Table 2. Open in new tab The evolution...

		Population 1					Population 2
0	0	4.01 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	0.102 (0.011)	0.099 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)	−3.95 (0.04)	0.05 (0.04)	0.101 (0.012)	0.084 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)
0.002	0	3.69 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.597 (0.024)	0.101 (0.009)	−0.001 (0.002)	−3.77 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	0.682 (0.030)	0.103 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.001)
0.004	0	3.67 (0.03)	0.02 (0.03)	1.109 (0.041)	0.104 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)	−3.68 (0.03)	0.03 (0.02)	1.124 (0.041)	0.096 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)
0.008	0	3.52 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.02)	1.903 (0.047)	0.106 (0.007)	0.001 (0.002)	−3.51 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)	1.865 (0.051)	0.106 (0.007)	0.000 (0.002)
0.016	0	3.24 (0.03)	0.00 (0.02)	3.108 (0.083)	0.105 (0.083)	−0.005 (0.002)	−3.22 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	3.062 (0.079)	0.106 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)
0.032	0	2.81 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	4.761 (0.107)	0.108 (0.011)	−0.002 (0.002)	−2.78 (0.03)	0.01 (0.02)	4.689 (0.108)	0.111 (0.011)	−0.001 (0.002)
0.064	0	2.02 (0.04)	0.04 (0.03)	6.075 (0.149)	0.118 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.002)	−2.01 (0.03)	0.04 (0.03)	6.045 (0.137)	0.116 (0.010)	0.000 (0.002)
0.128	0	0.79 (0.03)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.348 (0.215)	0.107 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)	−0.80 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.421 (0.228)	0.108 (0.010)	−0.005 (0.002)
0.256	0	0.03 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.322 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.02 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.323 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)
0	1.6	3.95 (0.04)	0.00 (0.06)	0.189 (0.015)	0.137 (0.011)	0.001 (0.008)	−4.01 (0.05)	−0.08 (0.05)	0.162 (0.011)	0.163 (0.022)	0.000 (0.011)
0.002	1.6	3.88 (0.05)	−0.07 (0.04)	0.699 (0.046)	0.285 (0.034)	−0.010 (0.034)	−3.82 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.04)	0.667 (0.033)	0.279 (0.031)	0.002 (0.014)
0.004	1.6	3.76 (0.05)	−0.09 (0.05)	1.166 (0.053)	0.382 (0.043)	−0.014 (0.034)	−3.66 (0.04)	0.08 (0.05)	1.065 (0.046)	0.411 (0.037)	−0.060 (0.031)
0.008	1.6	3.58 (0.04)	0.04 (0.05)	1.797 (0.083)	0.440 (0.056)	0.012 (0.036)	−3.59 (0.04)	0.10 (0.05)	1.798 (0.066)	0.359 (0.045)	0.005 (0.039)
0.016	1.6	3.27 (0.05)	−0.05 (0.05)	2.707 (0.063)	0.392 (0.072)	0.005 (0.066)	−3.23 (0.04)	0.07 (0.06)	2.771 (0.108)	0.397 (0.059)	−0.105 (0.064)
0.032	1.6	2.84 (0.06)	−0.03 (0.06)	4.557 (0.135)	0.439 (0.061)	−0.135 (0.072)	−2.80 (0.06)	0.12 (0.05)	4.347 (0.130)	0.466 (0.079)	−0.132 (0.084)
0.064	1.6	2.12 (0.04)	0.16 (0.04)	6.144 (0.153)	0.345 (0.050)	0.161 (0.087)	−2.07 (0.05)	0.02 (0.05)	6.070 (0.169)	0.341 (0.046)	0.202 (0.085)
0.128	1.6	0.58 (0.05)	0.05 (0.03)	3.334 (0.273)	0.325 (0.024)	−0.032 (0.071)	−0.60 (0.05)	0.06 (0.04)	3.354 (0.258)	0.330 (0.027)	0.008 (0.076)
0.256	1.6	0.00 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.019)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)	−0.03 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.020)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)

