Table 3. Open in new tab Frequency of...

	Nonexposed^a	MMI	PTU
Subgroups of birth defects (Q00–99)
Nervous system (Q00–07)	1180	0.10	<3	<0.3	0.6	<3	<0.3	0.9
Eye (Q10–15)	2480	0.21	7	0.44	0.05	0	0.00	0.2
Ear (Q16–17)	773	0.07	<3	<0.3	0.4	<3	<0.3	0.07
Face and neck, others (Q18)	907	0.08	0	0.00	0.3	3	0.34	0.006
Circulatory system (Q20–28)	15,195	1.31	39	2.48	<0.001	16	1.80	0.2
Respiratory system (Q30–38)	9636	0.83	23	1.46	0.006	12	1.35	0.09
Digestive system (Q39–45)	3251	0.28	16	1.02	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.8
Genital organs (Q50–56)	12,182	1.05	15	0.95	0.7	9	1.01	0.9
Urinary system (Q60–64)	4125	0.36	12	0.76	0.007	7	0.79	0.03
Musculoskeletal system (Q65–78)	29,260	2.52	34	2.16	0.4	26	2.92	0.4
Musculoskeletal system, others (Q79)	925	0.08	7	0.44	<0.001	0	0.00	0.4
Integumentary system (Q80–84)	2002	0.17	11	0.70	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.7
Others (Q85–99)	5532	0.48	9	0.57	0.6	4	0.45	0.9

Nonexposed^a

MMI

PTU

n = 1,159,181

n = 1574

n = 889

n^b

P^c

n^b

P^c

Subgroups of birth defects (Q00–99)

Nervous system (Q00–07)

1180

0.10

<0.3

0.6

<0.3

0.9

Eye (Q10–15)

2480

0.21

0.44

0.05

0.00

0.2

Ear (Q16–17)

773

0.07

<0.3

0.4

<0.3

0.07

Face and neck, others (Q18)

907

0.08

0.00

0.3

0.34

0.006

Circulatory system (Q20–28)

15,195

1.31

2.48

<0.001

1.80

0.2

Respiratory system (Q30–38)

9636

0.83

1.46

0.006

1.35

0.09

Digestive system (Q39–45)

3251

0.28

1.02

<0.001

<0.3

0.8

Genital organs (Q50–56)

12,182

1.05

0.95

0.7

1.01

0.9

Urinary system (Q60–64)

4125

0.36

0.76

0.007

0.79

0.03

Musculoskeletal system (Q65–78)

29,260

2.52

2.16

0.4

2.92

0.4

Musculoskeletal system, others (Q79)

925

0.08

0.44

<0.001

0.00

0.4

Integumentary system (Q80–84)

2002

0.17

0.70

<0.001

<0.3

0.7

Others (Q85–99)

5532

0.48

0.57

0.6

0.45

0.9

	Nonexposed^a	MMI	PTU
Subgroups of birth defects (Q00–99)
Nervous system (Q00–07)	1180	0.10	<3	<0.3	0.6	<3	<0.3	0.9
Eye (Q10–15)	2480	0.21	7	0.44	0.05	0	0.00	0.2
Ear (Q16–17)	773	0.07	<3	<0.3	0.4	<3	<0.3	0.07
Face and neck, others (Q18)	907	0.08	0	0.00	0.3	3	0.34	0.006
Circulatory system (Q20–28)	15,195	1.31	39	2.48	<0.001	16	1.80	0.2
Respiratory system (Q30–38)	9636	0.83	23	1.46	0.006	12	1.35	0.09
Digestive system (Q39–45)	3251	0.28	16	1.02	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.8
Genital organs (Q50–56)	12,182	1.05	15	0.95	0.7	9	1.01	0.9
Urinary system (Q60–64)	4125	0.36	12	0.76	0.007	7	0.79	0.03
Musculoskeletal system (Q65–78)	29,260	2.52	34	2.16	0.4	26	2.92	0.4
Musculoskeletal system, others (Q79)	925	0.08	7	0.44	<0.001	0	0.00	0.4
Integumentary system (Q80–84)	2002	0.17	11	0.70	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.7
Others (Q85–99)	5532	0.48	9	0.57	0.6	4	0.45	0.9

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Frequency of Subgroups of Birth Defects Diagnosed Before 2 Years of Age in the Extended NRBC Cohort of Children Born in 1997–2016 According to Maternal Use of ATDs in Early Pregnancy

	Nonexposed^a		MMI			PTU
	n = 1,159,181		n = 1574			n = 889
	n	%	n^b	%	P^c	n^b	%	P^c
Subgroups of birth defects (Q00–99)
Nervous system (Q00–07)	1180	0.10	<3	<0.3	0.6	<3	<0.3	0.9
Eye (Q10–15)	2480	0.21	7	0.44	0.05	0	0.00	0.2
Ear (Q16–17)	773	0.07	<3	<0.3	0.4	<3	<0.3	0.07
Face and neck, others (Q18)	907	0.08	0	0.00	0.3	3	0.34	0.006
Circulatory system (Q20–28)	15,195	1.31	39	2.48	<0.001	16	1.80	0.2
Respiratory system (Q30–38)	9636	0.83	23	1.46	0.006	12	1.35	0.09
Digestive system (Q39–45)	3251	0.28	16	1.02	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.8
Genital organs (Q50–56)	12,182	1.05	15	0.95	0.7	9	1.01	0.9
Urinary system (Q60–64)	4125	0.36	12	0.76	0.007	7	0.79	0.03
Musculoskeletal system (Q65–78)	29,260	2.52	34	2.16	0.4	26	2.92	0.4
Musculoskeletal system, others (Q79)	925	0.08	7	0.44	<0.001	0	0.00	0.4
Integumentary system (Q80–84)	2002	0.17	11	0.70	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.7
Others (Q85–99)	5532	0.48	9	0.57	0.6	4	0.45	0.9

	Nonexposed^a		MMI			PTU
	n = 1,159,181		n = 1574			n = 889
	n	%	n^b	%	P^c	n^b	%	P^c
Subgroups of birth defects (Q00–99)
Nervous system (Q00–07)	1180	0.10	<3	<0.3	0.6	<3	<0.3	0.9
Eye (Q10–15)	2480	0.21	7	0.44	0.05	0	0.00	0.2
Ear (Q16–17)	773	0.07	<3	<0.3	0.4	<3	<0.3	0.07
Face and neck, others (Q18)	907	0.08	0	0.00	0.3	3	0.34	0.006
Circulatory system (Q20–28)	15,195	1.31	39	2.48	<0.001	16	1.80	0.2
Respiratory system (Q30–38)	9636	0.83	23	1.46	0.006	12	1.35	0.09
Digestive system (Q39–45)	3251	0.28	16	1.02	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.8
Genital organs (Q50–56)	12,182	1.05	15	0.95	0.7	9	1.01	0.9
Urinary system (Q60–64)	4125	0.36	12	0.76	0.007	7	0.79	0.03
Musculoskeletal system (Q65–78)	29,260	2.52	34	2.16	0.4	26	2.92	0.4
Musculoskeletal system, others (Q79)	925	0.08	7	0.44	<0.001	0	0.00	0.4
Integumentary system (Q80–84)	2002	0.17	11	0.70	<0.001	<3	<0.3	0.7
Others (Q85–99)	5532	0.48	9	0.57	0.6	4	0.45	0.9

No diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, no redeemed prescription of ATDs or levothyroxine, no thyroid surgery 1995–2017.

Subgroups with less than three cases were reported as <3 according to the regulations for the use of register-based data.

P value is the result of comparison with the nonexposed group via χ² test.

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