Table 4. Open in new tab Regressions of...

	Start-ups90s	ΔEstabs90s	ΔJobs90s
Creative and entrepreneurial
Creative90s	0.089	0.0213	0.061	0.0048	0.177	0.0087	0.153	0.0501	0.131	0.0087	0.147	0.0033
Entre context	0.432	<0.0001	0.874	<0.0001	0.286	<0.0001	0.372	0.0007	0.216	<0.0001	0.050	0.3225
Creative × Context	0.040	0.0021	0.022	0.0061	0.246	0.0013	0.306	0.0003	0.064	0.0013	0.055	0.0142
Industry
Farm	0.161	0.0007	0.073	0.0031	0.044	0.5871	0.163	0.0089	−0.112	0.0154	-0.068	0.1993
Mining	−0.104	0.0019	−0.027	0.0551	−0.114	0.0044	−0.051	0.1612	−0.251	<0.0001	−0.240	<0.0001
Mfg Dur	−0.165	<0.0001	0.012	0.3420	−0.060	0.0925	0.037	0.2662	−0.086	0.0063	−0.083	0.0165
Mfg Nondur	−0.177	<0.0001	0.005	0.7364	−0.003	0.9349	0.071	0.0971	−0.153	0.0001	−0.157	<0.0001
Prod Serv	−0.024	0.2670	−0.007	0.5193	−0.037	0.4937	0.002	0.9744	−0.038	0.1550	−0.031	0.2791
Tourism	−0.042	0.0862	−0.017	0.2175	−0.061	0.4114	−0.009	0.8608	0.029	0.3555	0.032	0.3132
Labor market
Educ HS+	0.021	0.5740	0.016	0.5119	0.129	0.1016	0.137	0.0363	0.012	0.8149	0.024	0.6485
Educ BA/BS+	0.016	0.6654	0.035	0.1068	0.019	0.8382	0.095	0.2421	−0.063	0.1513	−0.019	0.6617
Emp rate	−0.125	0.0003	−0.064	0.0040	−0.092	0.1365	−0.101	0.0717	0.083	0.0614	0.063	0.1688
Median Inc	−0.026	0.4955	−0.045	0.0942	−0.019	0.7847	−0.029	0.6218	−0.133	0.0038	−0.162	0.0005
Pop 8–17	0.046	0.2062	0.029	0.1502	0.054	0.5038	0.040	0.5422	0.038	0.3308	0.040	0.3004
Urban influence
Density	−0.280	<0.0001	−0.034	0.1297	−0.085	0.3427	0.057	0.3925	0.155	0.0010	0.138	0.0042
Commuting	0.190	<0.0001	0.143	<0.0001	0.142	0.0037	0.174	<0.0001	0.080	0.0099	0.162	<0.0001
Local amenities
Outdoor Amen	0.211	<0.0001	0.167	<0.0001	0.214	0.0001	0.191	0.0004	0.139	0.0037	0.136	0.0030
Pub land	0.031	0.1330	0.014	0.3045	0.053	0.2832	0.050	0.2468	−0.002	0.9462	−0.001	0.9835
Pop 62+	−0.008	0.8004	−0.048	0.0061	−0.117	0.2452	−0.132	0.1079	−0.099	0.0127	−0.064	0.0907
Demography
Black	−0.068	0.0075	−0.111	<0.0001	−0.081	0.0796	−0.080	0.0449	−0.161	<0.0001	−0.212	<0.0001
NativeAm	−0.045	0.0244	−0.028	0.1028	−0.075	0.1132	−0.048	0.2549	0.053	0.0515	0.037	0.1720
Hispanic	−0.011	0.6312	−0.063	<0.0001	−0.042	0.2973	−0.071	0.0609	0.009	0.8045	−0.025	0.4734
Institutions
Military	0.050	0.0006	0.002	0.8232	0.007	0.7523	−0.038	0.0626	−0.092	0.0001	−0.106	<0.0001
CollegePop	−0.023	0.4202	−0.041	0.0051	−0.025	0.7546	−0.089	0.1643	0.023	0.4796	−0.025	0.4233
Change 1980–1990
ΔEstabs80s	0.050	0.1412	−0.021	0.3548	−0.09	0.1855	−0.098	0.1655	0.075	0.0130	0.088	0.0082
ΔJobs80s	−0.080	0.0348	0.072	<0.0001	0.0808	0.1168	0.136	0.0190	−0.008	0.8375	0.012	0.7595
ΔPop80s	0.135	<0.0001	0.135	<0.0001	0.221	0.0040	0.244	0.0005	0.323	<0.0001	0.339	<0.0001
Rho	0.048	0.0447	0.029	0.0382	0.211	0.0761	0.170	0.0644	0.043	0.2187	0.042	0.2437
Constant	−0.083	0.7889	0.170	0.2954	−0.250	0.7281	−0.029	0.9575	0.092	0.8045	0.130	0.7343
R²^c		0.76		0.90		0.44		0.47		0.48		0.46

