| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||
| Income per household member/$1000§, mean (SD) | 9.9 (8.8) | 15.1 (9.7) | <.001 | 11.6 (9.0) | 16.5 (11.0) | <.001 |
| Home ownership, No. (%), yes | 38 (17.0) | 77 (34.2) | <.001 | 77 (21.3) | 38 (43.7.0) | <.001 |
| Education, No. (%) some college or technical school | 130 (58.0) | 167 (74.2) | <.001 | 232 (64.1) | 65 (74.7) | .06 |
| Employment status, No. (%) employed full- or part-time | 118 (52.7) | 171 (76.0) | <.001 | 223 (61.6) | 66 (75.9) | .01 |
| Neighborhood social cohesion and trust, mean (SD) | 16.2 (4.7) | 17.8 (4.5) | <.001 | 16.7 (4.7) | 18.2 (4.4) | .006 |
| Neighborhood problems, mean (SD) | 15.4 (4.5) | 13.5 (3.4) | <.001 | 14.8 (4.3) | 13.3 (3.3) | .006 |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cotinine from plasma in ng/mL, mean (SD) | 304.2 (173.0) | 275.0 (122.8) | .04 | 300.6 (154.7) | 243.3 (122.0) | <.001 |
| Total nicotine equivalents from urine in nmol/mg creatine, mean (SD) | 55.5 (39.5) | 71.3 (39.5) | <.001 | 65.0 (40.2) | 56.2 (35.2) | .06 |
| Menthol smoker, No. (%) | 193 (86.2) | 59 (26.2) | <.001 | 214 (59.1) | 38 (43.7) | .009 |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Craving, QSU, mean (SD) | 14.1 (7.9) | 15.3 (6.7) | .09 | 15.1 (7.3) | 12.8 (6.8) | .007 |
| Visits completed, out of six, mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.9) | .02 | 4.5 (1.8) | 5.8 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Perceived stress, PSS, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.3) | <.001 | 4.2 (2.6) | 3.5 (2.3) | .02 |
| Change in stress, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −.9 (0.2) | −.07 (0.2) | .001 | −.2 (0.20) | −1.3 (0.4) | .006 |
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Change in depression, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | <.001 | 2.0 (0.3) | .9 (0.6) | .08 |
| Generalized anxiety symptoms, GAD, mean (SD) | 3.0 (3.6) | 2.1 (2.7) | .003 | 2.7 (3.3) | 1.9 (2.5) | .02 |
| Change in anxiety, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .6 (0.22) | 1. 6 (0.2) | .002 | 1.5 (0.3) | .01 (0.5) | .009 |
| Perceived discrimination, frequency encountered, EOD, mean (SD) | 6.8 (5.4) | 5.1 (4.1) | .003 | 6.2 (5.0) | 4.6 (4.1) | .001 |
| Cynicism/distrust of others’ intentions, C-M, mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.7) | <.001 | 5.4 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.8) | .001 |
| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||
| Income per household member/$1000§, mean (SD) | 9.9 (8.8) | 15.1 (9.7) | <.001 | 11.6 (9.0) | 16.5 (11.0) | <.001 |
| Home ownership, No. (%), yes | 38 (17.0) | 77 (34.2) | <.001 | 77 (21.3) | 38 (43.7.0) | <.001 |
| Education, No. (%) some college or technical school | 130 (58.0) | 167 (74.2) | <.001 | 232 (64.1) | 65 (74.7) | .06 |
| Employment status, No. (%) employed full- or part-time | 118 (52.7) | 171 (76.0) | <.001 | 223 (61.6) | 66 (75.9) | .01 |
| Neighborhood social cohesion and trust, mean (SD) | 16.2 (4.7) | 17.8 (4.5) | <.001 | 16.7 (4.7) | 18.2 (4.4) | .006 |
| Neighborhood problems, mean (SD) | 15.4 (4.5) | 13.5 (3.4) | <.001 | 14.8 (4.3) | 13.3 (3.3) | .006 |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cotinine from plasma in ng/mL, mean (SD) | 304.2 (173.0) | 275.0 (122.8) | .04 | 300.6 (154.7) | 243.3 (122.0) | <.001 |
| Total nicotine equivalents from urine in nmol/mg creatine, mean (SD) | 55.5 (39.5) | 71.3 (39.5) | <.001 | 65.0 (40.2) | 56.2 (35.2) | .06 |
| Menthol smoker, No. (%) | 193 (86.2) | 59 (26.2) | <.001 | 214 (59.1) | 38 (43.7) | .009 |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Craving, QSU, mean (SD) | 14.1 (7.9) | 15.3 (6.7) | .09 | 15.1 (7.3) | 12.8 (6.8) | .007 |
| Visits completed, out of six, mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.9) | .02 | 4.5 (1.8) | 5.8 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Perceived stress, PSS, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.3) | <.001 | 4.2 (2.6) | 3.5 (2.3) | .02 |
