| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Did not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 12.5 (5.7) | 16.9 (4.6) | <.001 | 14.7 (5.7) | 14.3 (5.7) | .53 |
| Age started smoking regularly, mean (SD), y | 18.6 (6.4) | 16.5 (4.8) | <.001 | 17.4 (5.5) | 18.3 (6.6) | .20 |
| Length of time as a smoker in years, mean (SD) | 23.8 (12.7) | 24.0 (11.6) | .85 | — | — | — |
| First cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, No. (%), yes | 177 (79.0) | 168 (74.7) | .28 | — | — | — |
| Number of your five best friends smoke, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.7) | .22 | — | — | — |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Withdrawal, MNWS, mean (SD) | 5.3 (4.3) | 5.2 (3.1) | .81 | — | — | — |
| Change in withdrawal, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | .75 | — | — | — |
| Change in craving, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −7.9 (0.5) | −9.0 (0.5) | .09 | −8.9 (0.4) | −8.5 (0.8) | .67 |
| Reinforcing effects of nicotine, M-CEQ,§ mean (SD) | ||||||
| Smoking satisfaction | 12.2 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.5) | .91 | — | — | — |
| Psychological reward | 16.7 (7.2) | 16.6 (7.3) | .90 | — | — | — |
| Aversion | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.4 (1.2) | <.001 | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | .51 |
| Enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations | 3.2 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | .47 | — | — | — |
| Craving reduction | 4.8 (2.0) | 5.4 (1.6) | .002 | 5.1 (1.8) | 5.2 (1.8) | .67 |
| Medication adherence,‖ No. (%) | ||||||
| Week 4 | 172 (85.5) | 173 (87.2) | .50 | — | — | — |
| Week 8 | 142 (89.8) | 132 (86.4) | . 20 | — | — | — |
| Week 12 | 116 (90.0) | 104 (88.7) | .65 | — | — | — |
| Any moderate to severe medication-related side effects, weeks 1–16, No. (%), yes | 210 (95.5) | 206 (96.3) | .67 | — | — | — |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Race consciousness, No. (%) who ever thinks about their race | 115 (51.3) | 67 (29.8) | <.001 | 153 (42.3) | 29 (33.3) | .13 |
| Satisfaction with life, SWLS, mean (SD) | 20.1 (6.3) | 23.8 (5.5) | <.001 | 21.8 (6.3) | 22.9 (5.8) | .12 |
| Biological characteristics | ||||||
| Nicotine metabolism phenotype, 3HC/COT, mean (SD) | .4 (0.3) | .4 (0.2) | .14 | — | — | — |
| Nicotine metabolism genotype, CYP2A6, No. (%) reduced metabolizer¶ | 102 (45.5) | 58 (25.8) | <.001 | 131 (36.2) | 29 (33.3) | .48 |
| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Did not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 12.5 (5.7) | 16.9 (4.6) | <.001 | 14.7 (5.7) | 14.3 (5.7) | .53 |
| Age started smoking regularly, mean (SD), y | 18.6 (6.4) | 16.5 (4.8) | <.001 | 17.4 (5.5) | 18.3 (6.6) | .20 |
| Length of time as a smoker in years, mean (SD) | 23.8 (12.7) | 24.0 (11.6) | .85 | — | — | — |
| First cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, No. (%), yes | 177 (79.0) | 168 (74.7) | .28 | — | — | — |
| Number of your five best friends smoke, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.7) | .22 | — | — | — |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Withdrawal, MNWS, mean (SD) | 5.3 (4.3) | 5.2 (3.1) | .81 | — | — | — |
| Change in withdrawal, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | .75 | — | — | — |
| Change in craving, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −7.9 (0.5) | −9.0 (0.5) | .09 | −8.9 (0.4) | −8.5 (0.8) | .67 |
| Reinforcing effects of nicotine, M-CEQ,§ mean (SD) | ||||||
| Smoking satisfaction | 12.2 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.5) | .91 | — | — | — |
| Psychological reward | 16.7 (7.2) | 16.6 (7.3) | .90 | — | — | — |
| Aversion | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.4 (1.2) | <.001 | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | .51 |
| Enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations | 3.2 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | .47 | — | — | — |
| Craving reduction | 4.8 (2.0) | 5.4 (1.6) | .002 | 5.1 (1.8) | 5.2 (1.8) | .67 |
| Medication adherence,‖ No. (%) | ||||||
| Week 4 | 172 (85.5) | 173 (87.2) | .50 | — | — | — |
| Week 8 | 142 (89.8) | 132 (86.4) | . 20 | — | — | — |
| Week 12 | 116 (90.0) | 104 (88.7) | .65 | — | — | — |
| Any moderate to severe medication-related side effects, weeks 1–16, No. (%), yes | 210 (95.5) | 206 (96.3) | .67 | — | — | — |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Race consciousness, No. (%) who ever thinks about their race | 115 (51.3) | 67 (29.8) | <.001 | 153 (42.3) | 29 (33.3) | .13 |
| Satisfaction with life, SWLS, mean (SD) | 20.1 (6.3) | 23.8 (5.5) | <.001 | 21.8 (6.3) | 22.9 (5.8) | .12 |
| Biological characteristics | ||||||
| Nicotine metabolism phenotype, 3HC/COT, mean (SD) | .4 (0.3) | .4 (0.2) | .14 | — | — | — |
| Nicotine metabolism genotype, CYP2A6, No. (%) reduced metabolizer¶ | 102 (45.5) | 58 (25.8) | <.001 | 131 (36.2) | 29 (33.3) | .48 |
*All variables were measured at baseline unless otherwise noted. 3HC/COT = trans-3’hydroxycotinine; M-CEQ = Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire; MNWS = Minnesota Withdrawal Scale; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale.