Start-ups90s

ΔEstabs90s

ΔJobs90s

S^a

E^b

S^a

E^b

Dependent variables

Prob(|t|)

Creative and entrepreneurial

Creative90s

0.089

0.0213

0.061

0.0048

0.177

0.0087

0.153

0.0501

0.131

0.0087

0.147

0.0033

Entre context

0.432

<0.0001

0.874

<0.0001

0.286

<0.0001

0.372

0.0007

0.216

<0.0001

0.050

0.3225

Creative × Context

0.040

0.0021

0.022

0.0061

0.246

0.0013

0.306

0.0003

0.064

0.0013

0.055

0.0142

Industry

Farm

0.161

0.0007

0.073

0.0031

0.044

0.5871

0.163

0.0089

−0.112

0.0154

-0.068

0.1993

Mining

−0.104

0.0019

−0.027

0.0551

−0.114

0.0044

−0.051

0.1612

−0.251

<0.0001

−0.240

<0.0001

Mfg Dur

−0.165

<0.0001

0.012

0.3420

−0.060

0.0925

0.037

0.2662

−0.086

0.0063

−0.083

0.0165

Mfg Nondur

−0.177

<0.0001

0.005

0.7364

−0.003

0.9349

0.071

0.0971

−0.153

0.0001

−0.157

<0.0001

Prod Serv

−0.024

0.2670

−0.007

0.5193

−0.037

0.4937

0.002

0.9744

−0.038

0.1550

−0.031

0.2791

Tourism

−0.042

0.0862

−0.017

0.2175

−0.061

0.4114

−0.009

0.8608

0.029

0.3555

0.032

0.3132

Labor market

Educ HS+

0.021

0.5740

0.016

0.5119

0.129

0.1016

0.137

0.0363

0.012

0.8149

0.024

0.6485

Educ BA/BS+

0.016

0.6654

0.035

0.1068

0.019

0.8382

0.095

0.2421

−0.063

0.1513

−0.019

0.6617

Emp rate

−0.125

0.0003

−0.064

0.0040

−0.092

0.1365

−0.101

0.0717

0.083

0.0614

0.063

0.1688

Median Inc

−0.026

0.4955

−0.045

0.0942

−0.019

0.7847

−0.029

0.6218

−0.133

0.0038

−0.162

0.0005

Pop 8–17

0.046

0.2062

0.029

0.1502

0.054

0.5038

0.040

0.5422

0.038

0.3308

0.040

0.3004

Urban influence

Density

−0.280

<0.0001

−0.034

0.1297

−0.085

0.3427

0.057

0.3925

0.155

0.0010

0.138

0.0042

Commuting

0.190

<0.0001

0.143

<0.0001

0.142

0.0037

0.174

<0.0001

0.080

0.0099

0.162

<0.0001

Local amenities

Outdoor Amen

0.211

<0.0001

0.167

<0.0001

0.214

0.0001

0.191

0.0004

0.139

0.0037

0.136

0.0030

Pub land

0.031

0.1330

0.014

0.3045

0.053

0.2832

0.050

0.2468

−0.002

0.9462