Population 1

Population 2

σ_{ε}^{2}

{\bar{z}}_{1}

{\bar{z}}_{2}

_{11}^{} V_{G}

_{22}^{} V_{G}

_{12}^{} V_{G}

{\bar{z}}_{1}

{\bar{z}}_{2}

_{11}^{} V_{G}

_{22}^{} V_{G}

_{12}^{} V_{G}

4.01 (0.04)

−0.05 (0.04)

0.102 (0.011)

0.099 (0.010)

0.000 (0.000)

−3.95 (0.04)

0.05 (0.04)

0.101 (0.012)

0.084 (0.010)

0.000 (0.000)

0.002

3.69 (0.03)

0.00 (0.03)

0.597 (0.024)

0.101 (0.009)

−0.001 (0.002)

−3.77 (0.03)

0.01 (0.03)

0.682 (0.030)

0.103 (0.010)

−0.001 (0.001)

0.004

3.67 (0.03)

0.02 (0.03)

1.109 (0.041)

0.104 (0.011)

0.000 (0.001)

−3.68 (0.03)

0.03 (0.02)

1.124 (0.041)

0.096 (0.011)

0.000 (0.001)

0.008

3.52 (0.03)

−0.01 (0.02)

1.903 (0.047)

0.106 (0.007)

0.001 (0.002)

−3.51 (0.02)

−0.02 (0.02)

1.865 (0.051)

0.106 (0.007)

0.000 (0.002)

0.016

3.24 (0.03)

0.00 (0.02)

3.108 (0.083)

0.105 (0.083)

−0.005 (0.002)

−3.22 (0.03)

0.01 (0.03)

3.062 (0.079)

0.106 (0.010)

−0.004 (0.002)

0.032

2.81 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

4.761 (0.107)

0.108 (0.011)

−0.002 (0.002)

−2.78 (0.03)

0.01 (0.02)

4.689 (0.108)

0.111 (0.011)

−0.001 (0.002)

0.064

2.02 (0.04)

0.04 (0.03)

6.075 (0.149)

0.118 (0.010)

−0.001 (0.002)

−2.01 (0.03)

0.04 (0.03)

6.045 (0.137)

0.116 (0.010)

0.000 (0.002)

0.128

0.79 (0.03)

−0.02 (0.02)

4.348 (0.215)

0.107 (0.010)

−0.004 (0.002)

−0.80 (0.04)

−0.02 (0.02)

4.421 (0.228)

0.108 (0.010)

−0.005 (0.002)

0.256

0.03 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

0.322 (0.042)

0.109 (0.007)

−0.001 (0.001)

−0.02 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

0.323 (0.042)

0.109 (0.007)

−0.001 (0.001)

1.6

3.95 (0.04)

0.00 (0.06)

0.189 (0.015)

0.137 (0.011)

0.001 (0.008)

−4.01 (0.05)

−0.08 (0.05)

0.162 (0.011)

0.163 (0.022)

0.000 (0.011)

0.002

1.6

3.88 (0.05)

−0.07 (0.04)

0.699 (0.046)

0.285 (0.034)

−0.010 (0.034)

−3.82 (0.05)

−0.01 (0.04)

0.667 (0.033)

0.279 (0.031)

0.002 (0.014)

0.004

1.6

3.76 (0.05)

−0.09 (0.05)

1.166 (0.053)

0.382 (0.043)

−0.014 (0.034)

−3.66 (0.04)

0.08 (0.05)

1.065 (0.046)

0.411 (0.037)

−0.060 (0.031)

0.008

1.6

3.58 (0.04)

0.04 (0.05)

1.797 (0.083)

0.440 (0.056)

0.012 (0.036)

−3.59 (0.04)

0.10 (0.05)

1.798 (0.066)

0.359 (0.045)

0.005 (0.039)

0.016

1.6

3.27 (0.05)

−0.05 (0.05)

2.707 (0.063)

0.392 (0.072)

0.005 (0.066)

−3.23 (0.04)

0.07 (0.06)

2.771 (0.108)

0.397 (0.059)

−0.105 (0.064)

0.032

1.6

2.84 (0.06)

−0.03 (0.06)

4.557 (0.135)

0.439 (0.061)

