Main Characteristics of Studies Examining Association Between Caffeine and Type of Coffee Consumption and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
| Investigator . | Country . | Age Range/Mean Age, y . | Follow-Up Duration, y . | Cases/Cohort Size, n . | Exposure Assessment . | Outcome . | Outcome Assessment . | Comparison . | OR, RR, or HR (95% CI) . | Quality Score . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | ||||||||||
| Lukic et al. (11), 2016 | Norway | 30–70 | 13.1 | 446/91,767 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >7 cups/d vs ≤1 cup/d | HR, 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | 9 |
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.28 (0.76–2.16) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | Q5 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 8 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs < 1 cup/d | RR, 1.17 (0.82–1.67) | 8 |
| Steevens et al. (15), 2007 | Netherlands | 55–69 | 13.3 | 280/2083 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 to <1 cup/d | RR, 1.48 (0.82–2.68) | 8 |
| Stensvold et al. (17), 1994 | Norway | 35–54 | 10.1 | 93/21,238 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 2.15 (0.80–5.80) | 6 |
| Jacobsen et al. (18), 1986 | Norway | >20 | 11.5 | 12/2891 | Questionnaire | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 0.77 (0.09–6.60) | 6 |
| Nilsson et al. (19), 2010 | Sweden | 30–60 | 6 | 71/30,639 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 occasions/d vs <1 occasion/d | HR, 1.41 (0.53–3.74) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.00 (0.54–1.87) | 9 |
| Chang et al. (22), 2007 | USA | <84 | 8.1 | 280/97,275 | FFQ | OC | Registries | Highest vs lowest quintile | RR, 1.02 (0.55–1.90) | 7 |
| Larsson et al., 2005 (23) | Sweden | 40–76 | 15.1 | 301/61,057 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs <1 cup/d | RR, 1.02 (0.62–1.69) | 8 |
| Silvera et al. (24), 2007 | Canada | 40–59 | 16.4 | 264/48,776 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.62 (0.95–2.75) | 8 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 9 |
| Caffeine | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | 464–1162 mg/d vs 0–20 mg/d | HR, 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 9 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | >647.25 mg/d vs ≤34 mg/d | RR, 1.25 (0.72–2.15) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >319.7 mg/d vs ≤142.1 mg/d | HR, 1.08 (0.74–1.86) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | >500 mg/d vs ≤136 mg/d | RR, 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥218.8 mg/d vs <28.5 mg/d | HR, 0.57 (0.38–0.84) | 9 |
| Caffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.81 (1.11–2.95) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.78–1.39) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.41 (0.74–2.67) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 263/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.29 (0.11–0.75) | 9 |
| Decaffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 0.91 (0.37–2.24) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >1 cup/d vs none | HR, 0.91 (0.50–1.68) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.86 (0.49–1.49) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 135/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.48 (0.12–1.87) | 9 |
| Investigator . | Country . | Age Range/Mean Age, y . | Follow-Up Duration, y . | Cases/Cohort Size, n . | Exposure Assessment . | Outcome . | Outcome Assessment . | Comparison . | OR, RR, or HR (95% CI) . | Quality Score . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | ||||||||||
| Lukic et al. (11), 2016 | Norway | 30–70 | 13.1 | 446/91,767 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >7 cups/d vs ≤1 cup/d | HR, 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | 9 |
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.28 (0.76–2.16) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | Q5 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 8 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs < 1 cup/d | RR, 1.17 (0.82–1.67) | 8 |
| Steevens et al. (15), 2007 | Netherlands | 55–69 | 13.3 | 280/2083 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 to <1 cup/d | RR, 1.48 (0.82–2.68) | 8 |
| Stensvold et al. (17), 1994 | Norway | 35–54 | 10.1 | 93/21,238 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 2.15 (0.80–5.80) | 6 |
| Jacobsen et al. (18), 1986 | Norway | >20 | 11.5 | 12/2891 | Questionnaire | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 0.77 (0.09–6.60) | 6 |
| Nilsson et al. (19), 2010 | Sweden | 30–60 | 6 | 71/30,639 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 occasions/d vs <1 occasion/d | HR, 1.41 (0.53–3.74) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.00 (0.54–1.87) | 9 |
