Table 1. Open in new tab Baseline...

	No DKA Readmission	One to Three DKA Readmissions	Four or More DKA Readmissions
N	541 (73.9)	2421 (73.3)		146 (20.0)	679 (20.5)		45 (6.2)	205 (6.2)
Age class, y
2–9	150 (27.7)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	21 (14.4)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	<0.001
10–19	391 (72.3)	0 (0.0)		125 (85.6)	0 (0.0)		45 (100)	0 (0.0)
20–39	0 (0.0)	998 (41.2)		0 (0.0)	402 (59.2)		0 (0.0)	146 (71.2)
40–59	0 (0.0)	961 (39.7)		0 (0.0)	219 (32.3)		0 (0.0)	54 (26.3)
60–79	0 (0.0)	406 (16.8)		0 (0.0)	55 (8.1)		0 (0.0)	5 (2.4)
≥80	0 (0.0)	56 (2.3)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.4)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Female	281 (51.9)	1092 (45.1)	0.004	84 (57.5)	332 (48.9)	0.07	31 (68.9)	111 (54.1)	0.10
Race
White	301 (55.6)	1071 (44.2)	<0.001	60 (41.1)	334 (49.2)	0.20	20 (44.4)	84 (41.0)	0.003
Black	185 (34.2)	1095 (45.2)		73 (50.0)	291 (42.9)		18 (40.0)	114 (55.6)
Other	55 (10.2)	255 (10.6)		13 (8.9)	54 (8.0)		7 (15.6)	7 (3.4)
Hispanic	19 (3.5)	113 (4.7)	0.30	4 (2.7)	13 (1.9)	0.52	3 (6.7)	2 (1.0)	0.04
Payer
Private	301 (55.6)	945 (39.0)	<0.001	54 (37.0)	234 (34.5)	<0.001	14 (31.1)	51 (24.9)	<0.001
Medicare	0 (0.0)	534 (22.1)		0 (0.0)	118 (17.4)		0 (0.0)	38 (18.5)
Medicaid	209 (38.6)	593 (24.5)		83 (56.8)	220 (32.4)		30 (66.7)	83 (40.5)
Self-pay/charity	11 (2.0)	280 (11.6)		2 (1.4)	96 (14.1)		0 (0.0)	30 (14.6)
Other/unknown	20 (3.8)	69 (2.8)		7 (4.8)	11 (1.6)		1 (2.2)	3 (1.5)
Area deprivation
Least deprived	99 (19.0)	281 (11.9)	<0.001	6 (4.2)	60 (9.0)	0.11	1 (2.3)	12 (5.9)	0.54
Moderately deprived	209 (40.1)	1134 (48.2)		62 (43.4)	300 (45.0)		18 (40.9)	72 (35.3)
Most deprived	213 (40.9)	938 (39.9)		75 (52.4)	307 (46.0)		25 (56.8)	120 (58.8)
Severity, median (IQR)	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	3 (2, 3)	<0.001
AMA	8 (1.5)	81 (3.3)	0.02	5 (3.4)	48 (7.1)	0.13	3 (6.7)	17 (8.8)	0.77
Married	1 (0.2)	770 (31.8)	<0.001	2 (1.4)	150 (22.1)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	33 (16.1)	0.001

No DKA Readmission

One to Three DKA Readmissions

Four or More DKA Readmissions

Variable

Pediatric

Adult

P Value

Pediatric

Adult

P Value

Pediatric

Adult

P Value

541 (73.9)

2421 (73.3)

146 (20.0)

679 (20.5)

45 (6.2)

205 (6.2)

Age class, y

2–9

150 (27.7)

0 (0.0)

<0.001

21 (14.4)

0 (0.0)

<0.001

0 (0.0)

<0.001

10–19

391 (72.3)

0 (0.0)

125 (85.6)

0 (0.0)

45 (100)

0 (0.0)

20–39

0 (0.0)

998 (41.2)

0 (0.0)

402 (59.2)

0 (0.0)

146 (71.2)

40–59

0 (0.0)

961 (39.7)

0 (0.0)

219 (32.3)

0 (0.0)

54 (26.3)

60–79

0 (0.0)

406 (16.8)

0 (0.0)

55 (8.1)