−0.135 (0.072)

−2.80 (0.06)

0.12 (0.05)

4.347 (0.130)

0.466 (0.079)

−0.132 (0.084)

0.064

1.6

2.12 (0.04)

0.16 (0.04)

6.144 (0.153)

0.345 (0.050)

0.161 (0.087)

−2.07 (0.05)

0.02 (0.05)

6.070 (0.169)

0.341 (0.046)

0.202 (0.085)

0.128

1.6

0.58 (0.05)

0.05 (0.03)

3.334 (0.273)

0.325 (0.024)

−0.032 (0.071)

−0.60 (0.05)

0.06 (0.04)

3.354 (0.258)

0.330 (0.027)

0.008 (0.076)

0.256

1.6

0.00 (0.03)

0.191 (0.019)

0.117 (0.008)

−0.002 (0.006)

−0.03 (0.03)

0.00 (0.03)

0.191 (0.020)

0.117 (0.008)

−0.002 (0.006)

		Population 1					Population 2
0	0	4.01 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	0.102 (0.011)	0.099 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)	−3.95 (0.04)	0.05 (0.04)	0.101 (0.012)	0.084 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)
0.002	0	3.69 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.597 (0.024)	0.101 (0.009)	−0.001 (0.002)	−3.77 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	0.682 (0.030)	0.103 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.001)
0.004	0	3.67 (0.03)	0.02 (0.03)	1.109 (0.041)	0.104 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)	−3.68 (0.03)	0.03 (0.02)	1.124 (0.041)	0.096 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)
0.008	0	3.52 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.02)	1.903 (0.047)	0.106 (0.007)	0.001 (0.002)	−3.51 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)	1.865 (0.051)	0.106 (0.007)	0.000 (0.002)
0.016	0	3.24 (0.03)	0.00 (0.02)	3.108 (0.083)	0.105 (0.083)	−0.005 (0.002)	−3.22 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	3.062 (0.079)	0.106 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)
0.032	0	2.81 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	4.761 (0.107)	0.108 (0.011)	−0.002 (0.002)	−2.78 (0.03)	0.01 (0.02)	4.689 (0.108)	0.111 (0.011)	−0.001 (0.002)
0.064	0	2.02 (0.04)	0.04 (0.03)	6.075 (0.149)	0.118 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.002)	−2.01 (0.03)	0.04 (0.03)	6.045 (0.137)	0.116 (0.010)	0.000 (0.002)
0.128	0	0.79 (0.03)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.348 (0.215)	0.107 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)	−0.80 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.421 (0.228)	0.108 (0.010)	−0.005 (0.002)
0.256	0	0.03 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.322 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.02 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.323 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)
0	1.6	3.95 (0.04)	0.00 (0.06)	0.189 (0.015)	0.137 (0.011)	0.001 (0.008)	−4.01 (0.05)	−0.08 (0.05)	0.162 (0.011)	0.163 (0.022)	0.000 (0.011)
0.002	1.6	3.88 (0.05)	−0.07 (0.04)	0.699 (0.046)	0.285 (0.034)	−0.010 (0.034)	−3.82 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.04)	0.667 (0.033)	0.279 (0.031)	0.002 (0.014)
0.004	1.6	3.76 (0.05)	−0.09 (0.05)	1.166 (0.053)	0.382 (0.043)	−0.014 (0.034)	−3.66 (0.04)	0.08 (0.05)	1.065 (0.046)	0.411 (0.037)	−0.060 (0.031)
0.008	1.6	3.58 (0.04)	0.04 (0.05)	1.797 (0.083)	0.440 (0.056)	0.012 (0.036)	−3.59 (0.04)	0.10 (0.05)	1.798 (0.066)	0.359 (0.045)	0.005 (0.039)
0.016	1.6	3.27 (0.05)	−0.05 (0.05)	2.707 (0.063)	0.392 (0.072)	0.005 (0.066)	−3.23 (0.04)	0.07 (0.06)	2.771 (0.108)	0.397 (0.059)	−0.105 (0.064)
0.032	1.6	2.84 (0.06)	−0.03 (0.06)	4.557 (0.135)	0.439 (0.061)	−0.135 (0.072)	−2.80 (0.06)	0.12 (0.05)	4.347 (0.130)	0.466 (0.079)	−0.132 (0.084)
0.064	1.6	2.12 (0.04)	0.16 (0.04)	6.144 (0.153)	0.345 (0.050)	0.161 (0.087)	−2.07 (0.05)	0.02 (0.05)	6.070 (0.169)	0.341 (0.046)	0.202 (0.085)
0.128	1.6	0.58 (0.05)	0.05 (0.03)	3.334 (0.273)	0.325 (0.024)	−0.032 (0.071)	−0.60 (0.05)	0.06 (0.04)	3.354 (0.258)	0.330 (0.027)	0.008 (0.076)
0.256	1.6	0.00 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.019)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)	−0.03 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.020)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)