−0.001

0.9835

Pop 62+

−0.008

0.8004

−0.048

0.0061

−0.117

0.2452

−0.132

0.1079

−0.099

0.0127

−0.064

0.0907

Demography

Black

−0.068

0.0075

−0.111

<0.0001

−0.081

0.0796

−0.080

0.0449

−0.161

<0.0001

−0.212

<0.0001

NativeAm

−0.045

0.0244

−0.028

0.1028

−0.075

0.1132

−0.048

0.2549

0.053

0.0515

0.037

0.1720

Hispanic

−0.011

0.6312

−0.063

<0.0001

−0.042

0.2973

−0.071

0.0609

0.009

0.8045

−0.025

0.4734

Institutions

Military

0.050

0.0006

0.002

0.8232

0.007

0.7523

−0.038

0.0626

−0.092

0.0001

−0.106

<0.0001

CollegePop

−0.023

0.4202

−0.041

0.0051

−0.025

0.7546

−0.089

0.1643

0.023

0.4796

−0.025

0.4233

Change 1980–1990

ΔEstabs80s

0.050

0.1412

−0.021

0.3548

−0.09

0.1855

−0.098

0.1655

0.075

0.0130

0.088

0.0082

ΔJobs80s

−0.080

0.0348

0.072

<0.0001

0.0808

0.1168

0.136

0.0190

−0.008

0.8375

0.012

0.7595

ΔPop80s

0.135

<0.0001

0.135

<0.0001

0.221

0.0040

0.244

0.0005

0.323

<0.0001

0.339

<0.0001

Rho

0.048

0.0447

0.029

0.0382

0.211

0.0761

0.170

0.0644

0.043

0.2187

0.042

0.2437

Constant

−0.083

0.7889

0.170

0.2954

−0.250

0.7281

−0.029

0.9575

0.092

0.8045

0.130

0.7343

R²^c

0.76

0.90

0.44

0.47

0.48

0.46

	Start-ups90s	ΔEstabs90s	ΔJobs90s
Creative and entrepreneurial
Creative90s	0.089	0.0213	0.061	0.0048	0.177	0.0087	0.153	0.0501	0.131	0.0087	0.147	0.0033
Entre context	0.432	<0.0001	0.874	<0.0001	0.286	<0.0001	0.372	0.0007	0.216	<0.0001	0.050	0.3225
Creative × Context	0.040	0.0021	0.022	0.0061	0.246	0.0013	0.306	0.0003	0.064	0.0013	0.055	0.0142
Industry
Farm	0.161	0.0007	0.073	0.0031	0.044	0.5871	0.163	0.0089	−0.112	0.0154	-0.068	0.1993
Mining	−0.104	0.0019	−0.027	0.0551	−0.114	0.0044	−0.051	0.1612	−0.251	<0.0001	−0.240	<0.0001
Mfg Dur	−0.165	<0.0001	0.012	0.3420	−0.060	0.0925	0.037	0.2662	−0.086	0.0063	−0.083	0.0165
Mfg Nondur	−0.177	<0.0001	0.005	0.7364	−0.003	0.9349	0.071	0.0971	−0.153	0.0001	−0.157	<0.0001
Prod Serv	−0.024	0.2670	−0.007	0.5193	−0.037	0.4937	0.002	0.9744	−0.038	0.1550	−0.031	0.2791