| Change in stress, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −.9 (0.2) | −.07 (0.2) | .001 | −.2 (0.20) | −1.3 (0.4) | .006 |
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Change in depression, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | <.001 | 2.0 (0.3) | .9 (0.6) | .08 |
| Generalized anxiety symptoms, GAD, mean (SD) | 3.0 (3.6) | 2.1 (2.7) | .003 | 2.7 (3.3) | 1.9 (2.5) | .02 |
| Change in anxiety, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .6 (0.22) | 1. 6 (0.2) | .002 | 1.5 (0.3) | .01 (0.5) | .009 |
| Perceived discrimination, frequency encountered, EOD, mean (SD) | 6.8 (5.4) | 5.1 (4.1) | .003 | 6.2 (5.0) | 4.6 (4.1) | .001 |
| Cynicism/distrust of others’ intentions, C-M, mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.7) | <.001 | 5.4 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.8) | .001 |
*All variables were measured at baseline unless otherwise noted. C-M = Cook-Medley Hostility Scale; EOD = Everyday Discrimination Scale; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges.
†Only factors associated with race at P ≤ .10 were examined for their association with abstinence. This variable selection criterion was prespecified to help control the type I error rate. Those factors associated with race and abstinence at P ≤ .10 were included, along with race, in the best subsets logistic regression prediction modeling of week 26 abstinence. Gender and age (study stratification variables) were also included in best subsets logistic regression models.
‡P values were calculated using two-sided χ2tests and two-sided, two-sample t tests for categorical and continuous factors, respectively.
§Represented as the household income and the number of household members supported by that income.
| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||
| Income per household member/$1000§, mean (SD) | 9.9 (8.8) | 15.1 (9.7) | <.001 | 11.6 (9.0) | 16.5 (11.0) | <.001 |
| Home ownership, No. (%), yes | 38 (17.0) | 77 (34.2) | <.001 | 77 (21.3) | 38 (43.7.0) | <.001 |
| Education, No. (%) some college or technical school | 130 (58.0) | 167 (74.2) | <.001 | 232 (64.1) | 65 (74.7) | .06 |
| Employment status, No. (%) employed full- or part-time | 118 (52.7) | 171 (76.0) | <.001 | 223 (61.6) | 66 (75.9) | .01 |
| Neighborhood social cohesion and trust, mean (SD) | 16.2 (4.7) | 17.8 (4.5) | <.001 | 16.7 (4.7) | 18.2 (4.4) | .006 |
| Neighborhood problems, mean (SD) | 15.4 (4.5) | 13.5 (3.4) | <.001 | 14.8 (4.3) | 13.3 (3.3) | .006 |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cotinine from plasma in ng/mL, mean (SD) | 304.2 (173.0) | 275.0 (122.8) | .04 | 300.6 (154.7) | 243.3 (122.0) | <.001 |
| Total nicotine equivalents from urine in nmol/mg creatine, mean (SD) | 55.5 (39.5) | 71.3 (39.5) | <.001 | 65.0 (40.2) | 56.2 (35.2) | .06 |
| Menthol smoker, No. (%) | 193 (86.2) | 59 (26.2) | <.001 | 214 (59.1) | 38 (43.7) | .009 |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Craving, QSU, mean (SD) | 14.1 (7.9) | 15.3 (6.7) | .09 | 15.1 (7.3) | 12.8 (6.8) | .007 |
| Visits completed, out of six, mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.9) | .02 | 4.5 (1.8) | 5.8 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Perceived stress, PSS, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.3) | <.001 | 4.2 (2.6) | 3.5 (2.3) | .02 |
| Change in stress, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −.9 (0.2) | −.07 (0.2) | .001 | −.2 (0.20) | −1.3 (0.4) | .006 |
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Change in depression, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | <.001 | 2.0 (0.3) | .9 (0.6) | .08 |
| Generalized anxiety symptoms, GAD, mean (SD) | 3.0 (3.6) | 2.1 (2.7) | .003 | 2.7 (3.3) | 1.9 (2.5) | .02 |
| Change in anxiety, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .6 (0.22) | 1. 6 (0.2) | .002 | 1.5 (0.3) | .01 (0.5) | .009 |
