Table 4. Open in new tab Results of...

	Lean	Obese	Lean Vs Obese
Room calorimeter
Resting EE vs T_a	−1.51 ± 0.15	0.24	0.69	<0.001	−0.72 ± 0.12	0.09	0.75	<0.001	<0.001
Resting EE vs average EMG	3.31 ± 0.34	0.32	0.68	<0.001	8.04 ± 0.97	0.19	0.81	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs T_a	−1.87 ± 0.13	0.27	0.84	<0.001	−1.44 ± 0.15	0.16	0.82	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs micro act^a	1.73 ± 0.29	0.31	0.58	<0.001	1.09 ± 0.19	0.29	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs hip act^a	0.11 ± 0.03	0.14	0.54	<0.001	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs wrist act^a	0.005 ± 0.004	0.01	0.56	0.21	0.016 ± 0.003	0.14	0.73	<0.001	<0.001
Resting RQ vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.07	0.58	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.77	0.07	<0.001
Total RQ^a vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.09	0.73	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.92	0.007	<0.001
Physical activity
Micro act^a vs T_a	−0.07 ± 0.05	0.004	0.73	0.16	−0.20 ± 0.09	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.02
Hip act^a vs T_a	−0.56 ± 0.60	0.002	0.63	0.35	−3.58 ± 0.91	0.07	0.55	<0.001	0.48
Wrist act^a vs T_a	−1.24 ± 4.86	0.000	0.65	0.80	−22.13 ± 6.65	0.07	0.35	0.001	0.04
Steps^a vs T_a	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.003	0.59	0.34	−0.019 ± 0.005	0.07	0.51	<0.001	0.01
Hunger
Hunger^b vs T_a	0.38 ± 0.32	0.16	0.58	0.23	0.64 ± 0.43	0.17	0.70	0.15	0.003
Muscle activity and shivering
Pectoralis EMG vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.08	0.10	0.20	<0.001	−0.10 ± 0.02	0.01	0.24	<0.001	0.09
Trapezius EMG vs T_a	−0.38 ± 0.06	0.10	0.48	<0.001	−0.07 ± 0.02	0.15	0.25	<0.001	0.07
Biceps EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.08	0.33	<0.001	−0.02 ± 0.01	0.03	0.27	0.21	0.03
Femoris EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.20	0.27	<0.001	−0.03 ± 0.02	0.09	0.34	0.04	<0.001
Average EMG vs T_a	−0.24 ± 0.03	0.21	0.45	<0.001	−0.06 ± 0.01	0.18	0.37	<0.001	0.003
Average EMG vs shiver	0.03 ± 0.00	0.21	0.52	<0.001	0.01 ± 0.00	0.21	0.35	<0.001	0.01
Shiver vs T_a	−5.41 ± 0.53	0.38	0.55	<0.001	−4.80 ± 0.51	0.44	0.48	<0.001	0.77
Skin and core temperatures
T_core vs T_a	0.07 ± 0.01	0.37	0.73	<0.001	0.03 ± 0.01	0.11	0.59	<0.001	0.42
Chest T_sk vs T_a	0.26 ± 0.01	0.77	0.92	<0.001	0.38 ± 0.01	0.83	0.90	<0.001	<0.001
Upper arm T_sk vs T_a	0.59 ± 0.01	0.93	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.01	0.90	0.94	<0.001	0.02
Upper leg T_sk vs T_a	0.49 ± 0.01	0.83	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.02	0.83	0.92	<0.001	0.14
Hand T_sk vs T_a	1.01 ± 0.03	0.86	0.92	<0.001	0.90 ± 0.02	0.90	0.93	<0.001	<0.001
Lower leg T_sk vs T_a	0.61 ± 0.01	0.92	0.95	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.02	0.76	0.88	<0.001	<0.001
Supraclavicular T_sk vs T_a	0.13 ± 0.01	0.56	0.86	<0.001	0.19 ± 0.01	0.57	0.87	<0.001	<0.001
Underarm T_sk vs T_a	0.31 ± 0.02	0.50	0.80	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02	0.36	0.58	<0.001	<0.001
Mean T_sk vs T_a	0.48 ± 0.01	0.96	0.98	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.01	0.93	0.97	<0.001	0.67
T_core − mean T_sk vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.01	0.91	0.95	<0.001	−0.46 ± 0.01	0.89	0.95	<0.001	0.39
Upper arm − hand T_sk vs T_a	−0.43 ± 0.03	0.57	0.73	<0.001	−0.35 ± 0.02	0.60	0.70	<0.001	<0.001
Cardiovascular measures
Heart rate vs T_a	1.19 ± 0.09	0.28	0.79	<0.001	0.67 ± 0.11	0.05	0.88	<0.001	0.06
VLF power vs T_a	−457 ± 64.17	0.07	0.81	<0.001	−335 ± 63.76	0.08	0.73	<0.001	0.53
LF power vs T_a	−123 ± 20.14	0.09	0.68	<0.001	−124 ± 19.86	0.09	0.78	<0.001	0.96
HF power vs T_a	−71 ± 8.55	0.17	0.68	<0.001	−98 ± 19.99	0.04	0.86	<0.001	0.42
LF/HF vs T_a	0.15 ± 0.02	0.14	0.76	<0.001	0.08 ± 0.02	0.02	0.84	0.001	0.68
Total power vs T_a	−652 ± 85.72	0.10	0.79	<0.001	−557 ± 90.66	0.09	0.79	<0.001	0.75
Diastolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.32 ± 0.14	0.01	0.69	0.02	−0.12 ± 0.17	0.10	0.31	0.47	0.30
Systolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.47 ± 0.16	0.03	0.64	0.004	−0.01 ± 0.18	0.03	0.39	0.94	0.69