Population 1

Population 2

σ_{ε}^{2}

{\bar{z}}_{1}

{\bar{z}}_{2}

_{11}^{} V_{G}

_{22}^{} V_{G}

_{12}^{} V_{G}

{\bar{z}}_{1}

{\bar{z}}_{2}

_{11}^{} V_{G}

_{22}^{} V_{G}

_{12}^{} V_{G}

4.01 (0.04)

−0.05 (0.04)

0.102 (0.011)

0.099 (0.010)

0.000 (0.000)

−3.95 (0.04)

0.05 (0.04)

0.101 (0.012)

0.084 (0.010)

0.000 (0.000)

0.002

3.69 (0.03)

0.00 (0.03)

0.597 (0.024)

0.101 (0.009)

−0.001 (0.002)

−3.77 (0.03)

0.01 (0.03)

0.682 (0.030)

0.103 (0.010)

−0.001 (0.001)

0.004

3.67 (0.03)

0.02 (0.03)

1.109 (0.041)

0.104 (0.011)

0.000 (0.001)

−3.68 (0.03)

0.03 (0.02)

1.124 (0.041)

0.096 (0.011)

0.000 (0.001)

0.008

3.52 (0.03)

−0.01 (0.02)

1.903 (0.047)

0.106 (0.007)

0.001 (0.002)

−3.51 (0.02)

−0.02 (0.02)

1.865 (0.051)

0.106 (0.007)

0.000 (0.002)

0.016

3.24 (0.03)

0.00 (0.02)

3.108 (0.083)

0.105 (0.083)

−0.005 (0.002)

−3.22 (0.03)

0.01 (0.03)

3.062 (0.079)

0.106 (0.010)

−0.004 (0.002)

0.032

2.81 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

4.761 (0.107)

0.108 (0.011)

−0.002 (0.002)

−2.78 (0.03)

0.01 (0.02)

4.689 (0.108)

0.111 (0.011)

−0.001 (0.002)

0.064

2.02 (0.04)

0.04 (0.03)

6.075 (0.149)

0.118 (0.010)

−0.001 (0.002)

−2.01 (0.03)

0.04 (0.03)

6.045 (0.137)

0.116 (0.010)

0.000 (0.002)

0.128

0.79 (0.03)

−0.02 (0.02)

4.348 (0.215)

0.107 (0.010)

−0.004 (0.002)

−0.80 (0.04)

−0.02 (0.02)

4.421 (0.228)

0.108 (0.010)

−0.005 (0.002)

0.256

0.03 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

0.322 (0.042)

0.109 (0.007)

−0.001 (0.001)

−0.02 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

0.323 (0.042)

0.109 (0.007)

−0.001 (0.001)

1.6

3.95 (0.04)

0.00 (0.06)

0.189 (0.015)

0.137 (0.011)

0.001 (0.008)

−4.01 (0.05)

−0.08 (0.05)

0.162 (0.011)

0.163 (0.022)

0.000 (0.011)

0.002

1.6

3.88 (0.05)

−0.07 (0.04)

0.699 (0.046)

0.285 (0.034)

−0.010 (0.034)

−3.82 (0.05)

−0.01 (0.04)

0.667 (0.033)

0.279 (0.031)

0.002 (0.014)

0.004

1.6

3.76 (0.05)

