Comparison Between Young People With Early-Onset Psychosis at First Presentation With and Without ≥ 2 NS Documented
| Sample Characteristics . | Non-NS Group (n = 399) . | NS Group (n = 239) . | OR; P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| MTF status, N (%) | 59 (14.8) | 65 (27.2) | 2.15 (1.45–3.20)*** |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 192 (48.1) | 117 (48.9) | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) |
| Age at referral (mean, SD) | 15.4 (1.9) | 15.9 (1.9) | 1.17 (1.06–1.28)*** |
| Age of reaching MTF (mean, SD) | 16.5 (1.3) | 16.0 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) |
| Duration of follow-up (d), mean (SD) | 721.4 (529.9) | 590.5 (458.0) | 0.995 (0.991–0.998)** |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | 204 (51.1) | 93 (38.9) | Reference |
| Black | 113 (28.3) | 96 (40.2) | 1.86 (1.29–2.67) |
| Asian | 18 (4.5) | 21 (8.8) | 2.56 (1.30–5.03) |
| Mixed | 47(11.8) | 27(11.3) | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) |
| Not Stated | 17 (4.3) | 2 (0.8) | 0.25 (0.06–1.14) |
| Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)a | |||
| 1st (least deprived) | 104 (27.1) | 61 (25.9) | Reference |
| 2nd | 90 (23.4) | 62 (26.4) | 1.17 (0.75–1.42) |
| 3rd | 94 (24.5) | 57 (24.3) | 1.03 (0.66–1.63) |
| 4th (most deprived) | 96 (25.0) | 55 (23.4) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
| First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%) | |||
| Other psychosesb | 63 (15.8) | 43 (17.9) | Reference |
| Bipolar disorder / F30, F31 | 31 (7.8) | 11 (4.7) | 0.57 (0.24–1.15) |
| Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5 | 29 (7.3) | 10 (4.2) | 0.51 (0.22–1.14) |
| Schizophrenia / F20 | 222 (55.6) | 143 (59.8) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) |
| Schizoaffective / F25 | 11 (2.8) | 6 (2.5) | 0.80 (0.27–2.32) |
| Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3 | 43 (10.8) | 26 (10.9) | 0.89 (0.47–1.65) |
| Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%) | |||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 75 (18.8) | 39 (16.3) | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) |
| Hyperkinetic disorder | 33 (8.3) | 7 (2.9) | 0.33 (0.15–0.77)** |
| Intellectual disability | 43 (10.8) | 22 (9.2) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) |
| Major depressive disorder | 108 (27.1) | 66 (27.6) | 1.03 (0.72–1.48) |
| First degree relative with psychotic disorder | 86 (21.6) | 51 (21.3) | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) |
| Illness severity/ functioning | |||
| Admission at presentation, N (%) | 90 (22.6) | 170 (71.1) | 8.5 (5.9–12.2)*** |
| CGAS score (mean, SD)c | 42.1 (15.3) | 33.7 (15.4) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98)*** |
| Positive symptoms | |||
| 1st (lowest quartile of symptom items recorded) | 61 (15.3) | 11 (4.6) | Reference |
| 2nd | 79 (19.8) | 27 (11.3) | 1.90 (0.87–4.21) |
| 3rd | 137 (34.3) | 84 (35.2) | 3.40 (1.69–6.83)*** |
| 4th (highest quartile of symptoms items recorded) | 122 (30.6) | 117 (49.0) | 5.31 (2.67–10.6)*** |
| Substance misuse | |||
| Cannabis | 171 (42.9) | 113 (39.5) | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) |
| Cocaine or crack | 65 (16.3) | 39 (16.3) | 1.02 (0.65–1.54) |
| Amphetamines | 14 (3.5) | 5 (2.1) | 0.59 (0.21–1.65) |
| MDMA | 12 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | 0.55 (0.18–1.72) |