Lean

Obese

Lean Vs Obese

β ± SE

R_{M}^{2}

R²

β ± SE

R_{M}^{2}

R²

Room calorimeter

Resting EE vs T_a

−1.51 ± 0.15

0.24

0.69

<0.001

−0.72 ± 0.12

0.09

0.75

<0.001

Resting EE vs average EMG

3.31 ± 0.34

0.32

0.68

<0.001

8.04 ± 0.97

0.19

0.81

<0.001

Total EE^a vs T_a

−1.87 ± 0.13

0.27

0.84

<0.001

−1.44 ± 0.15

0.16

0.82

<0.001

Total EE^a vs micro act^a

1.73 ± 0.29

0.31

0.58

<0.001

1.09 ± 0.19

0.29

0.80

<0.001

Total EE^a vs hip act^a

0.11 ± 0.03

0.14

0.54

<0.001

0.13 ± 0.02

0.20

0.80

<0.001

Total EE^a vs wrist act^a

0.005 ± 0.004

0.01

0.56

0.21

0.016 ± 0.003

0.14

0.73

<0.001

Resting RQ vs T_a

0.003 ± 0.001

0.07

0.58

<0.001

0.001 ± 0.001

0.01

0.77

0.07

<0.001

Total RQ^a vs T_a

0.003 ± 0.001

0.09

0.73

<0.001

0.001 ± 0.001

0.01

0.92

0.007

<0.001

Physical activity

Micro act^a vs T_a

−0.07 ± 0.05

0.004

0.73

0.16

−0.20 ± 0.09

0.01

0.82

0.03

0.02

Hip act^a vs T_a

−0.56 ± 0.60

0.002

0.63

0.35

−3.58 ± 0.91

0.07

0.55

<0.001

0.48

Wrist act^a vs T_a

−1.24 ± 4.86

0.000

0.65

0.80

−22.13 ± 6.65

0.07

0.35

0.001

0.04

Steps^a vs T_a

−0.003 ± 0.003

0.003

0.59

0.34

−0.019 ± 0.005

0.07

0.51

<0.001

0.01

Hunger

Hunger^b vs T_a

0.38 ± 0.32

0.16

0.58

0.23

0.64 ± 0.43

0.17

0.70

0.15

0.003

Muscle activity and shivering

Pectoralis EMG vs T_a

−0.40 ± 0.08

0.10

0.20

<0.001

−0.10 ± 0.02

0.01

0.24

<0.001

0.09

Trapezius EMG vs T_a

−0.38 ± 0.06

0.10

0.48

<0.001

−0.07 ± 0.02

0.15

0.25

<0.001

0.07

Biceps EMG vs T_a

−0.09 ± 0.02

0.08

0.33

<0.001

−0.02 ± 0.01

0.03

0.27

0.21

0.03

Femoris EMG vs T_a

−0.09 ± 0.02

0.20

0.27

<0.001

−0.03 ± 0.02

0.09

0.34

0.04

<0.001

Average EMG vs T_a

−0.24 ± 0.03

0.21

0.45

<0.001

−0.06 ± 0.01

0.18

0.37

<0.001

0.003

Average EMG vs shiver

0.03 ± 0.00

0.21

0.52

<0.001

0.01 ± 0.00

0.21

0.35

<0.001

0.01

Shiver vs T_a

−5.41 ± 0.53

0.38

0.55

<0.001

−4.80 ± 0.51

0.44

0.48

<0.001

0.77

Skin and core temperatures

T_core vs T_a

0.07 ± 0.01

0.37

0.73

<0.001

0.03 ± 0.01

0.11

0.59

<0.001

0.42

Chest T_sk vs T_a

0.26 ± 0.01

0.77

0.92

<0.001

0.38 ± 0.01

0.83

0.90

<0.001

Upper arm T_sk vs T_a

0.59 ± 0.01

0.93

0.95

<0.001

0.55 ± 0.01

0.90

0.94

<0.001

0.02

Upper leg T_sk vs T_a

0.49 ± 0.01

0.83

0.95

<0.001

0.55 ± 0.02

0.83

0.92

<0.001

0.14

Hand T_sk vs T_a

1.01 ± 0.03

0.86

0.92

<0.001

0.90 ± 0.02

0.90

0.93

<0.001

Lower leg T_sk vs T_a

0.61 ± 0.01

0.92

0.95

<0.001

0.49 ± 0.02

0.76

0.88

<0.001

Supraclavicular T_sk vs T_a

0.13 ± 0.01

0.56

0.86

<0.001