−0.09 (0.05)

1.166 (0.053)

0.382 (0.043)

−0.014 (0.034)

−3.66 (0.04)

0.08 (0.05)

1.065 (0.046)

0.411 (0.037)

−0.060 (0.031)

0.008

1.6

3.58 (0.04)

0.04 (0.05)

1.797 (0.083)

0.440 (0.056)

0.012 (0.036)

−3.59 (0.04)

0.10 (0.05)

1.798 (0.066)

0.359 (0.045)

0.005 (0.039)

0.016

1.6

3.27 (0.05)

−0.05 (0.05)

2.707 (0.063)

0.392 (0.072)

0.005 (0.066)

−3.23 (0.04)

0.07 (0.06)

2.771 (0.108)

0.397 (0.059)

−0.105 (0.064)

0.032

1.6

2.84 (0.06)

−0.03 (0.06)

4.557 (0.135)

0.439 (0.061)

−0.135 (0.072)

−2.80 (0.06)

0.12 (0.05)

4.347 (0.130)

0.466 (0.079)

−0.132 (0.084)

0.064

1.6

2.12 (0.04)

0.16 (0.04)

6.144 (0.153)

0.345 (0.050)

0.161 (0.087)

−2.07 (0.05)

0.02 (0.05)

6.070 (0.169)

0.341 (0.046)

0.202 (0.085)

0.128

1.6

0.58 (0.05)

0.05 (0.03)

3.334 (0.273)

0.325 (0.024)

−0.032 (0.071)

−0.60 (0.05)

0.06 (0.04)

3.354 (0.258)

0.330 (0.027)

0.008 (0.076)

0.256

1.6

0.00 (0.03)

0.191 (0.019)

0.117 (0.008)

−0.002 (0.006)

−0.03 (0.03)

0.00 (0.03)

0.191 (0.020)

0.117 (0.008)

−0.002 (0.006)

Table 2.

Open in new tab

The evolution of local adaptation and the genetic architecture in 2 populations with different trait optima, assuming no pleiotropy

