Generic list of model groups and input values for trophic flow budgets of upwelling systems (P, production; B, biomass; C, consumption; ss, system-specific; P/B, equals total mortality Z under steady-state conditions – Allen (1971); P/C, gross growth efficiency; UF, unassimilated food; esd, equivalent spherical diameter; TL, total length; FL, fork length).
| Model group . | Description/comments . | P/B (y−1) . | P/C . | C/B (y−1) . | UF (%) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phytoplankton | — | ss | n.a. | 0.00 | n.a. |
| Microzooplankton | 2–20 μm esd | 482.0 | 0.25 | — | 20 |
| Mesozooplankton | 20–200 μm esd | 40–45 | 0.30–0.35 | — | 35 |
| Macrozooplankton | 200–2000 μm esd | 13.0 | 0.410 | — | 20 |
| Gelatinous zooplankton | — | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Macrobenthos | * | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Sardine | Sardinops sagax | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Anchovy | Engraulis spp. | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Special small pelagics | † | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Mesopelagics | Lightfish and lanternfish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Cephalopods | — | ss | ≥0.30 | — | 20 |
| Other small pelagics | e.g. juvenile demersal fish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Small horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: <20 cm TL, Chile: <26 cm FL; Peru: all T. murphyi | 1.20 | 0.10–0.12 | — | 35 |
| Large horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: >20 cm TL, Chile: >26 cm FL | ss | 0.06–0.15 | 5–15 | 30 |
| Characteristic large pelagic | ‡ | ss | 0.10§ | — | 25 |
| Other large pelagics | — | 0.4–0.5 | 0.10§ | — | 20 |
| Small hake 1** | Merluccius spp. ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15–0.3 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 1** | Merluccius spp. >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Small hake 2*** | M. paradoxus ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 2*** | M. paradoxus >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Demersal benthic feeders | — | ss | 0.15–0.16 | — | 20 |
| Demersal pelagic feeders | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Chondrichthyans | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Seabirds | — | 0.3–0.5 | 0.15 | – | 20 |
| Pinnipeds | — | 0.1–0.5 | — | 65–120 | 26 |
| Cetaceans | — | 0.12–0.30 | — | 18–20 | 20 |
| Detritus | — | 0.15 | — | 7–10 | 21 |
| Model group . | Description/comments . | P/B (y−1) . | P/C . | C/B (y−1) . | UF (%) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phytoplankton | — | ss | n.a. | 0.00 | n.a. |
| Microzooplankton | 2–20 μm esd | 482.0 | 0.25 | — | 20 |
| Mesozooplankton | 20–200 μm esd | 40–45 | 0.30–0.35 | — | 35 |
| Macrozooplankton | 200–2000 μm esd | 13.0 | 0.410 | — | 20 |
| Gelatinous zooplankton | — | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Macrobenthos | * | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Sardine | Sardinops sagax | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Anchovy | Engraulis spp. | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Special small pelagics | † | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Mesopelagics | Lightfish and lanternfish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Cephalopods | — | ss | ≥0.30 | — | 20 |
| Other small pelagics | e.g. juvenile demersal fish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Small horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: <20 cm TL, Chile: <26 cm FL; Peru: all T. murphyi | 1.20 | 0.10–0.12 | — | 35 |
| Large horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: >20 cm TL, Chile: >26 cm FL | ss | 0.06–0.15 | 5–15 | 30 |
| Characteristic large pelagic | ‡ | ss | 0.10§ | — | 25 |
| Other large pelagics | — | 0.4–0.5 | 0.10§ | — | 20 |
| Small hake 1** | Merluccius spp. ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15–0.3 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 1** | Merluccius spp. >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Small hake 2*** | M. paradoxus ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 2*** | M. paradoxus >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Demersal benthic feeders | — | ss | 0.15–0.16 | — | 20 |
| Demersal pelagic feeders | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Chondrichthyans | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Seabirds | — | 0.3–0.5 | 0.15 | – | 20 |
| Pinnipeds | — | 0.1–0.5 | — | 65–120 | 26 |
| Cetaceans | — | 0.12–0.30 | — | 18–20 | 20 |
| Detritus | — | 0.15 | — | 7–10 | 21 |
SA: South Africa; N: Namibia; P: Peru; C: Chile.
Excluding benthic producers and meiobenthos where necessary, replacing their fraction in macrobenthos diet by imports.
SA, Etrumeus whiteheadi; N, Sufflogobius bibarbatus; C, Strangomera bentincki.
SA, Scomber scombrus; C, Macruronus magellanicus; P, Scomber japonicus.
No directed studies available: assumed value.
Benguela: M. capensis.
Benguela only.
