Of the 110 patients enrolled in the ‘Preoperative RFR Predicts Risk of AKI After Cardiac Surgery’ study, 86 were available for follow-up (Figure 1). Among those who were lost to follow-up, one patient was readmitted to hospital due to post-operative complications and died of multiple organ failure. Baseline characteristics and renal function measures and biomarkers are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Additional baseline characteristics, process of care and outcomes variablesand biomarker characteristics are shown in Supplementary data, Tables S1–S3. Average resting (measured by creatinine clearance) and eGFR were 102.7 ± 14.7 and 89.5 ± 14.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively.
| . | All patients . | No AKI . | AKI Stage 1 . | AKI Stages 2−3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 86) . | (n = 76) . | (n = 7) . | (n = 3) . | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 60.7 (51.5−67.7) | 59.9 (51.4−66.4) | 72.5 (60.6−77.5) | 49.9 (47.7−75.6) |
| Gender, male | 63 (73.3) | 56 (73.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 28.9 ± 3.0 | 30.2 ± 2.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 55 (63.9) | 47 (61.8) | 6 (85.7) | 2 (66.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus Type 2 | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Peripheral vasculopathy | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (33.3) |
| Previous heart surgery | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 61.5 (58.0−67.0) | 61.5 (57.5−66.0) | 59.0 (55.0−69.0) | 70.0 (65.0−71.0) |
| Medication | ||||
| Beta-blocker | 29 (33.7) | 23 (30.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (100) |
| ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 40 (46.5) | 33 (43.2) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Statin | 30 (34.9) | 26 (34.2) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (66.7) |
| Diuretic | 18 (20.9) | 15 (19.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Baseline clinical data | ||||
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.1 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 2.6 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 214.1 ± 47.7 | 212.5 ± 44.0 | 189.0 ± 39.3 | 313.7 ±48.3 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 |
| NYHA classification | ||||
| 1 | 37 (43.0) | 36 (47.4) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 49 (57.0) | 40 (52.6) | 6 (85.7) | 3 (100) |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| EuroSCORE II for operative risk (%)b | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.5 (1.0−4.3) | 0.7 (0.6−11.8) |
| Surgical clinical data | ||||
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 85.3 ± 31.7 | 82.9 ± 29.8 | 90 ± 39.8 | 136.0 ± 21.3 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 116 (150.0−177.0) | 111.5 (97.0−144.5) | 153.0 (105.0−192.0) | 282.0 (166.0–301.0) |
| Procedure | ||||
| Coronary artery bypass graft only | 2 (2.33) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) |
| Valve only | 46 (53.5) | 42 (55.3) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (33.3) |
| Combined or other | 38 (44.2) | 32 (42.1) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (66.7) |
| ICU clinical data | ||||
| ICU stay (h) | 51.0 (41.0−72.0) | 45 (41.0−66.0) | 55.5 (40.0−88.0) | 106.0 (85.0−189.0) |
| Hospital stay (days) | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 6 ± 0 |
| . | All patients . | No AKI . | AKI Stage 1 . | AKI Stages 2−3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 86) . | (n = 76) . | (n = 7) . | (n = 3) . | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 60.7 (51.5−67.7) | 59.9 (51.4−66.4) | 72.5 (60.6−77.5) | 49.9 (47.7−75.6) |
| Gender, male | 63 (73.3) | 56 (73.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 28.9 ± 3.0 | 30.2 ± 2.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 55 (63.9) | 47 (61.8) | 6 (85.7) | 2 (66.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus Type 2 | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Peripheral vasculopathy | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (33.3) |
| Previous heart surgery | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 61.5 (58.0−67.0) | 61.5 (57.5−66.0) | 59.0 (55.0−69.0) | 70.0 (65.0−71.0) |
| Medication | ||||
| Beta-blocker | 29 (33.7) | 23 (30.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (100) |
| ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 40 (46.5) | 33 (43.2) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Statin | 30 (34.9) | 26 (34.2) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (66.7) |
| Diuretic | 18 (20.9) | 15 (19.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Baseline clinical data | ||||
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.1 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 2.6 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 214.1 ± 47.7 | 212.5 ± 44.0 | 189.0 ± 39.3 | 313.7 ±48.3 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 |
| NYHA classification | ||||
| 1 | 37 (43.0) | 36 (47.4) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 49 (57.0) | 40 (52.6) | 6 (85.7) | 3 (100) |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| EuroSCORE II for operative risk (%)b | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.5 (1.0−4.3) | 0.7 (0.6−11.8) |
| Surgical clinical data | ||||
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 85.3 ± 31.7 | 82.9 ± 29.8 | 90 ± 39.8 | 136.0 ± 21.3 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 116 (150.0−177.0) | 111.5 (97.0−144.5) | 153.0 (105.0−192.0) | 282.0 (166.0–301.0) |
| Procedure | ||||
| Coronary artery bypass graft only | 2 (2.33) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) |
| Valve only | 46 (53.5) | 42 (55.3) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (33.3) |
| Combined or other | 38 (44.2) | 32 (42.1) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (66.7) |
| ICU clinical data | ||||
| ICU stay (h) | 51.0 (41.0−72.0) | 45 (41.0−66.0) | 55.5 (40.0−88.0) | 106.0 (85.0−189.0) |
| Hospital stay (days) | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 6 ± 0 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%) or median [25th–75th percentile (interquartile range)]. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%).
