Table II. Open in new tab Multilevel...

	Outcome: glycemic control
Intercept	8.35 (0.26)***	8.41 (0.26)***	8.50 (0.26)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.31 (0.05)***	0.23 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.05 (0.11)	−0.12 (0.09)	−0.34 (0.09)***
Between-person parental involvement	−0.50 (0.19)*	−0.35 (0.13)**	−0.26 (0.11)*
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.24 (0.06)***	−0.25 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.04 (0.05)	0.09 (0.04)	0.09 (0.04)*
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.25 (0.21)	0.34 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.36 (0.30)	0.43 (0.30)	0.31 (0.30)
Pump status^c	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.39 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

	Reports of fathers’ involvement

Intercept	8.34 (0.26)***	8.44 (0.26)***	8.47 (0.27)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.29 (0.05)***	0.24 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.14 (0.11)	−0.22 (0.08)*	−0.29 (0.10)**
Between-person parental involvement	−0.47 (0.16)**	−0.31 (0.11)**	−0.16 (0.11)
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.25 (0.06)***	−0.24 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.02 (0.05)	0.10 (0.04)*	0.10 (0.05)
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.31 (0.21)	0.35 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.30 (0.30)	0.33 (0.30)	0.23 (0.31)
Pump status^c	−0.37 (0.17)*	−0.35 (0.17)*	−0.36 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

Outcome: glycemic control

Reports of mothers’ involvement

Acceptance estimate (SE)

Disclosure estimate (SE)

Diabetes knowledge estimate (SE)

Intercept

8.35 (0.26)***

8.41 (0.26)***

8.50 (0.26)***

Time

0.31 (0.05)***

0.23 (0.05)***

Within-person parental involvement

−0.05 (0.11)

−0.12 (0.09)

−0.34 (0.09)***

Between-person parental involvement

−0.50 (0.19)*

−0.35 (0.13)**

−0.26 (0.11)*

−0.20 (0.06)**

−0.24 (0.06)***

−0.25 (0.06)***

Within-person parental involvement × EF

0.04 (0.05)

0.09 (0.04)

0.09 (0.04)*

Years since diagnosis

0.03 (0.03)

Gender^a

0.28 (0.21)

0.25 (0.21)

0.34 (0.21)

Ethnicity^b

0.36 (0.30)

0.43 (0.30)

0.31 (0.30)

Pump status^c

−0.38 (0.17)*

−0.39 (0.17)*

−0.04 (0.04)

−0.05 (0.04)

Reports of fathers’ involvement

Intercept

8.34 (0.26)***

8.44 (0.26)***

8.47 (0.27)***

Time

0.31 (0.05)***

0.29 (0.05)***

0.24 (0.05)***

Within-person parental involvement

−0.14 (0.11)

−0.22 (0.08)*

−0.29 (0.10)**

Between-person parental involvement

−0.47 (0.16)**

−0.31 (0.11)**

−0.16 (0.11)

−0.20 (0.06)**

−0.25 (0.06)***

−0.24 (0.06)***

Within-person parental involvement × EF

0.02 (0.05)

0.10 (0.04)*

0.10 (0.05)

Years since diagnosis

0.03 (0.03)

Gender^a

0.28 (0.21)

0.31 (0.21)

0.35 (0.21)

Ethnicity^b

0.30 (0.30)

0.33 (0.30)

0.23 (0.31)

Pump status^c

−0.37 (0.17)*

−0.35 (0.17)*

−0.36 (0.17)*

−0.04 (0.04)

−0.05 (0.04)

	Outcome: glycemic control
Intercept	8.35 (0.26)***	8.41 (0.26)***	8.50 (0.26)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.31 (0.05)***	0.23 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.05 (0.11)	−0.12 (0.09)	−0.34 (0.09)***
Between-person parental involvement	−0.50 (0.19)*	−0.35 (0.13)**	−0.26 (0.11)*
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.24 (0.06)***	−0.25 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.04 (0.05)	0.09 (0.04)	0.09 (0.04)*
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.25 (0.21)	0.34 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.36 (0.30)	0.43 (0.30)	0.31 (0.30)
Pump status^c	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.39 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

