Table 3. Open in new tab Cox Regression...

Multiple Treatment Failure

Socio-demographic adjustment aHR (95% CI)

+ Diagnosis and Severity aHR (95% CI)

+ Substance Misuse and Family History aHR (95% CI)

≥2 baseline Marder NS

1.66 (1.12–2.42)*

1.59 (1.06–2.40)*

1.62 (1.07–2.46)*

Female gender

1.08 (0.73–1.62)

1.15 (0.76–1.74)

1.07 (0.71–1.64)

Mean age at referral (SD)

1.25 (1.09–1.45)**

1.29 (1.10–1.49)**

1.27 (1.09–1.49)**

Ethnicity, N (%)

White

Reference

Black

1.95 (1.23–3.09)**

1.72 (1.08–2.76)*

1.78 (1.11–2.87)*

Asian

1.16 (0.48–2.77)

1.10 (0.46–2.67)

1.33 (0.58–3.26)

Mixed

1.51 (0.80–2.86)

1.43 (0.75–2.73)

1.63 (0.84–3.17)

Not stated

—^a

—

Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)^a

1^st (least deprived)

Reference

2^nd

0.60 (0.35–1.04)

0.69 (0.39–1.19)

0.66 (0.37–1.17)

3^rd

0.55 (0.31–0.96)*

0.61 (0.35–1.08)

0.56 (0.31–0.98)

4^th (most deprived)

0.55 (0.31–0.97)*

0.61 (0.34–1.08)

0.62 (0.34–1.11)

First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%)

Other psychoses^b

Reference

Bipolar disorder / F30, F31

1.57 (0.69–3.56)

1.54 (0.67–3.56)

Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5

0.82 (0.27–2.51)

0.92 (0.29–2.96)

Schizophrenia / F20

0.85 (0.50–1.45)

0.78 (0.45–1.32)

Schizoaffective / F25

2.42 (0.87–6.85)

2.22 (0.78–6.34)

Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3

1.39 (0.62–3.08)

1.15 (0.50–2.60)

Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%)

Autism spectrum disorder

1.73 (1.06–2.82)*

1.70 (1.03–2.79)*

Other neurodevelopmental disorder

0.74 (0.41–1.33)

0.68 (0.38–1.24)

Major depressive disorder

0.68 (0.39–1.15)

0.69 (0.41–1.20)

Positive symptoms

1^st (lowest quartile)

Reference

2^nd

0.89 (0.36–2.15)

0.83 (0.32–2.13)

3^rd

1.18 (0.53–2.65)

1.09 (0.48–2.46)

4^th (highest quartile)

1.97 (0.92–4.21)

1.83 (0.84–3.98)

First degree relative with psychotic disorder

2.11 (1.35–3.30)**

Substance misuse

Cannabis

1.07 (0.67–1.70)

Cocaine or crack

0.68 (0.36–1.31)

Amphetamines

1.20 (0.27–5.43)

MDMA

0.55 (0.07–4.34)

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Cox Regression Models for the Association Between Negative Symptom Profile at First Presentation and Multiple Treatment Failure Over Time in Early-Onset Psychosis (n = 618)

Multiple Treatment Failure	Socio-demographic adjustment aHR (95% CI)	+ Diagnosis and Severity aHR (95% CI)	+ Substance Misuse and Family History aHR (95% CI)
≥2 baseline Marder NS	1.66 (1.12–2.42)*	1.59 (1.06–2.40)*	1.62 (1.07–2.46)*
Female gender	1.08 (0.73–1.62)	1.15 (0.76–1.74)	1.07 (0.71–1.64)
Mean age at referral (SD)	1.25 (1.09–1.45)**	1.29 (1.10–1.49)**	1.27 (1.09–1.49)**
Ethnicity, N (%)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Black	1.95 (1.23–3.09)**	1.72 (1.08–2.76)*	1.78 (1.11–2.87)*
Asian	1.16 (0.48–2.77)	1.10 (0.46–2.67)	1.33 (0.58–3.26)
Mixed	1.51 (0.80–2.86)	1.43 (0.75–2.73)	1.63 (0.84–3.17)
Not stated	—^a	—	—
Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)^a
1^st (least deprived)	Reference	Reference	Reference
2^nd	0.60 (0.35–1.04)	0.69 (0.39–1.19)	0.66 (0.37–1.17)
3^rd	0.55 (0.31–0.96)*	0.61 (0.35–1.08)	0.56 (0.31–0.98)
4^th (most deprived)	0.55 (0.31–0.97)*	0.61 (0.34–1.08)	0.62 (0.34–1.11)
First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%)
Other psychoses^b		Reference	Reference
Bipolar disorder / F30, F31		1.57 (0.69–3.56)	1.54 (0.67–3.56)
Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5		0.82 (0.27–2.51)	0.92 (0.29–2.96)
Schizophrenia / F20		0.85 (0.50–1.45)	0.78 (0.45–1.32)
Schizoaffective / F25		2.42 (0.87–6.85)	2.22 (0.78–6.34)
Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3		1.39 (0.62–3.08)	1.15 (0.50–2.60)
Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%)
Autism spectrum disorder		1.73 (1.06–2.82)*	1.70 (1.03–2.79)*
Other neurodevelopmental disorder		0.74 (0.41–1.33)	0.68 (0.38–1.24)
Major depressive disorder		0.68 (0.39–1.15)	0.69 (0.41–1.20)
Positive symptoms
1^st (lowest quartile)		Reference	Reference
2^nd		0.89 (0.36–2.15)	0.83 (0.32–2.13)
3^rd		1.18 (0.53–2.65)	1.09 (0.48–2.46)
4^th (highest quartile)		1.97 (0.92–4.21)	1.83 (0.84–3.98)
First degree relative with psychotic disorder			2.11 (1.35–3.30)**
Substance misuse
Cannabis			1.07 (0.67–1.70)
Cocaine or crack			0.68 (0.36–1.31)
Amphetamines			1.20 (0.27–5.43)
MDMA			0.55 (0.07–4.34)