		Population 1					Population 2
m	$σ_{ε}^{2}$	${\bar{z}}_{1}$	${\bar{z}}_{2}$	$_{11}^{} V_{G}$	$_{22}^{} V_{G}$	$_{12}^{} V_{G}$	${\bar{z}}_{1}$	${\bar{z}}_{2}$	$_{11}^{} V_{G}$	$_{22}^{} V_{G}$	$_{12}^{} V_{G}$
0	0	4.01 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	0.102 (0.011)	0.099 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)	−3.95 (0.04)	0.05 (0.04)	0.101 (0.012)	0.084 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)
0.002	0	3.69 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.597 (0.024)	0.101 (0.009)	−0.001 (0.002)	−3.77 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	0.682 (0.030)	0.103 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.001)
0.004	0	3.67 (0.03)	0.02 (0.03)	1.109 (0.041)	0.104 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)	−3.68 (0.03)	0.03 (0.02)	1.124 (0.041)	0.096 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)
0.008	0	3.52 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.02)	1.903 (0.047)	0.106 (0.007)	0.001 (0.002)	−3.51 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)	1.865 (0.051)	0.106 (0.007)	0.000 (0.002)
0.016	0	3.24 (0.03)	0.00 (0.02)	3.108 (0.083)	0.105 (0.083)	−0.005 (0.002)	−3.22 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	3.062 (0.079)	0.106 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)
0.032	0	2.81 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	4.761 (0.107)	0.108 (0.011)	−0.002 (0.002)	−2.78 (0.03)	0.01 (0.02)	4.689 (0.108)	0.111 (0.011)	−0.001 (0.002)
0.064	0	2.02 (0.04)	0.04 (0.03)	6.075 (0.149)	0.118 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.002)	−2.01 (0.03)	0.04 (0.03)	6.045 (0.137)	0.116 (0.010)	0.000 (0.002)
0.128	0	0.79 (0.03)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.348 (0.215)	0.107 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)	−0.80 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.421 (0.228)	0.108 (0.010)	−0.005 (0.002)
0.256	0	0.03 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.322 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.02 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.323 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)
0	1.6	3.95 (0.04)	0.00 (0.06)	0.189 (0.015)	0.137 (0.011)	0.001 (0.008)	−4.01 (0.05)	−0.08 (0.05)	0.162 (0.011)	0.163 (0.022)	0.000 (0.011)
0.002	1.6	3.88 (0.05)	−0.07 (0.04)	0.699 (0.046)	0.285 (0.034)	−0.010 (0.034)	−3.82 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.04)	0.667 (0.033)	0.279 (0.031)	0.002 (0.014)
0.004	1.6	3.76 (0.05)	−0.09 (0.05)	1.166 (0.053)	0.382 (0.043)	−0.014 (0.034)	−3.66 (0.04)	0.08 (0.05)	1.065 (0.046)	0.411 (0.037)	−0.060 (0.031)
0.008	1.6	3.58 (0.04)	0.04 (0.05)	1.797 (0.083)	0.440 (0.056)	0.012 (0.036)	−3.59 (0.04)	0.10 (0.05)	1.798 (0.066)	0.359 (0.045)	0.005 (0.039)
0.016	1.6	3.27 (0.05)	−0.05 (0.05)	2.707 (0.063)	0.392 (0.072)	0.005 (0.066)	−3.23 (0.04)	0.07 (0.06)	2.771 (0.108)	0.397 (0.059)	−0.105 (0.064)
0.032	1.6	2.84 (0.06)	−0.03 (0.06)	4.557 (0.135)	0.439 (0.061)	−0.135 (0.072)	−2.80 (0.06)	0.12 (0.05)	4.347 (0.130)	0.466 (0.079)	−0.132 (0.084)
0.064	1.6	2.12 (0.04)	0.16 (0.04)	6.144 (0.153)	0.345 (0.050)	0.161 (0.087)	−2.07 (0.05)	0.02 (0.05)	6.070 (0.169)	0.341 (0.046)	0.202 (0.085)
0.128	1.6	0.58 (0.05)	0.05 (0.03)	3.334 (0.273)	0.325 (0.024)	−0.032 (0.071)	−0.60 (0.05)	0.06 (0.04)	3.354 (0.258)	0.330 (0.027)	0.008 (0.076)
0.256	1.6	0.00 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.019)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)	−0.03 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.020)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)