| Perceived discrimination, frequency encountered, EOD, mean (SD) | 6.8 (5.4) | 5.1 (4.1) | .003 | 6.2 (5.0) | 4.6 (4.1) | .001 |
| Cynicism/distrust of others’ intentions, C-M, mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.7) | <.001 | 5.4 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.8) | .001 |
| Characteristic . | Relation with race . | Relation with abstinence . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 224) . | White (n = 225) . | P‡ . | Not quit (n = 362) . | Quit (n = 87) . | P‡ . | |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||
| Income per household member/$1000§, mean (SD) | 9.9 (8.8) | 15.1 (9.7) | <.001 | 11.6 (9.0) | 16.5 (11.0) | <.001 |
| Home ownership, No. (%), yes | 38 (17.0) | 77 (34.2) | <.001 | 77 (21.3) | 38 (43.7.0) | <.001 |
| Education, No. (%) some college or technical school | 130 (58.0) | 167 (74.2) | <.001 | 232 (64.1) | 65 (74.7) | .06 |
| Employment status, No. (%) employed full- or part-time | 118 (52.7) | 171 (76.0) | <.001 | 223 (61.6) | 66 (75.9) | .01 |
| Neighborhood social cohesion and trust, mean (SD) | 16.2 (4.7) | 17.8 (4.5) | <.001 | 16.7 (4.7) | 18.2 (4.4) | .006 |
| Neighborhood problems, mean (SD) | 15.4 (4.5) | 13.5 (3.4) | <.001 | 14.8 (4.3) | 13.3 (3.3) | .006 |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
| Cotinine from plasma in ng/mL, mean (SD) | 304.2 (173.0) | 275.0 (122.8) | .04 | 300.6 (154.7) | 243.3 (122.0) | <.001 |
| Total nicotine equivalents from urine in nmol/mg creatine, mean (SD) | 55.5 (39.5) | 71.3 (39.5) | <.001 | 65.0 (40.2) | 56.2 (35.2) | .06 |
| Menthol smoker, No. (%) | 193 (86.2) | 59 (26.2) | <.001 | 214 (59.1) | 38 (43.7) | .009 |
| Treatment process characteristics | ||||||
| Craving, QSU, mean (SD) | 14.1 (7.9) | 15.3 (6.7) | .09 | 15.1 (7.3) | 12.8 (6.8) | .007 |
| Visits completed, out of six, mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.9) | .02 | 4.5 (1.8) | 5.8 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
| Perceived stress, PSS, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.3) | <.001 | 4.2 (2.6) | 3.5 (2.3) | .02 |
| Change in stress, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | −.9 (0.2) | −.07 (0.2) | .001 | −.2 (0.20) | −1.3 (0.4) | .006 |
| Depressive symptoms, PHQ, mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | .006 | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.3) | .40 |
| Change in depression, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | <.001 | 2.0 (0.3) | .9 (0.6) | .08 |
| Generalized anxiety symptoms, GAD, mean (SD) | 3.0 (3.6) | 2.1 (2.7) | .003 | 2.7 (3.3) | 1.9 (2.5) | .02 |
| Change in anxiety, wk 26-baseline, mean (SD) | .6 (0.22) | 1. 6 (0.2) | .002 | 1.5 (0.3) | .01 (0.5) | .009 |
| Perceived discrimination, frequency encountered, EOD, mean (SD) | 6.8 (5.4) | 5.1 (4.1) | .003 | 6.2 (5.0) | 4.6 (4.1) | .001 |
| Cynicism/distrust of others’ intentions, C-M, mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.7) | <.001 | 5.4 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.8) | .001 |
*All variables were measured at baseline unless otherwise noted. C-M = Cook-Medley Hostility Scale; EOD = Everyday Discrimination Scale; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges.
†Only factors associated with race at P ≤ .10 were examined for their association with abstinence. This variable selection criterion was prespecified to help control the type I error rate. Those factors associated with race and abstinence at P ≤ .10 were included, along with race, in the best subsets logistic regression prediction modeling of week 26 abstinence. Gender and age (study stratification variables) were also included in best subsets logistic regression models.
‡P values were calculated using two-sided χ2tests and two-sided, two-sample t tests for categorical and continuous factors, respectively.
§Represented as the household income and the number of household members supported by that income.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