Additional data are provided in the Supplementary data, Tables S1 and S2. There were no significant differences between the groups except for beta-blocker (P = 0.04), aortic cross-clamp time (P = 0.04), cardiopulmonary bypass time (P = 0.004), ICU stay (P = 0.01) and hospital stay (P = 0.002).
The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is calculated by means of a logistic-regression equation and ranges from 0% to 100%, with higher scores indicating greater risk.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
| . | All patients . | No AKI . | AKI Stage 1 . | AKI Stages 2−3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 86) . | (n = 76) . | (n = 7) . | (n = 3) . | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 60.7 (51.5−67.7) | 59.9 (51.4−66.4) | 72.5 (60.6−77.5) | 49.9 (47.7−75.6) |
| Gender, male | 63 (73.3) | 56 (73.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 28.9 ± 3.0 | 30.2 ± 2.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 55 (63.9) | 47 (61.8) | 6 (85.7) | 2 (66.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus Type 2 | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Peripheral vasculopathy | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (33.3) |
| Previous heart surgery | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 61.5 (58.0−67.0) | 61.5 (57.5−66.0) | 59.0 (55.0−69.0) | 70.0 (65.0−71.0) |
| Medication | ||||
| Beta-blocker | 29 (33.7) | 23 (30.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (100) |
| ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 40 (46.5) | 33 (43.2) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Statin | 30 (34.9) | 26 (34.2) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (66.7) |
| Diuretic | 18 (20.9) | 15 (19.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Baseline clinical data | ||||
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.1 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 2.6 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 214.1 ± 47.7 | 212.5 ± 44.0 | 189.0 ± 39.3 | 313.7 ±48.3 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 |
| NYHA classification | ||||
| 1 | 37 (43.0) | 36 (47.4) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 49 (57.0) | 40 (52.6) | 6 (85.7) | 3 (100) |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| EuroSCORE II for operative risk (%)b | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.5 (1.0−4.3) | 0.7 (0.6−11.8) |
| Surgical clinical data | ||||
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 85.3 ± 31.7 | 82.9 ± 29.8 | 90 ± 39.8 | 136.0 ± 21.3 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 116 (150.0−177.0) | 111.5 (97.0−144.5) | 153.0 (105.0−192.0) | 282.0 (166.0–301.0) |
| Procedure | ||||
| Coronary artery bypass graft only | 2 (2.33) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) |
| Valve only | 46 (53.5) | 42 (55.3) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (33.3) |
| Combined or other | 38 (44.2) | 32 (42.1) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (66.7) |
| ICU clinical data | ||||
| ICU stay (h) | 51.0 (41.0−72.0) | 45 (41.0−66.0) | 55.5 (40.0−88.0) | 106.0 (85.0−189.0) |
| Hospital stay (days) | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 6 ± 0 |
| . | All patients . | No AKI . | AKI Stage 1 . | AKI Stages 2−3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 86) . | (n = 76) . | (n = 7) . | (n = 3) . | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 60.7 (51.5−67.7) | 59.9 (51.4−66.4) | 72.5 (60.6−77.5) | 49.9 (47.7−75.6) |
| Gender, male | 63 (73.3) | 56 (73.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 28.9 ± 3.0 | 30.2 ± 2.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 55 (63.9) | 47 (61.8) | 6 (85.7) | 2 (66.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus Type 2 | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Peripheral vasculopathy | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (33.3) |
| Previous heart surgery | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 61.5 (58.0−67.0) | 61.5 (57.5−66.0) | 59.0 (55.0−69.0) | 70.0 (65.0−71.0) |
| Medication | ||||
| Beta-blocker | 29 (33.7) | 23 (30.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (100) |
| ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 40 (46.5) | 33 (43.2) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (66.7) |
| Statin | 30 (34.9) | 26 (34.2) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (66.7) |
| Diuretic | 18 (20.9) | 15 (19.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Baseline clinical data | ||||
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.1 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 2.6 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 214.1 ± 47.7 | 212.5 ± 44.0 | 189.0 ± 39.3 | 313.7 ±48.3 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 |
| NYHA classification | ||||
| 1 | 37 (43.0) | 36 (47.4) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 49 (57.0) | 40 (52.6) | 6 (85.7) | 3 (100) |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| EuroSCORE II for operative risk (%)b | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.0 (0.7−1.6) | 1.5 (1.0−4.3) | 0.7 (0.6−11.8) |
| Surgical clinical data | ||||
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 85.3 ± 31.7 | 82.9 ± 29.8 | 90 ± 39.8 | 136.0 ± 21.3 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 116 (150.0−177.0) | 111.5 (97.0−144.5) | 153.0 (105.0−192.0) | 282.0 (166.0–301.0) |
| Procedure | ||||
| Coronary artery bypass graft only | 2 (2.33) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) |
| Valve only | 46 (53.5) | 42 (55.3) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (33.3) |
| Combined or other | 38 (44.2) | 32 (42.1) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (66.7) |
| ICU clinical data | ||||
| ICU stay (h) | 51.0 (41.0−72.0) | 45 (41.0−66.0) | 55.5 (40.0−88.0) | 106.0 (85.0−189.0) |
| Hospital stay (days) | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 6 ± 0 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%) or median [25th–75th percentile (interquartile range)]. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%).
Additional data are provided in the Supplementary data, Tables S1 and S2. There were no significant differences between the groups except for beta-blocker (P = 0.04), aortic cross-clamp time (P = 0.04), cardiopulmonary bypass time (P = 0.004), ICU stay (P = 0.01) and hospital stay (P = 0.002).
The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is calculated by means of a logistic-regression equation and ranges from 0% to 100%, with higher scores indicating greater risk.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
| Outcomes . | All patients (n = 86) . | No AKI (n = 76) . | AKI Stage 1 (n = 7) . | AKI Stages 2 − 3 (n = 3) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL)a | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.9 (0.8−1.0) | 0.79 (0.7−0.9) | 0.4 |
| 3-month follow-up | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 1.0 (0.9−1.3) | 0.9 (0.6−1.5) | 0.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)b | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 93.5 (84.0−101.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 80.0 (68.0−87.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 93.0 (84.0−101.5) | 94.0 (85.5−101.0) | 81.0 (69.0−87.5) | 93.5 (86.0−101.0) | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 94.0 ± 14.6 | 93.6 ± 13.2 | 79.5 ± 15.7 | 94.8 ± 13.0 | 0.004 |
| 3-month follow-up | 91.3 ± 16.2 | 91.2 ± 15.2 | 73.4 ± 13.1 | 92.2 ± 15.7 | 0.3 |
| Resting GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)c | |||||
| Pre-operative | 102.7 ± 14.7 | 103.0 ± 14.0 | 97.0 ± 13.5 | 107 ± 33.6 | 0.08 |
| 3-month follow-up | 96.4 ± 15.3 | 97.7 ± 14.2 | 84.7 ± 11.0 | 92.8 ± 35.7 | 0.04 |
| RFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
| Pre-operative | 25.7 ± 9.0 | 27.0 ± 8.3 | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 22.4 ± 13.2 | 0.3 |
| 3-month follow-up | 22.0 (14.9−27.0) | 22.6 (16.9−28.8) | 7.1 (7.4−11.0) | 12.5 (3.6–14.8) | <0.001 |
| Preserved RFR | 18 (20.9) | 18 (23.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Reduced RFR | 68 (79.1) | 58 (76.3) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 5.2 (2.9–13.5) | 5.0 (2.7–10.1) | 30.2 (27.3–71.4) | 30.0 (3.0–39.3) | <0.001 |
| Hospital discharge | 10.5 (5.5–24.5) | 9.1 (4.8–22.4) | 21.2 (17.9–37.6) | 63.4 (10.1–315.5) | 0.03 |