0 (0.0)

5 (2.4)

≥80

0 (0.0)

56 (2.3)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

Female

281 (51.9)

1092 (45.1)

0.004

84 (57.5)

332 (48.9)

0.07

31 (68.9)

111 (54.1)

0.10

Race

White

301 (55.6)

1071 (44.2)

<0.001

60 (41.1)

334 (49.2)

0.20

20 (44.4)

84 (41.0)

0.003

Black

185 (34.2)

1095 (45.2)

73 (50.0)

291 (42.9)

18 (40.0)

114 (55.6)

Other

55 (10.2)

255 (10.6)

13 (8.9)

54 (8.0)

7 (15.6)

7 (3.4)

Hispanic

19 (3.5)

113 (4.7)

0.30

4 (2.7)

13 (1.9)

0.52

3 (6.7)

2 (1.0)

0.04

Payer

Private

301 (55.6)

945 (39.0)

<0.001

54 (37.0)

234 (34.5)

<0.001

14 (31.1)

51 (24.9)

<0.001

Medicare

0 (0.0)

534 (22.1)

0 (0.0)

118 (17.4)

0 (0.0)

38 (18.5)

Medicaid

209 (38.6)

593 (24.5)

83 (56.8)

220 (32.4)

30 (66.7)

83 (40.5)

Self-pay/charity

11 (2.0)

280 (11.6)

2 (1.4)

96 (14.1)

0 (0.0)

30 (14.6)

Other/unknown

20 (3.8)

69 (2.8)

7 (4.8)

11 (1.6)

1 (2.2)

3 (1.5)

Area deprivation

Least deprived

99 (19.0)

281 (11.9)

<0.001

6 (4.2)

60 (9.0)

0.11

1 (2.3)

12 (5.9)

0.54

Moderately deprived

209 (40.1)

1134 (48.2)

62 (43.4)

300 (45.0)

18 (40.9)

72 (35.3)

Most deprived

213 (40.9)

938 (39.9)

75 (52.4)

307 (46.0)

25 (56.8)

120 (58.8)

Severity, median (IQR)

2 (2, 2)

2 (2, 3)

<0.001

2 (2, 2)

2 (2, 3)

<0.001

2 (2, 2)

3 (2, 3)

<0.001

AMA

8 (1.5)

81 (3.3)

0.02

5 (3.4)

48 (7.1)

0.13

3 (6.7)

17 (8.8)

0.77

Married

1 (0.2)

770 (31.8)

<0.001

2 (1.4)

150 (22.1)

<0.001

0 (0.0)

33 (16.1)

0.001

	No DKA Readmission	One to Three DKA Readmissions	Four or More DKA Readmissions
N	541 (73.9)	2421 (73.3)		146 (20.0)	679 (20.5)		45 (6.2)	205 (6.2)
Age class, y
2–9	150 (27.7)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	21 (14.4)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	<0.001
10–19	391 (72.3)	0 (0.0)		125 (85.6)	0 (0.0)		45 (100)	0 (0.0)
20–39	0 (0.0)	998 (41.2)		0 (0.0)	402 (59.2)		0 (0.0)	146 (71.2)
40–59	0 (0.0)	961 (39.7)		0 (0.0)	219 (32.3)		0 (0.0)	54 (26.3)
60–79	0 (0.0)	406 (16.8)		0 (0.0)	55 (8.1)		0 (0.0)	5 (2.4)
≥80	0 (0.0)	56 (2.3)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.4)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Female	281 (51.9)	1092 (45.1)	0.004	84 (57.5)	332 (48.9)	0.07	31 (68.9)	111 (54.1)	0.10
Race
White	301 (55.6)	1071 (44.2)	<0.001	60 (41.1)	334 (49.2)	0.20	20 (44.4)	84 (41.0)	0.003
Black	185 (34.2)	1095 (45.2)		73 (50.0)	291 (42.9)		18 (40.0)	114 (55.6)
Other	55 (10.2)	255 (10.6)		13 (8.9)	54 (8.0)		7 (15.6)	7 (3.4)
Hispanic	19 (3.5)	113 (4.7)	0.30	4 (2.7)	13 (1.9)	0.52	3 (6.7)	2 (1.0)	0.04
Payer
Private	301 (55.6)	945 (39.0)	<0.001	54 (37.0)	234 (34.5)	<0.001	14 (31.1)	51 (24.9)	<0.001
Medicare	0 (0.0)	534 (22.1)		0 (0.0)	118 (17.4)		0 (0.0)	38 (18.5)
Medicaid	209 (38.6)	593 (24.5)		83 (56.8)	220 (32.4)		30 (66.7)	83 (40.5)
Self-pay/charity	11 (2.0)	280 (11.6)		2 (1.4)	96 (14.1)		0 (0.0)	30 (14.6)
Other/unknown	20 (3.8)	69 (2.8)		7 (4.8)	11 (1.6)		1 (2.2)	3 (1.5)
Area deprivation
Least deprived	99 (19.0)	281 (11.9)	<0.001	6 (4.2)	60 (9.0)	0.11	1 (2.3)	12 (5.9)	0.54
Moderately deprived	209 (40.1)	1134 (48.2)		62 (43.4)	300 (45.0)		18 (40.9)	72 (35.3)
Most deprived	213 (40.9)	938 (39.9)		75 (52.4)	307 (46.0)		25 (56.8)	120 (58.8)
Severity, median (IQR)	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	3 (2, 3)	<0.001
AMA	8 (1.5)	81 (3.3)	0.02	5 (3.4)	48 (7.1)	0.13	3 (6.7)	17 (8.8)	0.77
Married	1 (0.2)	770 (31.8)	<0.001	2 (1.4)	150 (22.1)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	33 (16.1)	0.001