†Only factors associated with race at P ≤ .10 were examined for their association with abstinence; therefore, there are missing values for the associations with abstinence in the table. This variable selection criterion was prespecified to help control the type I error rate. Those factors associated with race and abstinence at P ≤ .10 were included, along with race, in the best subsets logistic regression prediction modeling of week 26 abstinence. Gender and age (study stratification variables) were also included in best subsets logistic regression models.
‡P values were calculated using two-sided χ2tests and two-sided, two-sample t tests for categorical and continuous factors, respectively.
§These questions were only asked of continuing smokers at follow-up.
‖Varenicline was dispensed in 30-day pill boxes at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Pill count assessments were completed on those who returned with their pill box at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The number of pills remaining in each compartment of the pill box (i.e., untaken and/or missed doses) was directly observed by study staff. Adherence was calculated as (number of pills provided over the 30-day period - number of pills missed) ÷ number of pills provided and multiplied by 100.
¶Those individuals with one or two copies of essential loss of function alleles (*2, *4H, *17, *20, *23-*28, *31, *35) or two copies of reduced function alleles (*9, *12) were classified as CYP2A6 reduced metabolizers.
| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Did not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 12.5 (5.7) | 16.9 (4.6) | <.001 | 14.7 (5.7) | 14.3 (5.7) | .53 |
| Age started smoking regularly, mean (SD), y | 18.6 (6.4) | 16.5 (4.8) | <.001 | 17.4 (5.5) | 18.3 (6.6) | .20 |
| Length of time as a smoker in years, mean (SD) | 23.8 (12.7) | 24.0 (11.6) | .85 | — | — | — |
| First cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, No. (%), yes | 177 (79.0) | 168 (74.7) | .28 | — | — | — |
| Number of your five best friends smoke, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.7) | .22 | — | — | — |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Withdrawal, MNWS, mean (SD) | 5.3 (4.3) | 5.2 (3.1) | .81 | — | — | — |
| Change in withdrawal, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | .75 | — | — | — |
| Change in craving, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −7.9 (0.5) | −9.0 (0.5) | .09 | −8.9 (0.4) | −8.5 (0.8) | .67 |
| Reinforcing effects of nicotine, M-CEQ,§ mean (SD) | ||||||
| Smoking satisfaction | 12.2 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.5) | .91 | — | — | — |
| Psychological reward | 16.7 (7.2) | 16.6 (7.3) | .90 | — | — | — |
| Aversion | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.4 (1.2) | <.001 | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | .51 |
| Enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations | 3.2 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | .47 | — | — | — |
| Craving reduction | 4.8 (2.0) | 5.4 (1.6) | .002 | 5.1 (1.8) | 5.2 (1.8) | .67 |
| Medication adherence,‖ No. (%) | ||||||
| Week 4 | 172 (85.5) | 173 (87.2) | .50 | — | — | — |
| Week 8 | 142 (89.8) | 132 (86.4) | . 20 | — | — | — |
| Week 12 | 116 (90.0) | 104 (88.7) | .65 | — | — | — |
| Any moderate to severe medication-related side effects, weeks 1–16, No. (%), yes | 210 (95.5) | 206 (96.3) | .67 | — | — | — |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Race consciousness, No. (%) who ever thinks about their race | 115 (51.3) | 67 (29.8) | <.001 | 153 (42.3) | 29 (33.3) | .13 |
| Satisfaction with life, SWLS, mean (SD) | 20.1 (6.3) | 23.8 (5.5) | <.001 | 21.8 (6.3) | 22.9 (5.8) | .12 |
| Biological characteristics | ||||||
| Nicotine metabolism phenotype, 3HC/COT, mean (SD) | .4 (0.3) | .4 (0.2) | .14 | — | — | — |
| Nicotine metabolism genotype, CYP2A6, No. (%) reduced metabolizer¶ | 102 (45.5) | 58 (25.8) | <.001 | 131 (36.2) | 29 (33.3) | .48 |
| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Did not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 12.5 (5.7) | 16.9 (4.6) | <.001 | 14.7 (5.7) | 14.3 (5.7) | .53 |