0.19 ± 0.01

0.57

0.87

<0.001

Underarm T_sk vs T_a

0.31 ± 0.02

0.50

0.80

<0.001

0.18 ± 0.02

0.36

0.58

<0.001

Mean T_sk vs T_a

0.48 ± 0.01

0.96

0.98

<0.001

0.49 ± 0.01

0.93

0.97

<0.001

0.67

T_core − mean T_sk vs T_a

−0.40 ± 0.01

0.91

0.95

<0.001

−0.46 ± 0.01

0.89

0.95

<0.001

0.39

Upper arm − hand T_sk vs T_a

−0.43 ± 0.03

0.57

0.73

<0.001

−0.35 ± 0.02

0.60

0.70

<0.001

Cardiovascular measures

Heart rate vs T_a

1.19 ± 0.09

0.28

0.79

<0.001

0.67 ± 0.11

0.05

0.88

<0.001

0.06

VLF power vs T_a

−457 ± 64.17

0.07

0.81

<0.001

−335 ± 63.76

0.08

0.73

<0.001

0.53

LF power vs T_a

−123 ± 20.14

0.09

0.68

<0.001

−124 ± 19.86

0.09

0.78

<0.001

0.96

HF power vs T_a

−71 ± 8.55

0.17

0.68

<0.001

−98 ± 19.99

0.04

0.86

<0.001

0.42

LF/HF vs T_a

0.15 ± 0.02

0.14

0.76

<0.001

0.08 ± 0.02

0.02

0.84

0.001

0.68

Total power vs T_a

−652 ± 85.72

0.10

0.79

<0.001

−557 ± 90.66

0.09

0.79

<0.001

0.75

Diastolic BP^b vs T_a

−0.32 ± 0.14

0.01

0.69

0.02

−0.12 ± 0.17

0.10

0.31

0.47

0.30

Systolic BP^b vs T_a

−0.47 ± 0.16

0.03

0.64

0.004

−0.01 ± 0.18

0.03

0.39

0.94

0.69

	Lean	Obese	Lean Vs Obese
Room calorimeter
Resting EE vs T_a	−1.51 ± 0.15	0.24	0.69	<0.001	−0.72 ± 0.12	0.09	0.75	<0.001	<0.001
Resting EE vs average EMG	3.31 ± 0.34	0.32	0.68	<0.001	8.04 ± 0.97	0.19	0.81	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs T_a	−1.87 ± 0.13	0.27	0.84	<0.001	−1.44 ± 0.15	0.16	0.82	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs micro act^a	1.73 ± 0.29	0.31	0.58	<0.001	1.09 ± 0.19	0.29	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs hip act^a	0.11 ± 0.03	0.14	0.54	<0.001	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs wrist act^a	0.005 ± 0.004	0.01	0.56	0.21	0.016 ± 0.003	0.14	0.73	<0.001	<0.001
Resting RQ vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.07	0.58	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.77	0.07	<0.001
Total RQ^a vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.09	0.73	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.92	0.007	<0.001
Physical activity
Micro act^a vs T_a	−0.07 ± 0.05	0.004	0.73	0.16	−0.20 ± 0.09	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.02
Hip act^a vs T_a	−0.56 ± 0.60	0.002	0.63	0.35	−3.58 ± 0.91	0.07	0.55	<0.001	0.48
Wrist act^a vs T_a	−1.24 ± 4.86	0.000	0.65	0.80	−22.13 ± 6.65	0.07	0.35	0.001	0.04
Steps^a vs T_a	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.003	0.59	0.34	−0.019 ± 0.005	0.07	0.51	<0.001	0.01
Hunger
Hunger^b vs T_a	0.38 ± 0.32	0.16	0.58	0.23	0.64 ± 0.43	0.17	0.70	0.15	0.003
Muscle activity and shivering