| Sample Characteristics . | Non-NS Group (n = 399) . | NS Group (n = 239) . | OR; P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| MTF status, N (%) | 59 (14.8) | 65 (27.2) | 2.15 (1.45–3.20)*** |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 192 (48.1) | 117 (48.9) | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) |
| Age at referral (mean, SD) | 15.4 (1.9) | 15.9 (1.9) | 1.17 (1.06–1.28)*** |
| Age of reaching MTF (mean, SD) | 16.5 (1.3) | 16.0 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) |
| Duration of follow-up (d), mean (SD) | 721.4 (529.9) | 590.5 (458.0) | 0.995 (0.991–0.998)** |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | 204 (51.1) | 93 (38.9) | Reference |
| Black | 113 (28.3) | 96 (40.2) | 1.86 (1.29–2.67) |
| Asian | 18 (4.5) | 21 (8.8) | 2.56 (1.30–5.03) |
| Mixed | 47(11.8) | 27(11.3) | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) |
| Not Stated | 17 (4.3) | 2 (0.8) | 0.25 (0.06–1.14) |
| Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)a | |||
| 1st (least deprived) | 104 (27.1) | 61 (25.9) | Reference |
| 2nd | 90 (23.4) | 62 (26.4) | 1.17 (0.75–1.42) |
| 3rd | 94 (24.5) | 57 (24.3) | 1.03 (0.66–1.63) |
| 4th (most deprived) | 96 (25.0) | 55 (23.4) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
| First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%) | |||
| Other psychosesb | 63 (15.8) | 43 (17.9) | Reference |
| Bipolar disorder / F30, F31 | 31 (7.8) | 11 (4.7) | 0.57 (0.24–1.15) |
| Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5 | 29 (7.3) | 10 (4.2) | 0.51 (0.22–1.14) |
| Schizophrenia / F20 | 222 (55.6) | 143 (59.8) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) |
| Schizoaffective / F25 | 11 (2.8) | 6 (2.5) | 0.80 (0.27–2.32) |
| Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3 | 43 (10.8) | 26 (10.9) | 0.89 (0.47–1.65) |
| Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%) | |||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 75 (18.8) | 39 (16.3) | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) |
| Hyperkinetic disorder | 33 (8.3) | 7 (2.9) | 0.33 (0.15–0.77)** |
| Intellectual disability | 43 (10.8) | 22 (9.2) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) |
| Major depressive disorder | 108 (27.1) | 66 (27.6) | 1.03 (0.72–1.48) |
| First degree relative with psychotic disorder | 86 (21.6) | 51 (21.3) | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) |
| Illness severity/ functioning | |||
| Admission at presentation, N (%) | 90 (22.6) | 170 (71.1) | 8.5 (5.9–12.2)*** |
| CGAS score (mean, SD)c | 42.1 (15.3) | 33.7 (15.4) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98)*** |
| Positive symptoms | |||
| 1st (lowest quartile of symptom items recorded) | 61 (15.3) | 11 (4.6) | Reference |
| 2nd | 79 (19.8) | 27 (11.3) | 1.90 (0.87–4.21) |
| 3rd | 137 (34.3) | 84 (35.2) | 3.40 (1.69–6.83)*** |
| 4th (highest quartile of symptoms items recorded) | 122 (30.6) | 117 (49.0) | 5.31 (2.67–10.6)*** |
| Substance misuse | |||
| Cannabis | 171 (42.9) | 113 (39.5) | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) |
| Cocaine or crack | 65 (16.3) | 39 (16.3) | 1.02 (0.65–1.54) |
| Amphetamines | 14 (3.5) | 5 (2.1) | 0.59 (0.21–1.65) |
| MDMA | 12 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | 0.55 (0.18–1.72) |
Note: CGAS, Children’s Global Assessment Scale; MTF, multiple treatment failure; MDMA, 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; NS, negative symptoms.
aMissing cases =19.
bData available in a subsample of 384.
cOther Psychoses: an ICD-10 diagnosis of “brief psychotic disorder,” “delusional disorder,” “shared psychotic disorder,” or “psychosis not otherwise specified (NOS).”