Multiple Treatment Failure	Socio-demographic adjustment aHR (95% CI)	+ Diagnosis and Severity aHR (95% CI)	+ Substance Misuse and Family History aHR (95% CI)
≥2 baseline Marder NS	1.66 (1.12–2.42)*	1.59 (1.06–2.40)*	1.62 (1.07–2.46)*
Female gender	1.08 (0.73–1.62)	1.15 (0.76–1.74)	1.07 (0.71–1.64)
Mean age at referral (SD)	1.25 (1.09–1.45)**	1.29 (1.10–1.49)**	1.27 (1.09–1.49)**
Ethnicity, N (%)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Black	1.95 (1.23–3.09)**	1.72 (1.08–2.76)*	1.78 (1.11–2.87)*
Asian	1.16 (0.48–2.77)	1.10 (0.46–2.67)	1.33 (0.58–3.26)
Mixed	1.51 (0.80–2.86)	1.43 (0.75–2.73)	1.63 (0.84–3.17)
Not stated	—^a	—	—
Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)^a
1^st (least deprived)	Reference	Reference	Reference
2^nd	0.60 (0.35–1.04)	0.69 (0.39–1.19)	0.66 (0.37–1.17)
3^rd	0.55 (0.31–0.96)*	0.61 (0.35–1.08)	0.56 (0.31–0.98)
4^th (most deprived)	0.55 (0.31–0.97)*	0.61 (0.34–1.08)	0.62 (0.34–1.11)
First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%)
Other psychoses^b		Reference	Reference
Bipolar disorder / F30, F31		1.57 (0.69–3.56)	1.54 (0.67–3.56)
Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5		0.82 (0.27–2.51)	0.92 (0.29–2.96)
Schizophrenia / F20		0.85 (0.50–1.45)	0.78 (0.45–1.32)
Schizoaffective / F25		2.42 (0.87–6.85)	2.22 (0.78–6.34)
Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3		1.39 (0.62–3.08)	1.15 (0.50–2.60)
Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%)
Autism spectrum disorder		1.73 (1.06–2.82)*	1.70 (1.03–2.79)*
Other neurodevelopmental disorder		0.74 (0.41–1.33)	0.68 (0.38–1.24)
Major depressive disorder		0.68 (0.39–1.15)	0.69 (0.41–1.20)
Positive symptoms
1^st (lowest quartile)		Reference	Reference
2^nd		0.89 (0.36–2.15)	0.83 (0.32–2.13)
3^rd		1.18 (0.53–2.65)	1.09 (0.48–2.46)
4^th (highest quartile)		1.97 (0.92–4.21)	1.83 (0.84–3.98)
First degree relative with psychotic disorder			2.11 (1.35–3.30)**
Substance misuse
Cannabis			1.07 (0.67–1.70)
Cocaine or crack			0.68 (0.36–1.31)
Amphetamines			1.20 (0.27–5.43)
MDMA			0.55 (0.07–4.34)

Note: HR, hazard ratio; MTF, multiple treatment failure; MDMA, 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; NS, negative symptoms.

^aVariable dropped due to 0 values in cell.

^bSee corresponding footnote table 2.

*P < .05; **P < .01.

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