Pectoralis EMG vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.08	0.10	0.20	<0.001	−0.10 ± 0.02	0.01	0.24	<0.001	0.09
Trapezius EMG vs T_a	−0.38 ± 0.06	0.10	0.48	<0.001	−0.07 ± 0.02	0.15	0.25	<0.001	0.07
Biceps EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.08	0.33	<0.001	−0.02 ± 0.01	0.03	0.27	0.21	0.03
Femoris EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.20	0.27	<0.001	−0.03 ± 0.02	0.09	0.34	0.04	<0.001
Average EMG vs T_a	−0.24 ± 0.03	0.21	0.45	<0.001	−0.06 ± 0.01	0.18	0.37	<0.001	0.003
Average EMG vs shiver	0.03 ± 0.00	0.21	0.52	<0.001	0.01 ± 0.00	0.21	0.35	<0.001	0.01
Shiver vs T_a	−5.41 ± 0.53	0.38	0.55	<0.001	−4.80 ± 0.51	0.44	0.48	<0.001	0.77
Skin and core temperatures
T_core vs T_a	0.07 ± 0.01	0.37	0.73	<0.001	0.03 ± 0.01	0.11	0.59	<0.001	0.42
Chest T_sk vs T_a	0.26 ± 0.01	0.77	0.92	<0.001	0.38 ± 0.01	0.83	0.90	<0.001	<0.001
Upper arm T_sk vs T_a	0.59 ± 0.01	0.93	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.01	0.90	0.94	<0.001	0.02
Upper leg T_sk vs T_a	0.49 ± 0.01	0.83	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.02	0.83	0.92	<0.001	0.14
Hand T_sk vs T_a	1.01 ± 0.03	0.86	0.92	<0.001	0.90 ± 0.02	0.90	0.93	<0.001	<0.001
Lower leg T_sk vs T_a	0.61 ± 0.01	0.92	0.95	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.02	0.76	0.88	<0.001	<0.001
Supraclavicular T_sk vs T_a	0.13 ± 0.01	0.56	0.86	<0.001	0.19 ± 0.01	0.57	0.87	<0.001	<0.001
Underarm T_sk vs T_a	0.31 ± 0.02	0.50	0.80	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02	0.36	0.58	<0.001	<0.001
Mean T_sk vs T_a	0.48 ± 0.01	0.96	0.98	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.01	0.93	0.97	<0.001	0.67
T_core − mean T_sk vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.01	0.91	0.95	<0.001	−0.46 ± 0.01	0.89	0.95	<0.001	0.39
Upper arm − hand T_sk vs T_a	−0.43 ± 0.03	0.57	0.73	<0.001	−0.35 ± 0.02	0.60	0.70	<0.001	<0.001
Cardiovascular measures
Heart rate vs T_a	1.19 ± 0.09	0.28	0.79	<0.001	0.67 ± 0.11	0.05	0.88	<0.001	0.06
VLF power vs T_a	−457 ± 64.17	0.07	0.81	<0.001	−335 ± 63.76	0.08	0.73	<0.001	0.53
LF power vs T_a	−123 ± 20.14	0.09	0.68	<0.001	−124 ± 19.86	0.09	0.78	<0.001	0.96
HF power vs T_a	−71 ± 8.55	0.17	0.68	<0.001	−98 ± 19.99	0.04	0.86	<0.001	0.42
LF/HF vs T_a	0.15 ± 0.02	0.14	0.76	<0.001	0.08 ± 0.02	0.02	0.84	0.001	0.68
Total power vs T_a	−652 ± 85.72	0.10	0.79	<0.001	−557 ± 90.66	0.09	0.79	<0.001	0.75
Diastolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.32 ± 0.14	0.01	0.69	0.02	−0.12 ± 0.17	0.10	0.31	0.47	0.30
Systolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.47 ± 0.16	0.03	0.64	0.004	−0.01 ± 0.18	0.03	0.39	0.94	0.69