| 3-month follow-up | 7.7 (1.8–35.8) | 7.4 (0.9–25.4) | 30.9 (1.8–301.0) | 100.8 (0.8–156.3) | 0.2 |
| Urinary [TIMP-2]•[IGFBP7] | 0.07 | ||||
| ≤0.3 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 41 (47.6) | 43 (56.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| >0.3 and <2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 44 (51.2) | 32 (42.1) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | |
| >2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | (0) |
| Outcomes . | All patients (n = 86) . | No AKI (n = 76) . | AKI Stage 1 (n = 7) . | AKI Stages 2 − 3 (n = 3) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL)a | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.9 (0.8−1.0) | 0.79 (0.7−0.9) | 0.4 |
| 3-month follow-up | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 1.0 (0.9−1.3) | 0.9 (0.6−1.5) | 0.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)b | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 93.5 (84.0−101.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 80.0 (68.0−87.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 93.0 (84.0−101.5) | 94.0 (85.5−101.0) | 81.0 (69.0−87.5) | 93.5 (86.0−101.0) | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 94.0 ± 14.6 | 93.6 ± 13.2 | 79.5 ± 15.7 | 94.8 ± 13.0 | 0.004 |
| 3-month follow-up | 91.3 ± 16.2 | 91.2 ± 15.2 | 73.4 ± 13.1 | 92.2 ± 15.7 | 0.3 |
| Resting GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)c | |||||
| Pre-operative | 102.7 ± 14.7 | 103.0 ± 14.0 | 97.0 ± 13.5 | 107 ± 33.6 | 0.08 |
| 3-month follow-up | 96.4 ± 15.3 | 97.7 ± 14.2 | 84.7 ± 11.0 | 92.8 ± 35.7 | 0.04 |
| RFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
| Pre-operative | 25.7 ± 9.0 | 27.0 ± 8.3 | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 22.4 ± 13.2 | 0.3 |
| 3-month follow-up | 22.0 (14.9−27.0) | 22.6 (16.9−28.8) | 7.1 (7.4−11.0) | 12.5 (3.6–14.8) | <0.001 |
| Preserved RFR | 18 (20.9) | 18 (23.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Reduced RFR | 68 (79.1) | 58 (76.3) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 5.2 (2.9–13.5) | 5.0 (2.7–10.1) | 30.2 (27.3–71.4) | 30.0 (3.0–39.3) | <0.001 |
| Hospital discharge | 10.5 (5.5–24.5) | 9.1 (4.8–22.4) | 21.2 (17.9–37.6) | 63.4 (10.1–315.5) | 0.03 |
| 3-month follow-up | 7.7 (1.8–35.8) | 7.4 (0.9–25.4) | 30.9 (1.8–301.0) | 100.8 (0.8–156.3) | 0.2 |
| Urinary [TIMP-2]•[IGFBP7] | 0.07 | ||||
| ≤0.3 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 41 (47.6) | 43 (56.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| >0.3 and <2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 44 (51.2) | 32 (42.1) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | |
| >2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | (0) |
Values are mean ± SD or median [25th–75th percentile (interquartile range)]. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%).
To convert the values for serum creatinine to μm/L, multiply by 88.4.
The eGFR was calculated with the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equation [15].
The resting GFR was calculated as the creatinine clearance from the urine creatinine, urine volume, collection time (in mins) and serum creatinine, and was corrected to 1.73 m2 body surface area using the Dubois method.
| Outcomes . | All patients (n = 86) . | No AKI (n = 76) . | AKI Stage 1 (n = 7) . | AKI Stages 2 − 3 (n = 3) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL)a | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.9 (0.8−1.0) | 0.79 (0.7−0.9) | 0.4 |
| 3-month follow-up | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 1.0 (0.9−1.3) | 0.9 (0.6−1.5) | 0.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)b | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 93.5 (84.0−101.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 80.0 (68.0−87.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 93.0 (84.0−101.5) | 94.0 (85.5−101.0) | 81.0 (69.0−87.5) | 93.5 (86.0−101.0) | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 94.0 ± 14.6 | 93.6 ± 13.2 | 79.5 ± 15.7 | 94.8 ± 13.0 | 0.004 |
| 3-month follow-up | 91.3 ± 16.2 | 91.2 ± 15.2 | 73.4 ± 13.1 | 92.2 ± 15.7 | 0.3 |