| Age started smoking regularly, mean (SD), y | 18.6 (6.4) | 16.5 (4.8) | <.001 | 17.4 (5.5) | 18.3 (6.6) | .20 |
| Length of time as a smoker in years, mean (SD) | 23.8 (12.7) | 24.0 (11.6) | .85 | — | — | — |
| First cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, No. (%), yes | 177 (79.0) | 168 (74.7) | .28 | — | — | — |
| Number of your five best friends smoke, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.7) | .22 | — | — | — |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Withdrawal, MNWS, mean (SD) | 5.3 (4.3) | 5.2 (3.1) | .81 | — | — | — |
| Change in withdrawal, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | .75 | — | — | — |
| Change in craving, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −7.9 (0.5) | −9.0 (0.5) | .09 | −8.9 (0.4) | −8.5 (0.8) | .67 |
| Reinforcing effects of nicotine, M-CEQ,§ mean (SD) | ||||||
| Smoking satisfaction | 12.2 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.5) | .91 | — | — | — |
| Psychological reward | 16.7 (7.2) | 16.6 (7.3) | .90 | — | — | — |
| Aversion | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.4 (1.2) | <.001 | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | .51 |
| Enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations | 3.2 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | .47 | — | — | — |
| Craving reduction | 4.8 (2.0) | 5.4 (1.6) | .002 | 5.1 (1.8) | 5.2 (1.8) | .67 |
| Medication adherence,‖ No. (%) | ||||||
| Week 4 | 172 (85.5) | 173 (87.2) | .50 | — | — | — |
| Week 8 | 142 (89.8) | 132 (86.4) | . 20 | — | — | — |
| Week 12 | 116 (90.0) | 104 (88.7) | .65 | — | — | — |
| Any moderate to severe medication-related side effects, weeks 1–16, No. (%), yes | 210 (95.5) | 206 (96.3) | .67 | — | — | — |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Race consciousness, No. (%) who ever thinks about their race | 115 (51.3) | 67 (29.8) | <.001 | 153 (42.3) | 29 (33.3) | .13 |
| Satisfaction with life, SWLS, mean (SD) | 20.1 (6.3) | 23.8 (5.5) | <.001 | 21.8 (6.3) | 22.9 (5.8) | .12 |
| Biological characteristics | ||||||
| Nicotine metabolism phenotype, 3HC/COT, mean (SD) | .4 (0.3) | .4 (0.2) | .14 | — | — | — |
| Nicotine metabolism genotype, CYP2A6, No. (%) reduced metabolizer¶ | 102 (45.5) | 58 (25.8) | <.001 | 131 (36.2) | 29 (33.3) | .48 |
*All variables were measured at baseline unless otherwise noted. 3HC/COT = trans-3’hydroxycotinine; M-CEQ = Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire; MNWS = Minnesota Withdrawal Scale; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale.
†Only factors associated with race at P ≤ .10 were examined for their association with abstinence; therefore, there are missing values for the associations with abstinence in the table. This variable selection criterion was prespecified to help control the type I error rate. Those factors associated with race and abstinence at P ≤ .10 were included, along with race, in the best subsets logistic regression prediction modeling of week 26 abstinence. Gender and age (study stratification variables) were also included in best subsets logistic regression models.
‡P values were calculated using two-sided χ2tests and two-sided, two-sample t tests for categorical and continuous factors, respectively.
§These questions were only asked of continuing smokers at follow-up.
‖Varenicline was dispensed in 30-day pill boxes at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Pill count assessments were completed on those who returned with their pill box at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The number of pills remaining in each compartment of the pill box (i.e., untaken and/or missed doses) was directly observed by study staff. Adherence was calculated as (number of pills provided over the 30-day period - number of pills missed) ÷ number of pills provided and multiplied by 100.
¶Those individuals with one or two copies of essential loss of function alleles (*2, *4H, *17, *20, *23-*28, *31, *35) or two copies of reduced function alleles (*9, *12) were classified as CYP2A6 reduced metabolizers.
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