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Baseline Characteristics of Pediatric and Adult Patients With T1D by DKA Readmissions Status (N = 4037)

	No DKA Readmission			One to Three DKA Readmissions			Four or More DKA Readmissions
Variable	Pediatric	Adult	P Value	Pediatric	Adult	P Value	Pediatric	Adult	P Value
N	541 (73.9)	2421 (73.3)		146 (20.0)	679 (20.5)		45 (6.2)	205 (6.2)
Age class, y
2–9	150 (27.7)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	21 (14.4)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	<0.001
10–19	391 (72.3)	0 (0.0)		125 (85.6)	0 (0.0)		45 (100)	0 (0.0)
20–39	0 (0.0)	998 (41.2)		0 (0.0)	402 (59.2)		0 (0.0)	146 (71.2)
40–59	0 (0.0)	961 (39.7)		0 (0.0)	219 (32.3)		0 (0.0)	54 (26.3)
60–79	0 (0.0)	406 (16.8)		0 (0.0)	55 (8.1)		0 (0.0)	5 (2.4)
≥80	0 (0.0)	56 (2.3)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.4)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Female	281 (51.9)	1092 (45.1)	0.004	84 (57.5)	332 (48.9)	0.07	31 (68.9)	111 (54.1)	0.10
Race
White	301 (55.6)	1071 (44.2)	<0.001	60 (41.1)	334 (49.2)	0.20	20 (44.4)	84 (41.0)	0.003
Black	185 (34.2)	1095 (45.2)		73 (50.0)	291 (42.9)		18 (40.0)	114 (55.6)
Other	55 (10.2)	255 (10.6)		13 (8.9)	54 (8.0)		7 (15.6)	7 (3.4)
Hispanic	19 (3.5)	113 (4.7)	0.30	4 (2.7)	13 (1.9)	0.52	3 (6.7)	2 (1.0)	0.04
Payer
Private	301 (55.6)	945 (39.0)	<0.001	54 (37.0)	234 (34.5)	<0.001	14 (31.1)	51 (24.9)	<0.001
Medicare	0 (0.0)	534 (22.1)		0 (0.0)	118 (17.4)		0 (0.0)	38 (18.5)
Medicaid	209 (38.6)	593 (24.5)		83 (56.8)	220 (32.4)		30 (66.7)	83 (40.5)
Self-pay/charity	11 (2.0)	280 (11.6)		2 (1.4)	96 (14.1)		0 (0.0)	30 (14.6)
Other/unknown	20 (3.8)	69 (2.8)		7 (4.8)	11 (1.6)		1 (2.2)	3 (1.5)
Area deprivation
Least deprived	99 (19.0)	281 (11.9)	<0.001	6 (4.2)	60 (9.0)	0.11	1 (2.3)	12 (5.9)	0.54
Moderately deprived	209 (40.1)	1134 (48.2)		62 (43.4)	300 (45.0)		18 (40.9)	72 (35.3)
Most deprived	213 (40.9)	938 (39.9)		75 (52.4)	307 (46.0)		25 (56.8)	120 (58.8)
Severity, median (IQR)	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	3 (2, 3)	<0.001
AMA	8 (1.5)	81 (3.3)	0.02	5 (3.4)	48 (7.1)	0.13	3 (6.7)	17 (8.8)	0.77
Married	1 (0.2)	770 (31.8)	<0.001	2 (1.4)	150 (22.1)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	33 (16.1)	0.001