**P < .01; ***P < .001; % Refers to percentages within columns, for whom information was available.
Comparison Between Young People With Early-Onset Psychosis at First Presentation With and Without ≥ 2 NS Documented
| Sample Characteristics . | Non-NS Group (n = 399) . | NS Group (n = 239) . | OR; P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| MTF status, N (%) | 59 (14.8) | 65 (27.2) | 2.15 (1.45–3.20)*** |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 192 (48.1) | 117 (48.9) | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) |
| Age at referral (mean, SD) | 15.4 (1.9) | 15.9 (1.9) | 1.17 (1.06–1.28)*** |
| Age of reaching MTF (mean, SD) | 16.5 (1.3) | 16.0 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) |
| Duration of follow-up (d), mean (SD) | 721.4 (529.9) | 590.5 (458.0) | 0.995 (0.991–0.998)** |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | 204 (51.1) | 93 (38.9) | Reference |
| Black | 113 (28.3) | 96 (40.2) | 1.86 (1.29–2.67) |
| Asian | 18 (4.5) | 21 (8.8) | 2.56 (1.30–5.03) |
| Mixed | 47(11.8) | 27(11.3) | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) |
| Not Stated | 17 (4.3) | 2 (0.8) | 0.25 (0.06–1.14) |
| Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)a | |||
| 1st (least deprived) | 104 (27.1) | 61 (25.9) | Reference |
| 2nd | 90 (23.4) | 62 (26.4) | 1.17 (0.75–1.42) |
| 3rd | 94 (24.5) | 57 (24.3) | 1.03 (0.66–1.63) |
| 4th (most deprived) | 96 (25.0) | 55 (23.4) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
| First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%) | |||
| Other psychosesb | 63 (15.8) | 43 (17.9) | Reference |
| Bipolar disorder / F30, F31 | 31 (7.8) | 11 (4.7) | 0.57 (0.24–1.15) |
| Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5 | 29 (7.3) | 10 (4.2) | 0.51 (0.22–1.14) |
| Schizophrenia / F20 | 222 (55.6) | 143 (59.8) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) |
| Schizoaffective / F25 | 11 (2.8) | 6 (2.5) | 0.80 (0.27–2.32) |
| Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3 | 43 (10.8) | 26 (10.9) | 0.89 (0.47–1.65) |
| Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%) | |||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 75 (18.8) | 39 (16.3) | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) |
| Hyperkinetic disorder | 33 (8.3) | 7 (2.9) | 0.33 (0.15–0.77)** |
| Intellectual disability | 43 (10.8) | 22 (9.2) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) |
| Major depressive disorder | 108 (27.1) | 66 (27.6) | 1.03 (0.72–1.48) |
| First degree relative with psychotic disorder | 86 (21.6) | 51 (21.3) | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) |
| Illness severity/ functioning | |||
| Admission at presentation, N (%) | 90 (22.6) | 170 (71.1) | 8.5 (5.9–12.2)*** |
| CGAS score (mean, SD)c | 42.1 (15.3) | 33.7 (15.4) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98)*** |
| Positive symptoms | |||
| 1st (lowest quartile of symptom items recorded) | 61 (15.3) | 11 (4.6) | Reference |
| 2nd | 79 (19.8) | 27 (11.3) | 1.90 (0.87–4.21) |
| 3rd | 137 (34.3) | 84 (35.2) | 3.40 (1.69–6.83)*** |
| 4th (highest quartile of symptoms items recorded) | 122 (30.6) | 117 (49.0) | 5.31 (2.67–10.6)*** |
| Substance misuse | |||
| Cannabis | 171 (42.9) | 113 (39.5) | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) |
| Cocaine or crack | 65 (16.3) | 39 (16.3) | 1.02 (0.65–1.54) |
| Amphetamines | 14 (3.5) | 5 (2.1) | 0.59 (0.21–1.65) |
| MDMA | 12 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | 0.55 (0.18–1.72) |