| Resting GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)c | |||||
| Pre-operative | 102.7 ± 14.7 | 103.0 ± 14.0 | 97.0 ± 13.5 | 107 ± 33.6 | 0.08 |
| 3-month follow-up | 96.4 ± 15.3 | 97.7 ± 14.2 | 84.7 ± 11.0 | 92.8 ± 35.7 | 0.04 |
| RFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
| Pre-operative | 25.7 ± 9.0 | 27.0 ± 8.3 | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 22.4 ± 13.2 | 0.3 |
| 3-month follow-up | 22.0 (14.9−27.0) | 22.6 (16.9−28.8) | 7.1 (7.4−11.0) | 12.5 (3.6–14.8) | <0.001 |
| Preserved RFR | 18 (20.9) | 18 (23.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Reduced RFR | 68 (79.1) | 58 (76.3) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 5.2 (2.9–13.5) | 5.0 (2.7–10.1) | 30.2 (27.3–71.4) | 30.0 (3.0–39.3) | <0.001 |
| Hospital discharge | 10.5 (5.5–24.5) | 9.1 (4.8–22.4) | 21.2 (17.9–37.6) | 63.4 (10.1–315.5) | 0.03 |
| 3-month follow-up | 7.7 (1.8–35.8) | 7.4 (0.9–25.4) | 30.9 (1.8–301.0) | 100.8 (0.8–156.3) | 0.2 |
| Urinary [TIMP-2]•[IGFBP7] | 0.07 | ||||
| ≤0.3 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 41 (47.6) | 43 (56.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| >0.3 and <2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 44 (51.2) | 32 (42.1) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | |
| >2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | (0) |
| Outcomes . | All patients (n = 86) . | No AKI (n = 76) . | AKI Stage 1 (n = 7) . | AKI Stages 2 − 3 (n = 3) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL)a | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.9 (0.8−1.0) | 0.79 (0.7−0.9) | 0.4 |
| 3-month follow-up | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 0.8 (0.7−0.9) | 1.0 (0.9−1.3) | 0.9 (0.6−1.5) | 0.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)b | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 93.5 (84.0−101.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 80.0 (68.0−87.0) | 94.0 (86.0−101.5) | 0.2 |
| Immediate pre-operative | 93.0 (84.0−101.5) | 94.0 (85.5−101.0) | 81.0 (69.0−87.5) | 93.5 (86.0−101.0) | 0.2 |
| Hospital discharge | 94.0 ± 14.6 | 93.6 ± 13.2 | 79.5 ± 15.7 | 94.8 ± 13.0 | 0.004 |
| 3-month follow-up | 91.3 ± 16.2 | 91.2 ± 15.2 | 73.4 ± 13.1 | 92.2 ± 15.7 | 0.3 |
| Resting GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)c | |||||
| Pre-operative | 102.7 ± 14.7 | 103.0 ± 14.0 | 97.0 ± 13.5 | 107 ± 33.6 | 0.08 |
| 3-month follow-up | 96.4 ± 15.3 | 97.7 ± 14.2 | 84.7 ± 11.0 | 92.8 ± 35.7 | 0.04 |
| RFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
| Pre-operative | 25.7 ± 9.0 | 27.0 ± 8.3 | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 22.4 ± 13.2 | 0.3 |
| 3-month follow-up | 22.0 (14.9−27.0) | 22.6 (16.9−28.8) | 7.1 (7.4−11.0) | 12.5 (3.6–14.8) | <0.001 |
| Preserved RFR | 18 (20.9) | 18 (23.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Reduced RFR | 68 (79.1) | 58 (76.3) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio | |||||
| Pre-operative (prior to protein loading) | 5.2 (2.9–13.5) | 5.0 (2.7–10.1) | 30.2 (27.3–71.4) | 30.0 (3.0–39.3) | <0.001 |
| Hospital discharge | 10.5 (5.5–24.5) | 9.1 (4.8–22.4) | 21.2 (17.9–37.6) | 63.4 (10.1–315.5) | 0.03 |
| 3-month follow-up | 7.7 (1.8–35.8) | 7.4 (0.9–25.4) | 30.9 (1.8–301.0) | 100.8 (0.8–156.3) | 0.2 |
| Urinary [TIMP-2]•[IGFBP7] | 0.07 | ||||
| ≤0.3 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 41 (47.6) | 43 (56.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| >0.3 and <2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 44 (51.2) | 32 (42.1) | 7 (100) | 3 (100) | |
| >2 (ng/mL)2/1000 within 12 h after surgery | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | (0) |
Values are mean ± SD or median [25th–75th percentile (interquartile range)]. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%).
To convert the values for serum creatinine to μm/L, multiply by 88.4.
The eGFR was calculated with the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equation [15].
The resting GFR was calculated as the creatinine clearance from the urine creatinine, urine volume, collection time (in mins) and serum creatinine, and was corrected to 1.73 m2 body surface area using the Dubois method.
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