Lean

Obese

Lean Vs Obese

β ± SE

R_{M}^{2}

R²

β ± SE

R_{M}^{2}

R²

Room calorimeter

Resting EE vs T_a

−1.51 ± 0.15

0.24

0.69

<0.001

−0.72 ± 0.12

0.09

0.75

<0.001

Resting EE vs average EMG

3.31 ± 0.34

0.32

0.68

<0.001

8.04 ± 0.97

0.19

0.81

<0.001

Total EE^a vs T_a

−1.87 ± 0.13

0.27

0.84

<0.001

−1.44 ± 0.15

0.16

0.82

<0.001

Total EE^a vs micro act^a

1.73 ± 0.29

0.31

0.58

<0.001

1.09 ± 0.19

0.29

0.80

<0.001

Total EE^a vs hip act^a

0.11 ± 0.03

0.14

0.54

<0.001

0.13 ± 0.02

0.20

0.80

<0.001

Total EE^a vs wrist act^a

0.005 ± 0.004

0.01

0.56

0.21

0.016 ± 0.003

0.14

0.73

<0.001

Resting RQ vs T_a

0.003 ± 0.001

0.07

0.58

<0.001

0.001 ± 0.001

0.01

0.77

0.07

<0.001

Total RQ^a vs T_a

0.003 ± 0.001

0.09

0.73

<0.001

0.001 ± 0.001

0.01

0.92

0.007

<0.001

Physical activity

Micro act^a vs T_a

−0.07 ± 0.05

0.004

0.73

0.16

−0.20 ± 0.09

0.01

0.82

0.03

0.02

Hip act^a vs T_a

−0.56 ± 0.60

0.002

0.63

0.35

−3.58 ± 0.91

0.07

0.55

<0.001

0.48

Wrist act^a vs T_a

−1.24 ± 4.86

0.000

0.65

0.80

−22.13 ± 6.65

0.07

0.35

0.001

0.04

Steps^a vs T_a

−0.003 ± 0.003

0.003

0.59

0.34

−0.019 ± 0.005

0.07

0.51

<0.001

0.01

Hunger

Hunger^b vs T_a

0.38 ± 0.32

0.16

0.58

0.23

0.64 ± 0.43

0.17

0.70

0.15

0.003

Muscle activity and shivering

Pectoralis EMG vs T_a

−0.40 ± 0.08

0.10

0.20

<0.001

−0.10 ± 0.02

0.01

0.24

<0.001

0.09

Trapezius EMG vs T_a

−0.38 ± 0.06

0.10

0.48

<0.001

−0.07 ± 0.02

0.15

0.25

<0.001

0.07

Biceps EMG vs T_a

−0.09 ± 0.02

0.08

0.33

<0.001

−0.02 ± 0.01

0.03

0.27

0.21

0.03

Femoris EMG vs T_a

−0.09 ± 0.02

0.20

0.27

<0.001

−0.03 ± 0.02

0.09

0.34

0.04

<0.001

Average EMG vs T_a

−0.24 ± 0.03

0.21

0.45

<0.001

−0.06 ± 0.01

0.18

0.37

<0.001

0.003

Average EMG vs shiver

0.03 ± 0.00

0.21

0.52

<0.001

0.01 ± 0.00

0.21

0.35

<0.001

0.01

Shiver vs T_a

−5.41 ± 0.53

0.38

0.55

<0.001

−4.80 ± 0.51

0.44

0.48

<0.001

0.77

Skin and core temperatures

T_core vs T_a

0.07 ± 0.01

0.37

0.73

<0.001

0.03 ± 0.01

0.11

0.59

<0.001

0.42

Chest T_sk vs T_a

0.26 ± 0.01

0.77

0.92

<0.001

0.38 ± 0.01

0.83

0.90

<0.001

Upper arm T_sk vs T_a

0.59 ± 0.01

0.93

0.95

<0.001

0.55 ± 0.01

0.90

0.94

<0.001

0.02

Upper leg T_sk vs T_a

0.49 ± 0.01

0.83

0.95

<0.001

0.55 ± 0.02

0.83

0.92

<0.001

0.14

Hand T_sk vs T_a

1.01 ± 0.03

0.86

0.92

<0.001

0.90 ± 0.02

0.90

0.93

<0.001

Lower leg T_sk vs T_a

0.61 ± 0.01

0.92

0.95

<0.001

0.49 ± 0.02

0.76

0.88

<0.001

Supraclavicular T_sk vs T_a

0.13 ± 0.01

0.56

0.86

<0.001

0.19 ± 0.01

0.57

0.87

<0.001

Underarm T_sk vs T_a