| Sample Characteristics . | Non-NS Group (n = 399) . | NS Group (n = 239) . | OR; P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| MTF status, N (%) | 59 (14.8) | 65 (27.2) | 2.15 (1.45–3.20)*** |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 192 (48.1) | 117 (48.9) | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) |
| Age at referral (mean, SD) | 15.4 (1.9) | 15.9 (1.9) | 1.17 (1.06–1.28)*** |
| Age of reaching MTF (mean, SD) | 16.5 (1.3) | 16.0 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) |
| Duration of follow-up (d), mean (SD) | 721.4 (529.9) | 590.5 (458.0) | 0.995 (0.991–0.998)** |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | 204 (51.1) | 93 (38.9) | Reference |
| Black | 113 (28.3) | 96 (40.2) | 1.86 (1.29–2.67) |
| Asian | 18 (4.5) | 21 (8.8) | 2.56 (1.30–5.03) |
| Mixed | 47(11.8) | 27(11.3) | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) |
| Not Stated | 17 (4.3) | 2 (0.8) | 0.25 (0.06–1.14) |
| Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)a | |||
| 1st (least deprived) | 104 (27.1) | 61 (25.9) | Reference |
| 2nd | 90 (23.4) | 62 (26.4) | 1.17 (0.75–1.42) |
| 3rd | 94 (24.5) | 57 (24.3) | 1.03 (0.66–1.63) |
| 4th (most deprived) | 96 (25.0) | 55 (23.4) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
| First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%) | |||
| Other psychosesb | 63 (15.8) | 43 (17.9) | Reference |
| Bipolar disorder / F30, F31 | 31 (7.8) | 11 (4.7) | 0.57 (0.24–1.15) |
| Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5 | 29 (7.3) | 10 (4.2) | 0.51 (0.22–1.14) |
| Schizophrenia / F20 | 222 (55.6) | 143 (59.8) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) |
| Schizoaffective / F25 | 11 (2.8) | 6 (2.5) | 0.80 (0.27–2.32) |
| Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3 | 43 (10.8) | 26 (10.9) | 0.89 (0.47–1.65) |
| Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%) | |||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 75 (18.8) | 39 (16.3) | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) |
| Hyperkinetic disorder | 33 (8.3) | 7 (2.9) | 0.33 (0.15–0.77)** |
| Intellectual disability | 43 (10.8) | 22 (9.2) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) |
| Major depressive disorder | 108 (27.1) | 66 (27.6) | 1.03 (0.72–1.48) |
| First degree relative with psychotic disorder | 86 (21.6) | 51 (21.3) | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) |
| Illness severity/ functioning | |||
| Admission at presentation, N (%) | 90 (22.6) | 170 (71.1) | 8.5 (5.9–12.2)*** |
| CGAS score (mean, SD)c | 42.1 (15.3) | 33.7 (15.4) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98)*** |
| Positive symptoms | |||
| 1st (lowest quartile of symptom items recorded) | 61 (15.3) | 11 (4.6) | Reference |
| 2nd | 79 (19.8) | 27 (11.3) | 1.90 (0.87–4.21) |
| 3rd | 137 (34.3) | 84 (35.2) | 3.40 (1.69–6.83)*** |
| 4th (highest quartile of symptoms items recorded) | 122 (30.6) | 117 (49.0) | 5.31 (2.67–10.6)*** |
| Substance misuse | |||
| Cannabis | 171 (42.9) | 113 (39.5) | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) |
| Cocaine or crack | 65 (16.3) | 39 (16.3) | 1.02 (0.65–1.54) |
| Amphetamines | 14 (3.5) | 5 (2.1) | 0.59 (0.21–1.65) |
| MDMA | 12 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | 0.55 (0.18–1.72) |
Note: CGAS, Children’s Global Assessment Scale; MTF, multiple treatment failure; MDMA, 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; NS, negative symptoms.
aMissing cases =19.
bData available in a subsample of 384.
cOther Psychoses: an ICD-10 diagnosis of “brief psychotic disorder,” “delusional disorder,” “shared psychotic disorder,” or “psychosis not otherwise specified (NOS).”
**P < .01; ***P < .001; % Refers to percentages within columns, for whom information was available.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