Tourism	−0.042	0.0862	−0.017	0.2175	−0.061	0.4114	−0.009	0.8608	0.029	0.3555	0.032	0.3132
Labor market
Educ HS+	0.021	0.5740	0.016	0.5119	0.129	0.1016	0.137	0.0363	0.012	0.8149	0.024	0.6485
Educ BA/BS+	0.016	0.6654	0.035	0.1068	0.019	0.8382	0.095	0.2421	−0.063	0.1513	−0.019	0.6617
Emp rate	−0.125	0.0003	−0.064	0.0040	−0.092	0.1365	−0.101	0.0717	0.083	0.0614	0.063	0.1688
Median Inc	−0.026	0.4955	−0.045	0.0942	−0.019	0.7847	−0.029	0.6218	−0.133	0.0038	−0.162	0.0005
Pop 8–17	0.046	0.2062	0.029	0.1502	0.054	0.5038	0.040	0.5422	0.038	0.3308	0.040	0.3004
Urban influence
Density	−0.280	<0.0001	−0.034	0.1297	−0.085	0.3427	0.057	0.3925	0.155	0.0010	0.138	0.0042
Commuting	0.190	<0.0001	0.143	<0.0001	0.142	0.0037	0.174	<0.0001	0.080	0.0099	0.162	<0.0001
Local amenities
Outdoor Amen	0.211	<0.0001	0.167	<0.0001	0.214	0.0001	0.191	0.0004	0.139	0.0037	0.136	0.0030
Pub land	0.031	0.1330	0.014	0.3045	0.053	0.2832	0.050	0.2468	−0.002	0.9462	−0.001	0.9835
Pop 62+	−0.008	0.8004	−0.048	0.0061	−0.117	0.2452	−0.132	0.1079	−0.099	0.0127	−0.064	0.0907
Demography
Black	−0.068	0.0075	−0.111	<0.0001	−0.081	0.0796	−0.080	0.0449	−0.161	<0.0001	−0.212	<0.0001
NativeAm	−0.045	0.0244	−0.028	0.1028	−0.075	0.1132	−0.048	0.2549	0.053	0.0515	0.037	0.1720
Hispanic	−0.011	0.6312	−0.063	<0.0001	−0.042	0.2973	−0.071	0.0609	0.009	0.8045	−0.025	0.4734
Institutions
Military	0.050	0.0006	0.002	0.8232	0.007	0.7523	−0.038	0.0626	−0.092	0.0001	−0.106	<0.0001
CollegePop	−0.023	0.4202	−0.041	0.0051	−0.025	0.7546	−0.089	0.1643	0.023	0.4796	−0.025	0.4233
Change 1980–1990
ΔEstabs80s	0.050	0.1412	−0.021	0.3548	−0.09	0.1855	−0.098	0.1655	0.075	0.0130	0.088	0.0082
ΔJobs80s	−0.080	0.0348	0.072	<0.0001	0.0808	0.1168	0.136	0.0190	−0.008	0.8375	0.012	0.7595
ΔPop80s	0.135	<0.0001	0.135	<0.0001	0.221	0.0040	0.244	0.0005	0.323	<0.0001	0.339	<0.0001
Rho	0.048	0.0447	0.029	0.0382	0.211	0.0761	0.170	0.0644	0.043	0.2187	0.042	0.2437
Constant	−0.083	0.7889	0.170	0.2954	−0.250	0.7281	−0.029	0.9575	0.092	0.8045	0.130	0.7343
R²^c		0.76		0.90		0.44		0.47		0.48		0.46

