Relation of 1 SD increase (95% CIs) in paternal and maternal height with their own characteristics (measured in 1972–76) and offspring characteristics (measured in 1996) in the Midspan Family Study in Renfrew and Paisley in Scotland (n = 2306)
| . | Model 1a . | Model 2b . | Model 3c . | Model 4d . | P-valuee . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.79) | 0.73 (0.65 to 0.82) | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.85) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) | – |
| Age (years)h | −0.58 (−0.84 to −0.31) | −0.62 (−0.89 to −0.35) | −0.67 (−0.96 to −0.38) | −0.85 (−1.16 to −0.55) | – |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.09) | 2.29 (1.98 to 2.60) | – |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | – |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | – |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.42) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.15) | – |
| Current cigarette smoking | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.25) | – |
| Age at interview (years) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.37) | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.47) | 0.33 (0.03 to 0.64) | 0.56 (0.23 to 0.89) | – |
| Height (cm) | 3.10 (2.85 to 3.35) | 3.05 (2.80 to 3.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | – |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | – |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.07 (−0.63 to 0.50) | 0.03 (−0.54 to 0.60) | 0.09 (−0.52 to 0.70) | −0.09 (−0.78 to 0.60) | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.37 (−0.56 to −0.17) | −0.32 (−0.53 to −0.12) | −0.39 (−0.62 to −0.17) | −0.30 (−0.54 to −0.06) | – |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.07 (−0.43 to 0.57) | 0.20 (−0.31 to 0.71) | −0.35 (−0.90 to 0.20) | −0.79 (−1.39 to −0.20) | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.67 to 0.64) | 0.10 (−0.58 to 0.79) | 0.02 (−0.73 to 0.77) | 0.26 (−0.51 to 1.04) | – |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.13 (−0.61 to 0.35) | −0.09 (−0.59 to 0.41) | −0.14 (−0.68 to 0.40) | −0.08 (−0.64 to 0.49) | – |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.09 to 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | – |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | – |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01) | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.01) | −0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00) | – |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | – |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.13) | – |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.13) | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | – |
| Maternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.01 |
| Age (years)h | −0.51 (−0.74, 0.28) | −0.55 (−0.78 to 0.32) | −0.52 (−0.79 to 0.26) | −0.72 (−1.00 to −0.44) | <0.01 |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) | 2.56 (2.20 to 2.94) | 0.57 |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.14) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25) | 0.25 |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.47 |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.38 (0.24 to 0.53) | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.32) | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.34) | 0.23 (0.05 to 0.38) | 0.08 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.00) | <0.01 |
| Age at interview (years) | −0.02 (−0.25 to 0.22) | 0.11 (−0.14 to 0.35) | 0.12 (−0.15 to 0.40) | 0.39 (0.09 to 0.68) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 3.33 (3.06 to 3.59) | 3.28 (3.02 to 3.54) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 0.06 |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.11) | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.20 (−0.89 to 0.49) | −0.10 (−0.83 to 0.64) | −0.13 (−0.92 to 0.66) | −0.34 (−1.23 to 0.54) | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 (−0.26 to 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.20 to 0.22) | 0.17 (−0.06 to 0.40) | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.53) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.03 (0.49 to 1.57) | 1.19 (0.65 to 1.73) | 1.34 (0.75 to 1.93) | 0.80 (0.17 to 1.44) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.07 (−0.57 to 0.72) | 0.21 (−0.45 to 0.88) | 0.20 (−0.52 to 0.93) | 0.50 (−0.31 to 1.31) | 0.68 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.50 to 0.47) | 0.03 (−0.46 to 0.51) | 0.08 (−0.44 to 0.60) | 0.15 (−0.40 to 0.70) | 0.49 |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.24 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | <0.01 |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.09 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.17 |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | 0.45 |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.13 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.74 |
| . | Model 1a . | Model 2b . | Model 3c . | Model 4d . | P-valuee . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.79) | 0.73 (0.65 to 0.82) | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.85) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) | – |