		Population 1					Population 2
m	$σ_{ε}^{2}$	${\bar{z}}_{1}$	${\bar{z}}_{2}$	$_{11}^{} V_{G}$	$_{22}^{} V_{G}$	$_{12}^{} V_{G}$	${\bar{z}}_{1}$	${\bar{z}}_{2}$	$_{11}^{} V_{G}$	$_{22}^{} V_{G}$	$_{12}^{} V_{G}$
0	0	4.01 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.04)	0.102 (0.011)	0.099 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)	−3.95 (0.04)	0.05 (0.04)	0.101 (0.012)	0.084 (0.010)	0.000 (0.000)
0.002	0	3.69 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.597 (0.024)	0.101 (0.009)	−0.001 (0.002)	−3.77 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	0.682 (0.030)	0.103 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.001)
0.004	0	3.67 (0.03)	0.02 (0.03)	1.109 (0.041)	0.104 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)	−3.68 (0.03)	0.03 (0.02)	1.124 (0.041)	0.096 (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)
0.008	0	3.52 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.02)	1.903 (0.047)	0.106 (0.007)	0.001 (0.002)	−3.51 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)	1.865 (0.051)	0.106 (0.007)	0.000 (0.002)
0.016	0	3.24 (0.03)	0.00 (0.02)	3.108 (0.083)	0.105 (0.083)	−0.005 (0.002)	−3.22 (0.03)	0.01 (0.03)	3.062 (0.079)	0.106 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)
0.032	0	2.81 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	4.761 (0.107)	0.108 (0.011)	−0.002 (0.002)	−2.78 (0.03)	0.01 (0.02)	4.689 (0.108)	0.111 (0.011)	−0.001 (0.002)
0.064	0	2.02 (0.04)	0.04 (0.03)	6.075 (0.149)	0.118 (0.010)	−0.001 (0.002)	−2.01 (0.03)	0.04 (0.03)	6.045 (0.137)	0.116 (0.010)	0.000 (0.002)
0.128	0	0.79 (0.03)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.348 (0.215)	0.107 (0.010)	−0.004 (0.002)	−0.80 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.02)	4.421 (0.228)	0.108 (0.010)	−0.005 (0.002)
0.256	0	0.03 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.322 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.02 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.323 (0.042)	0.109 (0.007)	−0.001 (0.001)
0	1.6	3.95 (0.04)	0.00 (0.06)	0.189 (0.015)	0.137 (0.011)	0.001 (0.008)	−4.01 (0.05)	−0.08 (0.05)	0.162 (0.011)	0.163 (0.022)	0.000 (0.011)
0.002	1.6	3.88 (0.05)	−0.07 (0.04)	0.699 (0.046)	0.285 (0.034)	−0.010 (0.034)	−3.82 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.04)	0.667 (0.033)	0.279 (0.031)	0.002 (0.014)
0.004	1.6	3.76 (0.05)	−0.09 (0.05)	1.166 (0.053)	0.382 (0.043)	−0.014 (0.034)	−3.66 (0.04)	0.08 (0.05)	1.065 (0.046)	0.411 (0.037)	−0.060 (0.031)
0.008	1.6	3.58 (0.04)	0.04 (0.05)	1.797 (0.083)	0.440 (0.056)	0.012 (0.036)	−3.59 (0.04)	0.10 (0.05)	1.798 (0.066)	0.359 (0.045)	0.005 (0.039)
0.016	1.6	3.27 (0.05)	−0.05 (0.05)	2.707 (0.063)	0.392 (0.072)	0.005 (0.066)	−3.23 (0.04)	0.07 (0.06)	2.771 (0.108)	0.397 (0.059)	−0.105 (0.064)
0.032	1.6	2.84 (0.06)	−0.03 (0.06)	4.557 (0.135)	0.439 (0.061)	−0.135 (0.072)	−2.80 (0.06)	0.12 (0.05)	4.347 (0.130)	0.466 (0.079)	−0.132 (0.084)
0.064	1.6	2.12 (0.04)	0.16 (0.04)	6.144 (0.153)	0.345 (0.050)	0.161 (0.087)	−2.07 (0.05)	0.02 (0.05)	6.070 (0.169)	0.341 (0.046)	0.202 (0.085)
0.128	1.6	0.58 (0.05)	0.05 (0.03)	3.334 (0.273)	0.325 (0.024)	−0.032 (0.071)	−0.60 (0.05)	0.06 (0.04)	3.354 (0.258)	0.330 (0.027)	0.008 (0.076)
0.256	1.6	0.00 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.019)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)	−0.03 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.191 (0.020)	0.117 (0.008)	−0.002 (0.006)

These simulations used the core set of parameter values (Table 1). Each quantitative trait was determined by 4 quantitative trait loci, and these loci were not pleiotropic (i.e., each of the 2 traits was determined by an independent set of loci). The genome consisted of 4 linkage groups, with 1 QTL per trait per linkage group. The epistatic variance (⁠ $σ_{ε}^{2}$ ⁠) indicates the variance of the normal distribution from which epistatic parameters were drawn, with a value of 0 indicating no epistatic effects. The 2 simulated populations differed with respect to the location of the bivariate optimum. The optimum for trait 1 in population 1 had a value of 4, whereas the trait 1 optimum in population 2 had a value of −4. Both populations had an optimum of 0 for trait 2. This table shows the migration rate (m), the aforementioned epistatic variance (⁠ $σ_{ε}^{2}$ ⁠), the means of the 2 traits (⁠ ${\bar{z}}_{1}$ and ${\bar{z}}_{2}$ ⁠), and the total genetic variances and covariance for the 2 traits (⁠ $_{11}^{} V_{G}$ ⁠, $_{22}^{} V_{G}$ ⁠, and $_{12}^{} V_{G}$ ⁠) for each of the 2 populations. Each value is a mean across 30 independent simulations, with the standard error of these means shown in parentheses.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only