Start-ups90s

ΔEstabs90s

ΔJobs90s

S^a

E^b

S^a

E^b

Dependent variables

Prob(|t|)

Creative and entrepreneurial

Creative90s

0.089

0.0213

0.061

0.0048

0.177

0.0087

0.153

0.0501

0.131

0.0087

0.147

0.0033

Entre context

0.432

<0.0001

0.874

<0.0001

0.286

<0.0001

0.372

0.0007

0.216

<0.0001

0.050

0.3225

Creative × Context

0.040

0.0021

0.022

0.0061

0.246

0.0013

0.306

0.0003

0.064

0.0013

0.055

0.0142

Industry

Farm

0.161

0.0007

0.073

0.0031

0.044

0.5871

0.163

0.0089

−0.112

0.0154

-0.068

0.1993

Mining

−0.104

0.0019

−0.027

0.0551

−0.114

0.0044

−0.051

0.1612

−0.251

<0.0001

−0.240

<0.0001

Mfg Dur

−0.165

<0.0001

0.012

0.3420

−0.060

0.0925

0.037

0.2662

−0.086

0.0063

−0.083

0.0165

Mfg Nondur

−0.177

<0.0001

0.005

0.7364

−0.003

0.9349

0.071

0.0971

−0.153

0.0001

−0.157

<0.0001

Prod Serv

−0.024

0.2670

−0.007

0.5193

−0.037

0.4937

0.002

0.9744

−0.038

0.1550

−0.031

0.2791

Tourism

−0.042

0.0862

−0.017

0.2175

−0.061

0.4114

−0.009

0.8608

0.029

0.3555

0.032

0.3132

Labor market

Educ HS+

0.021

0.5740

0.016

0.5119

0.129

0.1016

0.137

0.0363

0.012

0.8149

0.024

0.6485

Educ BA/BS+

0.016

0.6654

0.035

0.1068

0.019

0.8382

0.095

0.2421

−0.063

0.1513

−0.019

0.6617

Emp rate

−0.125

0.0003

−0.064

0.0040

−0.092

0.1365

−0.101

0.0717

0.083

0.0614

0.063

0.1688

Median Inc

−0.026

0.4955

−0.045

0.0942

−0.019

0.7847

−0.029

0.6218

−0.133

0.0038

−0.162

0.0005

Pop 8–17

0.046

0.2062

0.029

0.1502

0.054

0.5038

0.040

0.5422

0.038

0.3308

0.040

0.3004

Urban influence

Density

−0.280

<0.0001

−0.034

0.1297

−0.085

0.3427

0.057

0.3925

0.155

0.0010

0.138

0.0042

Commuting

0.190

<0.0001

0.143

<0.0001

0.142

0.0037

0.174

<0.0001

0.080

0.0099

0.162

<0.0001

Local amenities

Outdoor Amen

0.211

<0.0001

0.167

<0.0001

0.214

0.0001

0.191

0.0004

0.139

0.0037

0.136

0.0030

Pub land

0.031

0.1330

0.014

0.3045

0.053

0.2832

0.050

0.2468

−0.002

0.9462

−0.001

0.9835

Pop 62+

−0.008

0.8004

−0.048

0.0061

−0.117

0.2452

−0.132

0.1079

−0.099

0.0127

−0.064

0.0907

Demography

Black

−0.068

0.0075

−0.111

<0.0001

−0.081

0.0796

−0.080

0.0449

−0.161

<0.0001

−0.212

<0.0001

NativeAm

−0.045

0.0244

−0.028

0.1028

−0.075

0.1132

−0.048

0.2549

0.053

0.0515

0.037

0.1720

Hispanic

−0.011

0.6312

−0.063

<0.0001

−0.042

0.2973

−0.071

0.0609

0.009

0.8045

−0.025

0.4734

Institutions

Military

0.050

0.0006

0.002

0.8232

0.007

0.7523

−0.038

0.0626

−0.092

0.0001

−0.106

<0.0001

CollegePop

−0.023

0.4202

−0.041

0.0051

−0.025

0.7546

−0.089

0.1643

0.023

0.4796

−0.025

0.4233

Change 1980–1990

ΔEstabs80s

0.050

0.1412

−0.021

0.3548

−0.09

0.1855

−0.098

0.1655

0.075

0.0130

0.088

0.0082

ΔJobs80s

−0.080

0.0348

0.072

<0.0001

0.0808

0.1168

0.136

0.0190

−0.008

0.8375

0.012

0.7595

ΔPop80s

0.135

<0.0001

0.135

<0.0001

0.221

0.0040

0.244

0.0005

0.323

<0.0001

0.339

<0.0001

Rho

0.048

0.0447

0.029

0.0382

0.211

0.0761

0.170

0.0644

0.043

0.2187

0.042

0.2437

Constant

−0.083

0.7889

0.170

0.2954

−0.250

0.7281

−0.029

0.9575

0.092

0.8045

0.130

0.7343

R²^c

0.76

0.90

0.44

0.47

0.48

0.46

Table 4.

Open in new tab

Regressions of growth on creative class, entrepreneurial context, their interaction and other county characteristics for all rural counties