| Age (years)h | −0.58 (−0.84 to −0.31) | −0.62 (−0.89 to −0.35) | −0.67 (−0.96 to −0.38) | −0.85 (−1.16 to −0.55) | – |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.09) | 2.29 (1.98 to 2.60) | – |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | – |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | – |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.42) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.15) | – |
| Current cigarette smoking | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.25) | – |
| Age at interview (years) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.37) | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.47) | 0.33 (0.03 to 0.64) | 0.56 (0.23 to 0.89) | – |
| Height (cm) | 3.10 (2.85 to 3.35) | 3.05 (2.80 to 3.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | – |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | – |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.07 (−0.63 to 0.50) | 0.03 (−0.54 to 0.60) | 0.09 (−0.52 to 0.70) | −0.09 (−0.78 to 0.60) | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.37 (−0.56 to −0.17) | −0.32 (−0.53 to −0.12) | −0.39 (−0.62 to −0.17) | −0.30 (−0.54 to −0.06) | – |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.07 (−0.43 to 0.57) | 0.20 (−0.31 to 0.71) | −0.35 (−0.90 to 0.20) | −0.79 (−1.39 to −0.20) | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.67 to 0.64) | 0.10 (−0.58 to 0.79) | 0.02 (−0.73 to 0.77) | 0.26 (−0.51 to 1.04) | – |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.13 (−0.61 to 0.35) | −0.09 (−0.59 to 0.41) | −0.14 (−0.68 to 0.40) | −0.08 (−0.64 to 0.49) | – |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.09 to 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | – |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | – |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01) | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.01) | −0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00) | – |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | – |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.13) | – |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.13) | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | – |
| Maternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.01 |
| Age (years)h | −0.51 (−0.74, 0.28) | −0.55 (−0.78 to 0.32) | −0.52 (−0.79 to 0.26) | −0.72 (−1.00 to −0.44) | <0.01 |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) | 2.56 (2.20 to 2.94) | 0.57 |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.14) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25) | 0.25 |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.47 |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.38 (0.24 to 0.53) | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.32) | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.34) | 0.23 (0.05 to 0.38) | 0.08 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.00) | <0.01 |
| Age at interview (years) | −0.02 (−0.25 to 0.22) | 0.11 (−0.14 to 0.35) | 0.12 (−0.15 to 0.40) | 0.39 (0.09 to 0.68) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 3.33 (3.06 to 3.59) | 3.28 (3.02 to 3.54) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 0.06 |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.11) | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.20 (−0.89 to 0.49) | −0.10 (−0.83 to 0.64) | −0.13 (−0.92 to 0.66) | −0.34 (−1.23 to 0.54) | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 (−0.26 to 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.20 to 0.22) | 0.17 (−0.06 to 0.40) | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.53) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.03 (0.49 to 1.57) | 1.19 (0.65 to 1.73) | 1.34 (0.75 to 1.93) | 0.80 (0.17 to 1.44) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.07 (−0.57 to 0.72) | 0.21 (−0.45 to 0.88) | 0.20 (−0.52 to 0.93) | 0.50 (−0.31 to 1.31) | 0.68 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.50 to 0.47) | 0.03 (−0.46 to 0.51) | 0.08 (−0.44 to 0.60) | 0.15 (−0.40 to 0.70) | 0.49 |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.24 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | <0.01 |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.09 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.17 |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | 0.45 |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.13 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.74 |
aModel 1: Adjusted for father’s or mother’s age, offspring age at interview and offspring sex (where these covariates were the outcome of interest, the covariate was dropped from the model).
bModel 2: Adjustment as in Model 1 plus parental and offspring socio-economic position (where these covariates were the outcome of interest, the covariate was dropped from the model).
cModel 3: Adjustment as in Model 2 plus mutual adjustment for parental height; values are estimates (95% CIs) of RRs for categorical variables and regression coefficients for continuous variables.
dModel 4: Adjustment as in Model 3 plus adjustment for offspring height (where offspring height was the outcome of interest, it was dropped from the model); values are estimates (95% CIs) of RRs for categorical variables and regression coefficients for continuous variables.
ez-test of difference between maternal and paternal height effects in Model 4.
fHeight of father (SD = 6.5 cm) or mother (SD = 5.6 cm) at Renfrew/Paisley interview 1972–76.
gIII manual, IV and V combined, with I, II and III non-manual combined as the reference category.
hAge of father or mother at Renfrew/Paisley interview 1972–76.
