5 | 27 (7) | 5 (14) | 12 (7) | 10 (5) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | |||||
| Personal cardiovascular history | 50 (13) | 4 (11) | 23 (13) | 23 (12) | 0.94 |
| Familiar cardiovascular history | 178 (45) | 17 (49) | 76 (43) | 85 (45) | 0.85 |
| Renal allograft function | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47 ± 17 | 48 ± 17 | 46 ± 17 | 47 ± 17 | 0.75 |
| Proteinuria (≥0.5 g/24 h), n (%) | 112 (28) | 9 (26) | 45 (26) | 58 (31) | 0.56 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.33 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 0.22 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.13 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 0.42 |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 194 (49) | 13 (37) | 90 (51) | 91 (48) | 0.30 |
| Glucose homeostasis | |||||
| Insulin (µU/mL), median (IQR) | 11.2 (8.0–15.5) | 13.7 (8.6–22.8) | 11.5 (8.7–15.8) | 10.3 (7.7–14.2) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 4.6 (4.0–5.4) | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 0.06 |
| Glycated HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.5 (5.9–7.8) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.3 (5.8–7.0) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 73 (18) | 8 (23) | 36 (21) | 29 (15) | 0.32 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 2.3 (1.6–3.5) | 2.6 (1.7–5.9) | 2.4 (1.7–3.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.1) | 0.02 |
| Inflammation | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 1.7 (1.0–4.8) | 2.4 (0.9–6.0) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 0.68 |
| Variables . | All patients (N = 400) . | Categories of vegetable consumption, tablespoons/day . | P-value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 (n = 35) . | 2 (n = 175) . | ≥3 (n = 190) . | . | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 52 ± 12 | 50 ± 13 | 52 ± 13 | 52 ± 11 | 0.67 |
| Men, n (%) | 217 (54) | 13 (37) | 95 (54) | 119 (57) | 0.09 |
| Caucasian ethnicity, n (%) | 389 (97) | 33 (94) | 171 (98) | 185 (97) | 0.52 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.87 ± 0.19 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | 1.87 ± 0.18 | 1.89 ± 0.18 | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 0.84 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.7 ± 13.3 | 94.9 ± 15.2 | 96.8 ± 12.8 | 97.0 ± 13.4 | 0.68 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 155 ± 23 | 155 ± 22 | 154 ± 23 | 156 ± 23 | 0.81 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 10 | 92 ± 9 | 90 ± 9 | 91 ± 10 | 0.32 |
| Use of anti-hypertensives, n (%) | 355 (89) | 29 (83) | 158 (90) | 168 (88) | 0.44 |
| Number of anti-hypertensives | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.20 |
| Use of ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 131 (33) | 14 (40) | 55 (31) | 62 (33) | 0.61 |
| Use of beta-blocker, n (%) | 240 (60) | 21 (60) | 114 (65) | 105 (55) | 0.16 |
| Use of calcium antagonist, n (%) | 162 (41) | 18 (51) | 66 (38) | 78 (41) | 0.31 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 88 (22) | 8 (23) | 33 (19) | 47 (25) | 0.40 |
| Alcohol (non-user), n (%) | 192 (48) | 23 (66) | 81 (46) | 88 (46) | 0.09 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/day), median (IQR) | 279 (69–605) | 217 (14–501) | 235 (47–551) | 349 (140–670) | 0.02 |
| Socio-economic status | |||||
| Income, n (%) | 0.91 | ||||
| <1800 euros/month | 52 (13) | 5 (14) | 25 (14) | 3 (2) | |
| 1800–2799 euros/month | 108 (27) | 8 (23) | 46 (26) | 19 (10) | |
| 2800–3799 euros/month | 101 (25) | 8 (23) | 44 (25) | 54 (28) | |
| >3800 euros/month | 139 (35) | 14 (40) | 60 (34) | 49 (26) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Level 1 | 17 (4) | 4 (11) | 3 (2) | 10 (5) | |
| Level 2 | 45 (11) | 4 (11) | 16 (9) | 25 (13) | |
| Level 3 | 164 (41) | 14 (40) | 78 (45) | 72 (38) | |
| Level 4 | 147 (37) | 8 (23) | 66 (38) | 73 (38) | |
| Level 5 | 27 (7) | 5 (14) | 12 (7) | 10 (5) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | |||||
| Personal cardiovascular history | 50 (13) | 4 (11) | 23 (13) | 23 (12) | 0.94 |
| Familiar cardiovascular history | 178 (45) | 17 (49) | 76 (43) | 85 (45) | 0.85 |
| Renal allograft function | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47 ± 17 | 48 ± 17 | 46 ± 17 | 47 ± 17 | 0.75 |
| Proteinuria (≥0.5 g/24 h), n (%) | 112 (28) | 9 (26) | 45 (26) | 58 (31) | 0.56 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.33 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 0.22 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.13 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 0.42 |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 194 (49) | 13 (37) | 90 (51) | 91 (48) | 0.30 |
| Glucose homeostasis | |||||
| Insulin (µU/mL), median (IQR) | 11.2 (8.0–15.5) | 13.7 (8.6–22.8) | 11.5 (8.7–15.8) | 10.3 (7.7–14.2) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 4.6 (4.0–5.4) | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 0.06 |
| Glycated HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.5 (5.9–7.8) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.3 (5.8–7.0) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 73 (18) | 8 (23) | 36 (21) | 29 (15) | 0.32 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 2.3 (1.6–3.5) | 2.6 (1.7–5.9) | 2.4 (1.7–3.6) | 2.0 (1.5–3.1) | 0.02 |
| Inflammation | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 1.7 (1.0–4.8) | 2.4 (0.9–6.0) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 0.68 |
Values presented as mean ± SD unless stated otherwise. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance. Differences were tested by analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and by chi-squared test for categorical variables.
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