	Start-ups90s				ΔEstabs90s				ΔJobs90s
	S^a		E^b		E^b		S^a		S^a		E^b
Dependent variables	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)
Creative and entrepreneurial
Creative90s	0.089	0.0213	0.061	0.0048	0.177	0.0087	0.153	0.0501	0.131	0.0087	0.147	0.0033
Entre context	0.432	<0.0001	0.874	<0.0001	0.286	<0.0001	0.372	0.0007	0.216	<0.0001	0.050	0.3225
Creative × Context	0.040	0.0021	0.022	0.0061	0.246	0.0013	0.306	0.0003	0.064	0.0013	0.055	0.0142
Industry
Farm	0.161	0.0007	0.073	0.0031	0.044	0.5871	0.163	0.0089	−0.112	0.0154	-0.068	0.1993
Mining	−0.104	0.0019	−0.027	0.0551	−0.114	0.0044	−0.051	0.1612	−0.251	<0.0001	−0.240	<0.0001
Mfg Dur	−0.165	<0.0001	0.012	0.3420	−0.060	0.0925	0.037	0.2662	−0.086	0.0063	−0.083	0.0165
Mfg Nondur	−0.177	<0.0001	0.005	0.7364	−0.003	0.9349	0.071	0.0971	−0.153	0.0001	−0.157	<0.0001
Prod Serv	−0.024	0.2670	−0.007	0.5193	−0.037	0.4937	0.002	0.9744	−0.038	0.1550	−0.031	0.2791
Tourism	−0.042	0.0862	−0.017	0.2175	−0.061	0.4114	−0.009	0.8608	0.029	0.3555	0.032	0.3132
Labor market
Educ HS+	0.021	0.5740	0.016	0.5119	0.129	0.1016	0.137	0.0363	0.012	0.8149	0.024	0.6485
Educ BA/BS+	0.016	0.6654	0.035	0.1068	0.019	0.8382	0.095	0.2421	−0.063	0.1513	−0.019	0.6617
Emp rate	−0.125	0.0003	−0.064	0.0040	−0.092	0.1365	−0.101	0.0717	0.083	0.0614	0.063	0.1688
Median Inc	−0.026	0.4955	−0.045	0.0942	−0.019	0.7847	−0.029	0.6218	−0.133	0.0038	−0.162	0.0005
Pop 8–17	0.046	0.2062	0.029	0.1502	0.054	0.5038	0.040	0.5422	0.038	0.3308	0.040	0.3004
Urban influence
Density	−0.280	<0.0001	−0.034	0.1297	−0.085	0.3427	0.057	0.3925	0.155	0.0010	0.138	0.0042
Commuting	0.190	<0.0001	0.143	<0.0001	0.142	0.0037	0.174	<0.0001	0.080	0.0099	0.162	<0.0001
Local amenities
Outdoor Amen	0.211	<0.0001	0.167	<0.0001	0.214	0.0001	0.191	0.0004	0.139	0.0037	0.136	0.0030
Pub land	0.031	0.1330	0.014	0.3045	0.053	0.2832	0.050	0.2468	−0.002	0.9462	−0.001	0.9835
Pop 62+	−0.008	0.8004	−0.048	0.0061	−0.117	0.2452	−0.132	0.1079	−0.099	0.0127	−0.064	0.0907
Demography
Black	−0.068	0.0075	−0.111	<0.0001	−0.081	0.0796	−0.080	0.0449	−0.161	<0.0001	−0.212	<0.0001
NativeAm	−0.045	0.0244	−0.028	0.1028	−0.075	0.1132	−0.048	0.2549	0.053	0.0515	0.037	0.1720
Hispanic	−0.011	0.6312	−0.063	<0.0001	−0.042	0.2973	−0.071	0.0609	0.009	0.8045	−0.025	0.4734
Institutions
Military	0.050	0.0006	0.002	0.8232	0.007	0.7523	−0.038	0.0626	−0.092	0.0001	−0.106	<0.0001
CollegePop	−0.023	0.4202	−0.041	0.0051	−0.025	0.7546	−0.089	0.1643	0.023	0.4796	−0.025	0.4233
Change 1980–1990
ΔEstabs80s	0.050	0.1412	−0.021	0.3548	−0.09	0.1855	−0.098	0.1655	0.075	0.0130	0.088	0.0082
ΔJobs80s	−0.080	0.0348	0.072	<0.0001	0.0808	0.1168	0.136	0.0190	−0.008	0.8375	0.012	0.7595
ΔPop80s	0.135	<0.0001	0.135	<0.0001	0.221	0.0040	0.244	0.0005	0.323	<0.0001	0.339	<0.0001
Rho	0.048	0.0447	0.029	0.0382	0.211	0.0761	0.170	0.0644	0.043	0.2187	0.042	0.2437
Constant	−0.083	0.7889	0.170	0.2954	−0.250	0.7281	−0.029	0.9575	0.092	0.8045	0.130	0.7343
R²^c		0.76		0.90		0.44		0.47		0.48		0.46