Relation of 1 SD increase (95% CIs) in paternal and maternal height with their own characteristics (measured in 1972–76) and offspring characteristics (measured in 1996) in the Midspan Family Study in Renfrew and Paisley in Scotland (n = 2306)
| . | Model 1a . | Model 2b . | Model 3c . | Model 4d . | P-valuee . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.79) | 0.73 (0.65 to 0.82) | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.85) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) | – |
| Age (years)h | −0.58 (−0.84 to −0.31) | −0.62 (−0.89 to −0.35) | −0.67 (−0.96 to −0.38) | −0.85 (−1.16 to −0.55) | – |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.09) | 2.29 (1.98 to 2.60) | – |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | – |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | – |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.42) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.15) | – |
| Current cigarette smoking | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.25) | – |
| Age at interview (years) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.37) | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.47) | 0.33 (0.03 to 0.64) | 0.56 (0.23 to 0.89) | – |
| Height (cm) | 3.10 (2.85 to 3.35) | 3.05 (2.80 to 3.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | – |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | – |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.07 (−0.63 to 0.50) | 0.03 (−0.54 to 0.60) | 0.09 (−0.52 to 0.70) | −0.09 (−0.78 to 0.60) | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.37 (−0.56 to −0.17) | −0.32 (−0.53 to −0.12) | −0.39 (−0.62 to −0.17) | −0.30 (−0.54 to −0.06) | – |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.07 (−0.43 to 0.57) | 0.20 (−0.31 to 0.71) | −0.35 (−0.90 to 0.20) | −0.79 (−1.39 to −0.20) | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.67 to 0.64) | 0.10 (−0.58 to 0.79) | 0.02 (−0.73 to 0.77) | 0.26 (−0.51 to 1.04) | – |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.13 (−0.61 to 0.35) | −0.09 (−0.59 to 0.41) | −0.14 (−0.68 to 0.40) | −0.08 (−0.64 to 0.49) | – |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.09 to 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | – |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | – |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01) | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.01) | −0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00) | – |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | – |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.13) | – |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.13) | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | – |
| Maternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.01 |
| Age (years)h | −0.51 (−0.74, 0.28) | −0.55 (−0.78 to 0.32) | −0.52 (−0.79 to 0.26) | −0.72 (−1.00 to −0.44) | <0.01 |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) | 2.56 (2.20 to 2.94) | 0.57 |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.14) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25) | 0.25 |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.47 |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.38 (0.24 to 0.53) | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.32) | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.34) | 0.23 (0.05 to 0.38) | 0.08 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.00) | <0.01 |
| Age at interview (years) | −0.02 (−0.25 to 0.22) | 0.11 (−0.14 to 0.35) | 0.12 (−0.15 to 0.40) | 0.39 (0.09 to 0.68) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 3.33 (3.06 to 3.59) | 3.28 (3.02 to 3.54) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 0.06 |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.11) | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.20 (−0.89 to 0.49) | −0.10 (−0.83 to 0.64) | −0.13 (−0.92 to 0.66) | −0.34 (−1.23 to 0.54) | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 (−0.26 to 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.20 to 0.22) | 0.17 (−0.06 to 0.40) | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.53) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.03 (0.49 to 1.57) | 1.19 (0.65 to 1.73) | 1.34 (0.75 to 1.93) | 0.80 (0.17 to 1.44) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.07 (−0.57 to 0.72) | 0.21 (−0.45 to 0.88) | 0.20 (−0.52 to 0.93) | 0.50 (−0.31 to 1.31) | 0.68 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.50 to 0.47) | 0.03 (−0.46 to 0.51) | 0.08 (−0.44 to 0.60) | 0.15 (−0.40 to 0.70) | 0.49 |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.24 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | <0.01 |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.09 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.17 |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | 0.45 |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.13 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.74 |
| . | Model 1a . | Model 2b . | Model 3c . | Model 4d . | P-valuee . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.79) | 0.73 (0.65 to 0.82) | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.85) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) | – |
| Age (years)h | −0.58 (−0.84 to −0.31) | −0.62 (−0.89 to −0.35) | −0.67 (−0.96 to −0.38) | −0.85 (−1.16 to −0.55) | – |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.09) | 2.29 (1.98 to 2.60) | – |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | – |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | – |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.42) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.15) | – |