Generic list of model groups and input values for trophic flow budgets of upwelling systems (P, production; B, biomass; C, consumption; ss, system-specific; P/B, equals total mortality Z under steady-state conditions – Allen (1971); P/C, gross growth efficiency; UF, unassimilated food; esd, equivalent spherical diameter; TL, total length; FL, fork length).
| Model group . | Description/comments . | P/B (y−1) . | P/C . | C/B (y−1) . | UF (%) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phytoplankton | — | ss | n.a. | 0.00 | n.a. |
| Microzooplankton | 2–20 μm esd | 482.0 | 0.25 | — | 20 |
| Mesozooplankton | 20–200 μm esd | 40–45 | 0.30–0.35 | — | 35 |
| Macrozooplankton | 200–2000 μm esd | 13.0 | 0.410 | — | 20 |
| Gelatinous zooplankton | — | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Macrobenthos | * | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Sardine | Sardinops sagax | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Anchovy | Engraulis spp. | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Special small pelagics | † | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Mesopelagics | Lightfish and lanternfish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Cephalopods | — | ss | ≥0.30 | — | 20 |
| Other small pelagics | e.g. juvenile demersal fish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Small horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: <20 cm TL, Chile: <26 cm FL; Peru: all T. murphyi | 1.20 | 0.10–0.12 | — | 35 |
| Large horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: >20 cm TL, Chile: >26 cm FL | ss | 0.06–0.15 | 5–15 | 30 |
| Characteristic large pelagic | ‡ | ss | 0.10§ | — | 25 |
| Other large pelagics | — | 0.4–0.5 | 0.10§ | — | 20 |
| Small hake 1** | Merluccius spp. ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15–0.3 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 1** | Merluccius spp. >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Small hake 2*** | M. paradoxus ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 2*** | M. paradoxus >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Demersal benthic feeders | — | ss | 0.15–0.16 | — | 20 |
| Demersal pelagic feeders | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Chondrichthyans | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Seabirds | — | 0.3–0.5 | 0.15 | – | 20 |
| Pinnipeds | — | 0.1–0.5 | — | 65–120 | 26 |
| Cetaceans | — | 0.12–0.30 | — | 18–20 | 20 |
| Detritus | — | 0.15 | — | 7–10 | 21 |
| Model group . | Description/comments . | P/B (y−1) . | P/C . | C/B (y−1) . | UF (%) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phytoplankton | — | ss | n.a. | 0.00 | n.a. |
| Microzooplankton | 2–20 μm esd | 482.0 | 0.25 | — | 20 |
| Mesozooplankton | 20–200 μm esd | 40–45 | 0.30–0.35 | — | 35 |
| Macrozooplankton | 200–2000 μm esd | 13.0 | 0.410 | — | 20 |
| Gelatinous zooplankton | — | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Macrobenthos | * | ss | ss | ss | 20 |
| Sardine | Sardinops sagax | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Anchovy | Engraulis spp. | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Special small pelagics | † | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Mesopelagics | Lightfish and lanternfish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Cephalopods | — | ss | ≥0.30 | — | 20 |
| Other small pelagics | e.g. juvenile demersal fish | ss | 0.10 | — | 35 |
| Small horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: <20 cm TL, Chile: <26 cm FL; Peru: all T. murphyi | 1.20 | 0.10–0.12 | — | 35 |
| Large horse mackerel | Trachurus spp. Benguela: >20 cm TL, Chile: >26 cm FL | ss | 0.06–0.15 | 5–15 | 30 |
| Characteristic large pelagic | ‡ | ss | 0.10§ | — | 25 |
| Other large pelagics | — | 0.4–0.5 | 0.10§ | — | 20 |
| Small hake 1** | Merluccius spp. ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15–0.3 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 1** | Merluccius spp. >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Small hake 2*** | M. paradoxus ≤24 cm TL | 2.50 | 0.15 | — | 35 |
| Large hake 2*** | M. paradoxus >24 cm TL | ss | 0.12–0.2 | — | 20 |
| Demersal benthic feeders | — | ss | 0.15–0.16 | — | 20 |
| Demersal pelagic feeders | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Chondrichthyans | — | 0.70 | 0.20 | — | 20 |
| Seabirds | — | 0.3–0.5 | 0.15 | – | 20 |
| Pinnipeds | — | 0.1–0.5 | — | 65–120 | 26 |
| Cetaceans | — | 0.12–0.30 | — | 18–20 | 20 |
| Detritus | — | 0.15 | — | 7–10 | 21 |
SA: South Africa; N: Namibia; P: Peru; C: Chile.
Excluding benthic producers and meiobenthos where necessary, replacing their fraction in macrobenthos diet by imports.
SA, Etrumeus whiteheadi; N, Sufflogobius bibarbatus; C, Strangomera bentincki.
SA, Scomber scombrus; C, Macruronus magellanicus; P, Scomber japonicus.
No directed studies available: assumed value.
Benguela: M. capensis.
Benguela only.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