	Start-ups90s				ΔEstabs90s				ΔJobs90s
	S^a		E^b		E^b		S^a		S^a		E^b
Dependent variables	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)	β	Prob(\|t\|)
Creative and entrepreneurial
Creative90s	0.089	0.0213	0.061	0.0048	0.177	0.0087	0.153	0.0501	0.131	0.0087	0.147	0.0033
Entre context	0.432	<0.0001	0.874	<0.0001	0.286	<0.0001	0.372	0.0007	0.216	<0.0001	0.050	0.3225
Creative × Context	0.040	0.0021	0.022	0.0061	0.246	0.0013	0.306	0.0003	0.064	0.0013	0.055	0.0142
Industry
Farm	0.161	0.0007	0.073	0.0031	0.044	0.5871	0.163	0.0089	−0.112	0.0154	-0.068	0.1993
Mining	−0.104	0.0019	−0.027	0.0551	−0.114	0.0044	−0.051	0.1612	−0.251	<0.0001	−0.240	<0.0001
Mfg Dur	−0.165	<0.0001	0.012	0.3420	−0.060	0.0925	0.037	0.2662	−0.086	0.0063	−0.083	0.0165
Mfg Nondur	−0.177	<0.0001	0.005	0.7364	−0.003	0.9349	0.071	0.0971	−0.153	0.0001	−0.157	<0.0001
Prod Serv	−0.024	0.2670	−0.007	0.5193	−0.037	0.4937	0.002	0.9744	−0.038	0.1550	−0.031	0.2791
Tourism	−0.042	0.0862	−0.017	0.2175	−0.061	0.4114	−0.009	0.8608	0.029	0.3555	0.032	0.3132
Labor market
Educ HS+	0.021	0.5740	0.016	0.5119	0.129	0.1016	0.137	0.0363	0.012	0.8149	0.024	0.6485
Educ BA/BS+	0.016	0.6654	0.035	0.1068	0.019	0.8382	0.095	0.2421	−0.063	0.1513	−0.019	0.6617
Emp rate	−0.125	0.0003	−0.064	0.0040	−0.092	0.1365	−0.101	0.0717	0.083	0.0614	0.063	0.1688
Median Inc	−0.026	0.4955	−0.045	0.0942	−0.019	0.7847	−0.029	0.6218	−0.133	0.0038	−0.162	0.0005
Pop 8–17	0.046	0.2062	0.029	0.1502	0.054	0.5038	0.040	0.5422	0.038	0.3308	0.040	0.3004
Urban influence
Density	−0.280	<0.0001	−0.034	0.1297	−0.085	0.3427	0.057	0.3925	0.155	0.0010	0.138	0.0042
Commuting	0.190	<0.0001	0.143	<0.0001	0.142	0.0037	0.174	<0.0001	0.080	0.0099	0.162	<0.0001
Local amenities
Outdoor Amen	0.211	<0.0001	0.167	<0.0001	0.214	0.0001	0.191	0.0004	0.139	0.0037	0.136	0.0030
Pub land	0.031	0.1330	0.014	0.3045	0.053	0.2832	0.050	0.2468	−0.002	0.9462	−0.001	0.9835
Pop 62+	−0.008	0.8004	−0.048	0.0061	−0.117	0.2452	−0.132	0.1079	−0.099	0.0127	−0.064	0.0907
Demography
Black	−0.068	0.0075	−0.111	<0.0001	−0.081	0.0796	−0.080	0.0449	−0.161	<0.0001	−0.212	<0.0001
NativeAm	−0.045	0.0244	−0.028	0.1028	−0.075	0.1132	−0.048	0.2549	0.053	0.0515	0.037	0.1720
Hispanic	−0.011	0.6312	−0.063	<0.0001	−0.042	0.2973	−0.071	0.0609	0.009	0.8045	−0.025	0.4734
Institutions
Military	0.050	0.0006	0.002	0.8232	0.007	0.7523	−0.038	0.0626	−0.092	0.0001	−0.106	<0.0001
CollegePop	−0.023	0.4202	−0.041	0.0051	−0.025	0.7546	−0.089	0.1643	0.023	0.4796	−0.025	0.4233
Change 1980–1990
ΔEstabs80s	0.050	0.1412	−0.021	0.3548	−0.09	0.1855	−0.098	0.1655	0.075	0.0130	0.088	0.0082
ΔJobs80s	−0.080	0.0348	0.072	<0.0001	0.0808	0.1168	0.136	0.0190	−0.008	0.8375	0.012	0.7595
ΔPop80s	0.135	<0.0001	0.135	<0.0001	0.221	0.0040	0.244	0.0005	0.323	<0.0001	0.339	<0.0001
Rho	0.048	0.0447	0.029	0.0382	0.211	0.0761	0.170	0.0644	0.043	0.2187	0.042	0.2437
Constant	−0.083	0.7889	0.170	0.2954	−0.250	0.7281	−0.029	0.9575	0.092	0.8045	0.130	0.7343
R²^c		0.76		0.90		0.44		0.47		0.48		0.46

All models include state fixed effects. N = 3043, k = 104. Coefficients significant at the 5% are in bold.

^aEquations with Self-emp as the measure of entrepreneurial context.

^bEquations with Estabs/emp as the measure of entrepreneurial context.

^cBecause spatial regimes were estimated simultaneously with metropolitan counties, separate R² were not available for the nonmetropolitan counties. These are R² estimated prior to adding spatial analysis.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only