0.31 ± 0.02

0.50

0.80

<0.001

0.18 ± 0.02

0.36

0.58

<0.001

Mean T_sk vs T_a

0.48 ± 0.01

0.96

0.98

<0.001

0.49 ± 0.01

0.93

0.97

<0.001

0.67

T_core − mean T_sk vs T_a

−0.40 ± 0.01

0.91

0.95

<0.001

−0.46 ± 0.01

0.89

0.95

<0.001

0.39

Upper arm − hand T_sk vs T_a

−0.43 ± 0.03

0.57

0.73

<0.001

−0.35 ± 0.02

0.60

0.70

<0.001

Cardiovascular measures

Heart rate vs T_a

1.19 ± 0.09

0.28

0.79

<0.001

0.67 ± 0.11

0.05

0.88

<0.001

0.06

VLF power vs T_a

−457 ± 64.17

0.07

0.81

<0.001

−335 ± 63.76

0.08

0.73

<0.001

0.53

LF power vs T_a

−123 ± 20.14

0.09

0.68

<0.001

−124 ± 19.86

0.09

0.78

<0.001

0.96

HF power vs T_a

−71 ± 8.55

0.17

0.68

<0.001

−98 ± 19.99

0.04

0.86

<0.001

0.42

LF/HF vs T_a

0.15 ± 0.02

0.14

0.76

<0.001

0.08 ± 0.02

0.02

0.84

0.001

0.68

Total power vs T_a

−652 ± 85.72

0.10

0.79

<0.001

−557 ± 90.66

0.09

0.79

<0.001

0.75

Diastolic BP^b vs T_a

−0.32 ± 0.14

0.01

0.69

0.02

−0.12 ± 0.17

0.10

0.31

0.47

0.30

Systolic BP^b vs T_a

−0.47 ± 0.16

0.03

0.64

0.004

−0.01 ± 0.18

0.03

0.39

0.94

0.69

Table 4.

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Results of Mixed-Effects Model Analysis

	Lean				Obese				Lean Vs Obese
	β ± SE	$R_{M}^{2}$	R²	P	β ± SE	$R_{M}^{2}$	R²	P	P
Room calorimeter
Resting EE vs T_a	−1.51 ± 0.15	0.24	0.69	<0.001	−0.72 ± 0.12	0.09	0.75	<0.001	<0.001
Resting EE vs average EMG	3.31 ± 0.34	0.32	0.68	<0.001	8.04 ± 0.97	0.19	0.81	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs T_a	−1.87 ± 0.13	0.27	0.84	<0.001	−1.44 ± 0.15	0.16	0.82	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs micro act^a	1.73 ± 0.29	0.31	0.58	<0.001	1.09 ± 0.19	0.29	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs hip act^a	0.11 ± 0.03	0.14	0.54	<0.001	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs wrist act^a	0.005 ± 0.004	0.01	0.56	0.21	0.016 ± 0.003	0.14	0.73	<0.001	<0.001
Resting RQ vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.07	0.58	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.77	0.07	<0.001
Total RQ^a vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.09	0.73	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.92	0.007	<0.001
Physical activity
Micro act^a vs T_a	−0.07 ± 0.05	0.004	0.73	0.16	−0.20 ± 0.09	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.02
Hip act^a vs T_a	−0.56 ± 0.60	0.002	0.63	0.35	−3.58 ± 0.91	0.07	0.55	<0.001	0.48
Wrist act^a vs T_a	−1.24 ± 4.86	0.000	0.65	0.80	−22.13 ± 6.65	0.07	0.35	0.001	0.04
Steps^a vs T_a	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.003	0.59	0.34	−0.019 ± 0.005	0.07	0.51	<0.001	0.01
Hunger
Hunger^b vs T_a	0.38 ± 0.32	0.16	0.58	0.23	0.64 ± 0.43	0.17	0.70	0.15	0.003
