| Population | Clinical Manifestation/Complication |
| Infants and preschool children | Fever without respiratory complications, “sepsis-like syndrome” Otitis media Parotitis Bronchiolitis Croup Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Rhabdomyolysis Febrile seizures Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin exposure) Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| School-aged children | Otitis media Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis (bilateral gastrocnemius, soleus) Rhabdomyolysis Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin use) Toxic shock syndrome Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Adults | Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis Rhabdomyolysis Invasive bacterial coinfection Invasive fungal coinfection (rare) Toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes Precipitation of acute cardiovascular events (eg, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident) Acute kidney injury and acute renal failure (with rhabdomyolysis or multiorgan failure) Encephalopathy and encephalitis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Elderly patients | Pneumonia Invasive bacterial coinfection Myositis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Special groups: pregnant and postpartum women | Dehydration Pneumonia Cardiopulmonary disease Premature labor Fetal loss |
| Special groups: immunocompromised, immunosuppressed | Complications similar to immunocompetent patients, but severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome may be more common. |
| All ages | Respiratory failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Multiorgan failure Sepsis Liver inflammation |
| Population | Clinical Manifestation/Complication |
| Infants and preschool children | Fever without respiratory complications, “sepsis-like syndrome” Otitis media Parotitis Bronchiolitis Croup Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Rhabdomyolysis Febrile seizures Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin exposure) Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| School-aged children | Otitis media Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis (bilateral gastrocnemius, soleus) Rhabdomyolysis Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin use) Toxic shock syndrome Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Adults | Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis Rhabdomyolysis Invasive bacterial coinfection Invasive fungal coinfection (rare) Toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes Precipitation of acute cardiovascular events (eg, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident) Acute kidney injury and acute renal failure (with rhabdomyolysis or multiorgan failure) Encephalopathy and encephalitis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Elderly patients | Pneumonia Invasive bacterial coinfection Myositis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Special groups: pregnant and postpartum women | Dehydration Pneumonia Cardiopulmonary disease Premature labor Fetal loss |
| Special groups: immunocompromised, immunosuppressed | Complications similar to immunocompetent patients, but severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome may be more common. |
| All ages | Respiratory failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Multiorgan failure Sepsis Liver inflammation |
Adapted from Jani AA, Uyeki TM. Chapter 46. Influenza. In: Emergency management of infectious diseases. 2nd ed. Chin RL, ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
| Population | Clinical Manifestation/Complication |
| Infants and preschool children | Fever without respiratory complications, “sepsis-like syndrome” Otitis media Parotitis Bronchiolitis Croup Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Rhabdomyolysis Febrile seizures Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin exposure) Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| School-aged children | Otitis media Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis (bilateral gastrocnemius, soleus) Rhabdomyolysis Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin use) Toxic shock syndrome Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Adults | Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis Rhabdomyolysis Invasive bacterial coinfection Invasive fungal coinfection (rare) Toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes Precipitation of acute cardiovascular events (eg, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident) Acute kidney injury and acute renal failure (with rhabdomyolysis or multiorgan failure) Encephalopathy and encephalitis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Elderly patients | Pneumonia Invasive bacterial coinfection Myositis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Special groups: pregnant and postpartum women | Dehydration Pneumonia Cardiopulmonary disease Premature labor Fetal loss |
| Special groups: immunocompromised, immunosuppressed | Complications similar to immunocompetent patients, but severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome may be more common. |
| All ages | Respiratory failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Multiorgan failure Sepsis Liver inflammation |
| Population | Clinical Manifestation/Complication |
| Infants and preschool children | Fever without respiratory complications, “sepsis-like syndrome” Otitis media Parotitis Bronchiolitis Croup Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Rhabdomyolysis Febrile seizures Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin exposure) Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| School-aged children | Otitis media Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis (bilateral gastrocnemius, soleus) Rhabdomyolysis Encephalopathy and encephalitis Invasive bacterial coinfection Reye syndrome (with aspirin use) Toxic shock syndrome Sudden death Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Adults | Parotitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Reactive airway disease Pneumonia Myocarditis, pericarditis Myositis Rhabdomyolysis Invasive bacterial coinfection Invasive fungal coinfection (rare) Toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes Precipitation of acute cardiovascular events (eg, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident) Acute kidney injury and acute renal failure (with rhabdomyolysis or multiorgan failure) Encephalopathy and encephalitis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Elderly patients | Pneumonia Invasive bacterial coinfection Myositis Exacerbation of chronic disease |
| Special groups: pregnant and postpartum women | Dehydration Pneumonia Cardiopulmonary disease Premature labor Fetal loss |
| Special groups: immunocompromised, immunosuppressed | Complications similar to immunocompetent patients, but severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome may be more common. |
| All ages | Respiratory failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Multiorgan failure Sepsis Liver inflammation |
Adapted from Jani AA, Uyeki TM. Chapter 46. Influenza. In: Emergency management of infectious diseases. 2nd ed. Chin RL, ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
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