| Chang et al. (22), 2007 | USA | <84 | 8.1 | 280/97,275 | FFQ | OC | Registries | Highest vs lowest quintile | RR, 1.02 (0.55–1.90) | 7 |
| Larsson et al., 2005 (23) | Sweden | 40–76 | 15.1 | 301/61,057 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs <1 cup/d | RR, 1.02 (0.62–1.69) | 8 |
| Silvera et al. (24), 2007 | Canada | 40–59 | 16.4 | 264/48,776 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.62 (0.95–2.75) | 8 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 9 |
| Caffeine | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | 464–1162 mg/d vs 0–20 mg/d | HR, 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 9 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | >647.25 mg/d vs ≤34 mg/d | RR, 1.25 (0.72–2.15) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >319.7 mg/d vs ≤142.1 mg/d | HR, 1.08 (0.74–1.86) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | >500 mg/d vs ≤136 mg/d | RR, 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥218.8 mg/d vs <28.5 mg/d | HR, 0.57 (0.38–0.84) | 9 |
| Caffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.81 (1.11–2.95) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.78–1.39) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.41 (0.74–2.67) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 263/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.29 (0.11–0.75) | 9 |
| Decaffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 0.91 (0.37–2.24) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >1 cup/d vs none | HR, 0.91 (0.50–1.68) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.86 (0.49–1.49) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 135/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.48 (0.12–1.87) | 9 |
Abbreviations: DHQ, diet history questionnaire; EOC, epithelial ovarian cancer; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; OC, ovarian cancer.
Including Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
Main Characteristics of Studies Examining Association Between Caffeine and Type of Coffee Consumption and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
| Investigator . | Country . | Age Range/Mean Age, y . | Follow-Up Duration, y . | Cases/Cohort Size, n . | Exposure Assessment . | Outcome . | Outcome Assessment . | Comparison . | OR, RR, or HR (95% CI) . | Quality Score . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | ||||||||||
| Lukic et al. (11), 2016 | Norway | 30–70 | 13.1 | 446/91,767 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >7 cups/d vs ≤1 cup/d | HR, 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | 9 |
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.28 (0.76–2.16) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | Q5 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 8 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs < 1 cup/d | RR, 1.17 (0.82–1.67) | 8 |
| Steevens et al. (15), 2007 | Netherlands | 55–69 | 13.3 | 280/2083 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 to <1 cup/d | RR, 1.48 (0.82–2.68) | 8 |
| Stensvold et al. (17), 1994 | Norway | 35–54 | 10.1 | 93/21,238 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 2.15 (0.80–5.80) | 6 |
| Jacobsen et al. (18), 1986 | Norway | >20 | 11.5 | 12/2891 | Questionnaire | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 0.77 (0.09–6.60) | 6 |
| Nilsson et al. (19), 2010 | Sweden | 30–60 | 6 | 71/30,639 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 occasions/d vs <1 occasion/d | HR, 1.41 (0.53–3.74) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.00 (0.54–1.87) | 9 |
| Chang et al. (22), 2007 | USA | <84 | 8.1 | 280/97,275 | FFQ | OC | Registries | Highest vs lowest quintile | RR, 1.02 (0.55–1.90) | 7 |
| Larsson et al., 2005 (23) | Sweden | 40–76 | 15.1 | 301/61,057 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs <1 cup/d | RR, 1.02 (0.62–1.69) | 8 |
| Silvera et al. (24), 2007 | Canada | 40–59 | 16.4 | 264/48,776 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.62 (0.95–2.75) | 8 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 9 |
| Caffeine | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | 464–1162 mg/d vs 0–20 mg/d | HR, 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 9 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | >647.25 mg/d vs ≤34 mg/d | RR, 1.25 (0.72–2.15) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >319.7 mg/d vs ≤142.1 mg/d | HR, 1.08 (0.74–1.86) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | >500 mg/d vs ≤136 mg/d | RR, 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥218.8 mg/d vs <28.5 mg/d | HR, 0.57 (0.38–0.84) | 9 |
| Caffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.81 (1.11–2.95) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.78–1.39) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.41 (0.74–2.67) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 263/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.29 (0.11–0.75) | 9 |
| Decaffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 0.91 (0.37–2.24) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >1 cup/d vs none | HR, 0.91 (0.50–1.68) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.86 (0.49–1.49) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 135/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.48 (0.12–1.87) | 9 |
| Investigator . | Country . | Age Range/Mean Age, y . | Follow-Up Duration, y . | Cases/Cohort Size, n . | Exposure Assessment . | Outcome . | Outcome Assessment . | Comparison . | OR, RR, or HR (95% CI) . | Quality Score . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | ||||||||||
| Lukic et al. (11), 2016 | Norway | 30–70 | 13.1 | 446/91,767 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >7 cups/d vs ≤1 cup/d | HR, 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | 9 |
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.28 (0.76–2.16) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | Q5 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 8 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs < 1 cup/d | RR, 1.17 (0.82–1.67) | 8 |
| Steevens et al. (15), 2007 | Netherlands | 55–69 | 13.3 | 280/2083 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 to <1 cup/d | RR, 1.48 (0.82–2.68) | 8 |
| Stensvold et al. (17), 1994 | Norway | 35–54 | 10.1 | 93/21,238 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 2.15 (0.80–5.80) | 6 |
| Jacobsen et al. (18), 1986 | Norway | >20 | 11.5 | 12/2891 | Questionnaire | OC | Registries | ≥7 cups/d vs ≤2 cups/d | RR, 0.77 (0.09–6.60) | 6 |
| Nilsson et al. (19), 2010 | Sweden | 30–60 | 6 | 71/30,639 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 occasions/d vs <1 occasion/d | HR, 1.41 (0.53–3.74) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.00 (0.54–1.87) | 9 |
| Chang et al. (22), 2007 | USA | <84 | 8.1 | 280/97,275 | FFQ | OC | Registries | Highest vs lowest quintile | RR, 1.02 (0.55–1.90) | 7 |
| Larsson et al., 2005 (23) | Sweden | 40–76 | 15.1 | 301/61,057 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs <1 cup/d | RR, 1.02 (0.62–1.69) | 8 |
| Silvera et al. (24), 2007 | Canada | 40–59 | 16.4 | 264/48,776 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.62 (0.95–2.75) | 8 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 9 |
| Caffeine | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | 464–1162 mg/d vs 0–20 mg/d | HR, 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 9 |
| Hashibe et al. (14), 2015 | USA | 55–74 | 10 | 162/50,563 | DHQ | OC | Registries | >647.25 mg/d vs ≤34 mg/d | RR, 1.25 (0.72–2.15) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >319.7 mg/d vs ≤142.1 mg/d | HR, 1.08 (0.74–1.86) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | >500 mg/d vs ≤136 mg/d | RR, 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 404/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥218.8 mg/d vs <28.5 mg/d | HR, 0.57 (0.38–0.84) | 9 |
| Caffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 1.81 (1.11–2.95) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 1.05 (0.78–1.39) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >3 cups/d vs none | HR, 1.41 (0.74–2.67) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 263/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥4 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.29 (0.11–0.75) | 9 |
| Decaffeinated coffee | ||||||||||
| Lueth et al. (12), 2008 | USA | 55–69 | 18 | 266/29,060 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥5 cups/d vs 0 cup/d | HR, 0.91 (0.37–2.24) | 9 |
| Braem et al. (13), 2012 | 10 European countriesa | 25–70 | 11.7 | 1244/330,849 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | T3 vs no intake | HR, 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 8 |
| Arthur et al. (20), 2018 | Canada | 48–70 | 12.2 | 104/2826 | FFQ | OC | Registries | >1 cup/d vs none | HR, 0.91 (0.50–1.68) | 9 |
| Tworoger et al. (21), 2008 | USA | 30–55 | 24 | 507/80,253 | FFQ | EOC | Registries | ≥3 cups/d vs none | RR, 0.86 (0.49–1.49) | 7 |
| Park et al. (25), 2018 | USA | 45–75 | 15.3 | 135/91,082 | FFQ | OC | Registries | ≥2 cups/d vs none | HR, 0.48 (0.12–1.87) | 9 |
Abbreviations: DHQ, diet history questionnaire; EOC, epithelial ovarian cancer; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; OC, ovarian cancer.
Including Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
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