Muscle activity and shivering
Pectoralis EMG vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.08	0.10	0.20	<0.001	−0.10 ± 0.02	0.01	0.24	<0.001	0.09
Trapezius EMG vs T_a	−0.38 ± 0.06	0.10	0.48	<0.001	−0.07 ± 0.02	0.15	0.25	<0.001	0.07
Biceps EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.08	0.33	<0.001	−0.02 ± 0.01	0.03	0.27	0.21	0.03
Femoris EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.20	0.27	<0.001	−0.03 ± 0.02	0.09	0.34	0.04	<0.001
Average EMG vs T_a	−0.24 ± 0.03	0.21	0.45	<0.001	−0.06 ± 0.01	0.18	0.37	<0.001	0.003
Average EMG vs shiver	0.03 ± 0.00	0.21	0.52	<0.001	0.01 ± 0.00	0.21	0.35	<0.001	0.01
Shiver vs T_a	−5.41 ± 0.53	0.38	0.55	<0.001	−4.80 ± 0.51	0.44	0.48	<0.001	0.77
Skin and core temperatures
T_core vs T_a	0.07 ± 0.01	0.37	0.73	<0.001	0.03 ± 0.01	0.11	0.59	<0.001	0.42
Chest T_sk vs T_a	0.26 ± 0.01	0.77	0.92	<0.001	0.38 ± 0.01	0.83	0.90	<0.001	<0.001
Upper arm T_sk vs T_a	0.59 ± 0.01	0.93	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.01	0.90	0.94	<0.001	0.02
Upper leg T_sk vs T_a	0.49 ± 0.01	0.83	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.02	0.83	0.92	<0.001	0.14
Hand T_sk vs T_a	1.01 ± 0.03	0.86	0.92	<0.001	0.90 ± 0.02	0.90	0.93	<0.001	<0.001
Lower leg T_sk vs T_a	0.61 ± 0.01	0.92	0.95	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.02	0.76	0.88	<0.001	<0.001
Supraclavicular T_sk vs T_a	0.13 ± 0.01	0.56	0.86	<0.001	0.19 ± 0.01	0.57	0.87	<0.001	<0.001
Underarm T_sk vs T_a	0.31 ± 0.02	0.50	0.80	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02	0.36	0.58	<0.001	<0.001
Mean T_sk vs T_a	0.48 ± 0.01	0.96	0.98	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.01	0.93	0.97	<0.001	0.67
T_core − mean T_sk vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.01	0.91	0.95	<0.001	−0.46 ± 0.01	0.89	0.95	<0.001	0.39
Upper arm − hand T_sk vs T_a	−0.43 ± 0.03	0.57	0.73	<0.001	−0.35 ± 0.02	0.60	0.70	<0.001	<0.001
Cardiovascular measures
Heart rate vs T_a	1.19 ± 0.09	0.28	0.79	<0.001	0.67 ± 0.11	0.05	0.88	<0.001	0.06
VLF power vs T_a	−457 ± 64.17	0.07	0.81	<0.001	−335 ± 63.76	0.08	0.73	<0.001	0.53
LF power vs T_a	−123 ± 20.14	0.09	0.68	<0.001	−124 ± 19.86	0.09	0.78	<0.001	0.96
HF power vs T_a	−71 ± 8.55	0.17	0.68	<0.001	−98 ± 19.99	0.04	0.86	<0.001	0.42
LF/HF vs T_a	0.15 ± 0.02	0.14	0.76	<0.001	0.08 ± 0.02	0.02	0.84	0.001	0.68
Total power vs T_a	−652 ± 85.72	0.10	0.79	<0.001	−557 ± 90.66	0.09	0.79	<0.001	0.75
Diastolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.32 ± 0.14	0.01	0.69	0.02	−0.12 ± 0.17	0.10	0.31	0.47	0.30
Systolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.47 ± 0.16	0.03	0.64	0.004	−0.01 ± 0.18	0.03	0.39	0.94	0.69