| Current cigarette smoking | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.25) | – |
| Age at interview (years) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.37) | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.47) | 0.33 (0.03 to 0.64) | 0.56 (0.23 to 0.89) | – |
| Height (cm) | 3.10 (2.85 to 3.35) | 3.05 (2.80 to 3.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | 2.06 (1.81 to 2.30) | – |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | – |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.07 (−0.63 to 0.50) | 0.03 (−0.54 to 0.60) | 0.09 (−0.52 to 0.70) | −0.09 (−0.78 to 0.60) | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.37 (−0.56 to −0.17) | −0.32 (−0.53 to −0.12) | −0.39 (−0.62 to −0.17) | −0.30 (−0.54 to −0.06) | – |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.07 (−0.43 to 0.57) | 0.20 (−0.31 to 0.71) | −0.35 (−0.90 to 0.20) | −0.79 (−1.39 to −0.20) | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.67 to 0.64) | 0.10 (−0.58 to 0.79) | 0.02 (−0.73 to 0.77) | 0.26 (−0.51 to 1.04) | – |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.13 (−0.61 to 0.35) | −0.09 (−0.59 to 0.41) | −0.14 (−0.68 to 0.40) | −0.08 (−0.64 to 0.49) | – |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.09 to 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | – |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | – |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01) | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.01) | −0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00) | – |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | – |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.13) | – |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.13) | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | – |
| Maternal heightf | |||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Manual occupational social class (father)g | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.01 |
| Age (years)h | −0.51 (−0.74, 0.28) | −0.55 (−0.78 to 0.32) | −0.52 (−0.79 to 0.26) | −0.72 (−1.00 to −0.44) | <0.01 |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Males | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.01) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) | 2.56 (2.20 to 2.94) | 0.57 |
| Manual occupational social classg | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.14) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25) | 0.25 |
| Deprived area of residence | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.47 |
| Duration of education (years) | 0.38 (0.24 to 0.53) | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.32) | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.34) | 0.23 (0.05 to 0.38) | 0.08 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.00) | <0.01 |
| Age at interview (years) | −0.02 (−0.25 to 0.22) | 0.11 (−0.14 to 0.35) | 0.12 (−0.15 to 0.40) | 0.39 (0.09 to 0.68) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 3.33 (3.06 to 3.59) | 3.28 (3.02 to 3.54) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 2.47 (2.22 to 2.73) | 0.06 |
| Birthweight (kg) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.11) | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | −0.20 (−0.89 to 0.49) | −0.10 (−0.83 to 0.64) | −0.13 (−0.92 to 0.66) | −0.34 (−1.23 to 0.54) | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 (−0.26 to 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.20 to 0.22) | 0.17 (−0.06 to 0.40) | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.53) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.03 (0.49 to 1.57) | 1.19 (0.65 to 1.73) | 1.34 (0.75 to 1.93) | 0.80 (0.17 to 1.44) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.07 (−0.57 to 0.72) | 0.21 (−0.45 to 0.88) | 0.20 (−0.52 to 0.93) | 0.50 (−0.31 to 1.31) | 0.68 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.02 (−0.50 to 0.47) | 0.03 (−0.46 to 0.51) | 0.08 (−0.44 to 0.60) | 0.15 (−0.40 to 0.70) | 0.49 |
| Total plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.24 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | <0.01 |
| Non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | −0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.09 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.17 |
| White blood cell count (×109/l) | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | 0.45 |
| FEV1 (l) | 0.13 (0.10 to 0.15) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.74 |
aModel 1: Adjusted for father’s or mother’s age, offspring age at interview and offspring sex (where these covariates were the outcome of interest, the covariate was dropped from the model).
bModel 2: Adjustment as in Model 1 plus parental and offspring socio-economic position (where these covariates were the outcome of interest, the covariate was dropped from the model).
cModel 3: Adjustment as in Model 2 plus mutual adjustment for parental height; values are estimates (95% CIs) of RRs for categorical variables and regression coefficients for continuous variables.
dModel 4: Adjustment as in Model 3 plus adjustment for offspring height (where offspring height was the outcome of interest, it was dropped from the model); values are estimates (95% CIs) of RRs for categorical variables and regression coefficients for continuous variables.
ez-test of difference between maternal and paternal height effects in Model 4.
fHeight of father (SD = 6.5 cm) or mother (SD = 5.6 cm) at Renfrew/Paisley interview 1972–76.
gIII manual, IV and V combined, with I, II and III non-manual combined as the reference category.
hAge of father or mother at Renfrew/Paisley interview 1972–76.
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