	No DKA Readmission			One to Three DKA Readmissions			Four or More DKA Readmissions
Variable	Pediatric	Adult	P Value	Pediatric	Adult	P Value	Pediatric	Adult	P Value
N	541 (73.9)	2421 (73.3)		146 (20.0)	679 (20.5)		45 (6.2)	205 (6.2)
Age class, y
2–9	150 (27.7)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	21 (14.4)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	<0.001
10–19	391 (72.3)	0 (0.0)		125 (85.6)	0 (0.0)		45 (100)	0 (0.0)
20–39	0 (0.0)	998 (41.2)		0 (0.0)	402 (59.2)		0 (0.0)	146 (71.2)
40–59	0 (0.0)	961 (39.7)		0 (0.0)	219 (32.3)		0 (0.0)	54 (26.3)
60–79	0 (0.0)	406 (16.8)		0 (0.0)	55 (8.1)		0 (0.0)	5 (2.4)
≥80	0 (0.0)	56 (2.3)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.4)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Female	281 (51.9)	1092 (45.1)	0.004	84 (57.5)	332 (48.9)	0.07	31 (68.9)	111 (54.1)	0.10
Race
White	301 (55.6)	1071 (44.2)	<0.001	60 (41.1)	334 (49.2)	0.20	20 (44.4)	84 (41.0)	0.003
Black	185 (34.2)	1095 (45.2)		73 (50.0)	291 (42.9)		18 (40.0)	114 (55.6)
Other	55 (10.2)	255 (10.6)		13 (8.9)	54 (8.0)		7 (15.6)	7 (3.4)
Hispanic	19 (3.5)	113 (4.7)	0.30	4 (2.7)	13 (1.9)	0.52	3 (6.7)	2 (1.0)	0.04
Payer
Private	301 (55.6)	945 (39.0)	<0.001	54 (37.0)	234 (34.5)	<0.001	14 (31.1)	51 (24.9)	<0.001
Medicare	0 (0.0)	534 (22.1)		0 (0.0)	118 (17.4)		0 (0.0)	38 (18.5)
Medicaid	209 (38.6)	593 (24.5)		83 (56.8)	220 (32.4)		30 (66.7)	83 (40.5)
Self-pay/charity	11 (2.0)	280 (11.6)		2 (1.4)	96 (14.1)		0 (0.0)	30 (14.6)
Other/unknown	20 (3.8)	69 (2.8)		7 (4.8)	11 (1.6)		1 (2.2)	3 (1.5)
Area deprivation
Least deprived	99 (19.0)	281 (11.9)	<0.001	6 (4.2)	60 (9.0)	0.11	1 (2.3)	12 (5.9)	0.54
Moderately deprived	209 (40.1)	1134 (48.2)		62 (43.4)	300 (45.0)		18 (40.9)	72 (35.3)
Most deprived	213 (40.9)	938 (39.9)		75 (52.4)	307 (46.0)		25 (56.8)	120 (58.8)
Severity, median (IQR)	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	2 (2, 3)	<0.001	2 (2, 2)	3 (2, 3)	<0.001
AMA	8 (1.5)	81 (3.3)	0.02	5 (3.4)	48 (7.1)	0.13	3 (6.7)	17 (8.8)	0.77
Married	1 (0.2)	770 (31.8)	<0.001	2 (1.4)	150 (22.1)	<0.001	0 (0.0)	33 (16.1)	0.001

Data are reported as number of patients (%) unless noted otherwise.

Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.

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