	Lean				Obese				Lean Vs Obese
	β ± SE	$R_{M}^{2}$	R²	P	β ± SE	$R_{M}^{2}$	R²	P	P
Room calorimeter
Resting EE vs T_a	−1.51 ± 0.15	0.24	0.69	<0.001	−0.72 ± 0.12	0.09	0.75	<0.001	<0.001
Resting EE vs average EMG	3.31 ± 0.34	0.32	0.68	<0.001	8.04 ± 0.97	0.19	0.81	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs T_a	−1.87 ± 0.13	0.27	0.84	<0.001	−1.44 ± 0.15	0.16	0.82	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs micro act^a	1.73 ± 0.29	0.31	0.58	<0.001	1.09 ± 0.19	0.29	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs hip act^a	0.11 ± 0.03	0.14	0.54	<0.001	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EE^a vs wrist act^a	0.005 ± 0.004	0.01	0.56	0.21	0.016 ± 0.003	0.14	0.73	<0.001	<0.001
Resting RQ vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.07	0.58	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.77	0.07	<0.001
Total RQ^a vs T_a	0.003 ± 0.001	0.09	0.73	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.92	0.007	<0.001
Physical activity
Micro act^a vs T_a	−0.07 ± 0.05	0.004	0.73	0.16	−0.20 ± 0.09	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.02
Hip act^a vs T_a	−0.56 ± 0.60	0.002	0.63	0.35	−3.58 ± 0.91	0.07	0.55	<0.001	0.48
Wrist act^a vs T_a	−1.24 ± 4.86	0.000	0.65	0.80	−22.13 ± 6.65	0.07	0.35	0.001	0.04
Steps^a vs T_a	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.003	0.59	0.34	−0.019 ± 0.005	0.07	0.51	<0.001	0.01
Hunger
Hunger^b vs T_a	0.38 ± 0.32	0.16	0.58	0.23	0.64 ± 0.43	0.17	0.70	0.15	0.003
Muscle activity and shivering
Pectoralis EMG vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.08	0.10	0.20	<0.001	−0.10 ± 0.02	0.01	0.24	<0.001	0.09
Trapezius EMG vs T_a	−0.38 ± 0.06	0.10	0.48	<0.001	−0.07 ± 0.02	0.15	0.25	<0.001	0.07
Biceps EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.08	0.33	<0.001	−0.02 ± 0.01	0.03	0.27	0.21	0.03
Femoris EMG vs T_a	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.20	0.27	<0.001	−0.03 ± 0.02	0.09	0.34	0.04	<0.001
Average EMG vs T_a	−0.24 ± 0.03	0.21	0.45	<0.001	−0.06 ± 0.01	0.18	0.37	<0.001	0.003
Average EMG vs shiver	0.03 ± 0.00	0.21	0.52	<0.001	0.01 ± 0.00	0.21	0.35	<0.001	0.01
Shiver vs T_a	−5.41 ± 0.53	0.38	0.55	<0.001	−4.80 ± 0.51	0.44	0.48	<0.001	0.77
Skin and core temperatures
T_core vs T_a	0.07 ± 0.01	0.37	0.73	<0.001	0.03 ± 0.01	0.11	0.59	<0.001	0.42
Chest T_sk vs T_a	0.26 ± 0.01	0.77	0.92	<0.001	0.38 ± 0.01	0.83	0.90	<0.001	<0.001
Upper arm T_sk vs T_a	0.59 ± 0.01	0.93	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.01	0.90	0.94	<0.001	0.02
Upper leg T_sk vs T_a	0.49 ± 0.01	0.83	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.02	0.83	0.92	<0.001	0.14
Hand T_sk vs T_a	1.01 ± 0.03	0.86	0.92	<0.001	0.90 ± 0.02	0.90	0.93	<0.001	<0.001
Lower leg T_sk vs T_a	0.61 ± 0.01	0.92	0.95	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.02	0.76	0.88	<0.001	<0.001
Supraclavicular T_sk vs T_a	0.13 ± 0.01	0.56	0.86	<0.001	0.19 ± 0.01	0.57	0.87	<0.001	<0.001
Underarm T_sk vs T_a	0.31 ± 0.02	0.50	0.80	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02	0.36	0.58	<0.001	<0.001
Mean T_sk vs T_a	0.48 ± 0.01	0.96	0.98	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.01	0.93	0.97	<0.001	0.67
T_core − mean T_sk vs T_a	−0.40 ± 0.01	0.91	0.95	<0.001	−0.46 ± 0.01	0.89	0.95	<0.001	0.39
Upper arm − hand T_sk vs T_a	−0.43 ± 0.03	0.57	0.73	<0.001	−0.35 ± 0.02	0.60	0.70	<0.001	<0.001
Cardiovascular measures
Heart rate vs T_a	1.19 ± 0.09	0.28	0.79	<0.001	0.67 ± 0.11	0.05	0.88	<0.001	0.06
VLF power vs T_a	−457 ± 64.17	0.07	0.81	<0.001	−335 ± 63.76	0.08	0.73	<0.001	0.53
LF power vs T_a	−123 ± 20.14	0.09	0.68	<0.001	−124 ± 19.86	0.09	0.78	<0.001	0.96
HF power vs T_a	−71 ± 8.55	0.17	0.68	<0.001	−98 ± 19.99	0.04	0.86	<0.001	0.42
LF/HF vs T_a	0.15 ± 0.02	0.14	0.76	<0.001	0.08 ± 0.02	0.02	0.84	0.001	0.68
Total power vs T_a	−652 ± 85.72	0.10	0.79	<0.001	−557 ± 90.66	0.09	0.79	<0.001	0.75
Diastolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.32 ± 0.14	0.01	0.69	0.02	−0.12 ± 0.17	0.10	0.31	0.47	0.30
Systolic BP^b vs T_a	−0.47 ± 0.16	0.03	0.64	0.004	−0.01 ± 0.18	0.03	0.39	0.94	0.69

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HF, high frequency; hip act, hip accelerometer activity; LF, low frequency; LF:HF, LF to HF ratio; micro act, microwave activity; RQ, respiratory quotient; T_sk, T_skin; VLF, very low frequency; wrist act, wrist accelerometer activity.

Average from 0830 to 1230 hours; all other values are averaged from motionless periods (1030 to 1100 hours and 1130 to 1200 hours). Boldface indicates significant P values.

Controlling for pretest values.

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