	Reports of fathers’ involvement

Intercept	8.34 (0.26)***	8.44 (0.26)***	8.47 (0.27)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.29 (0.05)***	0.24 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.14 (0.11)	−0.22 (0.08)*	−0.29 (0.10)**
Between-person parental involvement	−0.47 (0.16)**	−0.31 (0.11)**	−0.16 (0.11)
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.25 (0.06)***	−0.24 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.02 (0.05)	0.10 (0.04)*	0.10 (0.05)
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.31 (0.21)	0.35 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.30 (0.30)	0.33 (0.30)	0.23 (0.31)
Pump status^c	−0.37 (0.17)*	−0.35 (0.17)*	−0.36 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

Table II.

Open in new tab

Multilevel Models Predicting HbA1c From Parental Involvement With EF as a Moderator

	Outcome: glycemic control
	Reports of mothers’ involvement
	Acceptance estimate (SE)	Disclosure estimate (SE)	Diabetes knowledge estimate (SE)
Intercept	8.35 (0.26)***	8.41 (0.26)***	8.50 (0.26)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.31 (0.05)***	0.23 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.05 (0.11)	−0.12 (0.09)	−0.34 (0.09)***
Between-person parental involvement	−0.50 (0.19)*	−0.35 (0.13)**	−0.26 (0.11)*
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.24 (0.06)***	−0.25 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.04 (0.05)	0.09 (0.04)	0.09 (0.04)*
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.25 (0.21)	0.34 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.36 (0.30)	0.43 (0.30)	0.31 (0.30)
Pump status^c	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.39 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

	Reports of fathers’ involvement

Intercept	8.34 (0.26)***	8.44 (0.26)***	8.47 (0.27)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.29 (0.05)***	0.24 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.14 (0.11)	−0.22 (0.08)*	−0.29 (0.10)**
Between-person parental involvement	−0.47 (0.16)**	−0.31 (0.11)**	−0.16 (0.11)
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.25 (0.06)***	−0.24 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.02 (0.05)	0.10 (0.04)*	0.10 (0.05)
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.31 (0.21)	0.35 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.30 (0.30)	0.33 (0.30)	0.23 (0.31)
Pump status^c	−0.37 (0.17)*	−0.35 (0.17)*	−0.36 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

	Outcome: glycemic control
	Reports of mothers’ involvement
	Acceptance estimate (SE)	Disclosure estimate (SE)	Diabetes knowledge estimate (SE)
Intercept	8.35 (0.26)***	8.41 (0.26)***	8.50 (0.26)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.31 (0.05)***	0.23 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.05 (0.11)	−0.12 (0.09)	−0.34 (0.09)***
Between-person parental involvement	−0.50 (0.19)*	−0.35 (0.13)**	−0.26 (0.11)*
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.24 (0.06)***	−0.25 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.04 (0.05)	0.09 (0.04)	0.09 (0.04)*
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.25 (0.21)	0.34 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.36 (0.30)	0.43 (0.30)	0.31 (0.30)
Pump status^c	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.38 (0.17)*	−0.39 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

	Reports of fathers’ involvement

Intercept	8.34 (0.26)***	8.44 (0.26)***	8.47 (0.27)***
Time	0.31 (0.05)***	0.29 (0.05)***	0.24 (0.05)***
Within-person parental involvement	−0.14 (0.11)	−0.22 (0.08)*	−0.29 (0.10)**
Between-person parental involvement	−0.47 (0.16)**	−0.31 (0.11)**	−0.16 (0.11)
EF	−0.20 (0.06)**	−0.25 (0.06)***	−0.24 (0.06)***
Within-person parental involvement × EF	0.02 (0.05)	0.10 (0.04)*	0.10 (0.05)
Years since diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)
Gender^a	0.28 (0.21)	0.31 (0.21)	0.35 (0.21)
Ethnicity^b	0.30 (0.30)	0.33 (0.30)	0.23 (0.31)
Pump status^c	−0.37 (0.17)*	−0.35 (0.17)*	−0.36 (0.17)*
IQ	−0.04 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)

Note. EF = executive function; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin.

−0.5 = female, .5 = male.

−0.5 = non-Hispanic, 0.5 = Hispanic.

−0.5 = Multiple daily injections, 0.5 = pump.

p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

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