| Home-sourcing . | GEE . | ML logit . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . |
| R&D intensity | 3.786** | (1.584) | 3.835** | (1.625) | 3.828** | (1.616) | 3.905** | (1.663) |
| Labor intensity | –3.483*** | (0.463) | –3.548*** | (0.468) | ||||
| Labor productivity | 0.400*** | (0.066) | 0.412*** | (0.067) | ||||
| Product standardization | –0.176* | (0.098) | –0.195** | (0.098) | –0.178* | (0.099) | –0.197** | (0.099) |
| Frequency product change | 0.164 | (0.164) | 0.190 | (0.164) | 0.165 | (0.167) | 0.192 | (0.167) |
| Capital intensity | –0.009 | (0.037) | –0.017 | (0.037) | –0.008 | (0.038) | –0.016 | (0.038) |
| Firm age | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) |
| Firm size | 0.636*** | (0.162) | 0.680*** | (0.162) | 0.646*** | (0.162) | 0.690*** | (0.162) |
| Firm size^Firm size | ||||||||
| Market dynamics | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002* | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) |
| N. international markets | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) |
| % increase input costs | 0.101 | (0.746) | 0.294 | (0.732) | 0.111 | (0.754) | 0.305 | (0.742) |
| % increase energy costs | –0.419 | (0.873) | –0.399 | (0.875) | –0.383 | (0.882) | –0.361 | (0.886) |
| Constant | –4.387*** | (0.665) | –9.819*** | (0.852) | –4.492*** | (0.672) | –10.093*** | (0.863) |
| Industry dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Wald chi | 276.94*** | 253.01*** | 278.09*** | 253.80*** | ||||
| Log-likelihood | –2185.84 | –2197.47 | ||||||
| N firms | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | ||||
| Obs | 8359 | 8360 | 8359 | 8360 | ||||
| Home-sourcing . | GEE . | ML logit . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . |
| R&D intensity | 3.786** | (1.584) | 3.835** | (1.625) | 3.828** | (1.616) | 3.905** | (1.663) |
| Labor intensity | –3.483*** | (0.463) | –3.548*** | (0.468) | ||||
| Labor productivity | 0.400*** | (0.066) | 0.412*** | (0.067) | ||||
| Product standardization | –0.176* | (0.098) | –0.195** | (0.098) | –0.178* | (0.099) | –0.197** | (0.099) |
| Frequency product change | 0.164 | (0.164) | 0.190 | (0.164) | 0.165 | (0.167) | 0.192 | (0.167) |
| Capital intensity | –0.009 | (0.037) | –0.017 | (0.037) | –0.008 | (0.038) | –0.016 | (0.038) |
| Firm age | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) |
| Firm size | 0.636*** | (0.162) | 0.680*** | (0.162) | 0.646*** | (0.162) | 0.690*** | (0.162) |
| Firm size^Firm size | ||||||||
| Market dynamics | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002* | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) |
| N. international markets | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) |
| % increase input costs | 0.101 | (0.746) | 0.294 | (0.732) | 0.111 | (0.754) | 0.305 | (0.742) |
| % increase energy costs | –0.419 | (0.873) | –0.399 | (0.875) | –0.383 | (0.882) | –0.361 | (0.886) |
| Constant | –4.387*** | (0.665) | –9.819*** | (0.852) | –4.492*** | (0.672) | –10.093*** | (0.863) |
| Industry dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Wald chi | 276.94*** | 253.01*** | 278.09*** | 253.80*** | ||||
| Log-likelihood | –2185.84 | –2197.47 | ||||||
| N firms | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | ||||
| Obs | 8359 | 8360 | 8359 | 8360 | ||||
* p ≤ 0.10 ** p ≤ 0.05 *** p ≤ 0.01—robust standard errors reported
| Home-sourcing . | GEE . | ML logit . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . |
| R&D intensity | 3.786** | (1.584) | 3.835** | (1.625) | 3.828** | (1.616) | 3.905** | (1.663) |
| Labor intensity | –3.483*** | (0.463) | –3.548*** | (0.468) | ||||
| Labor productivity | 0.400*** | (0.066) | 0.412*** | (0.067) | ||||
| Product standardization | –0.176* | (0.098) | –0.195** | (0.098) | –0.178* | (0.099) | –0.197** | (0.099) |
| Frequency product change | 0.164 | (0.164) | 0.190 | (0.164) | 0.165 | (0.167) | 0.192 | (0.167) |
| Capital intensity | –0.009 | (0.037) | –0.017 | (0.037) | –0.008 | (0.038) | –0.016 | (0.038) |
| Firm age | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) |
| Firm size | 0.636*** | (0.162) | 0.680*** | (0.162) | 0.646*** | (0.162) | 0.690*** | (0.162) |
| Firm size^Firm size | ||||||||
| Market dynamics | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002* | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) |
| N. international markets | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) |
| % increase input costs | 0.101 | (0.746) | 0.294 | (0.732) | 0.111 | (0.754) | 0.305 | (0.742) |
| % increase energy costs | –0.419 | (0.873) | –0.399 | (0.875) | –0.383 | (0.882) | –0.361 | (0.886) |
| Constant | –4.387*** | (0.665) | –9.819*** | (0.852) | –4.492*** | (0.672) | –10.093*** | (0.863) |
| Industry dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Wald chi | 276.94*** | 253.01*** | 278.09*** | 253.80*** | ||||
| Log-likelihood | –2185.84 | –2197.47 | ||||||
| N firms | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | ||||
| Obs | 8359 | 8360 | 8359 | 8360 | ||||
| Home-sourcing . | GEE . | ML logit . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . | B . | Robust SE . |
| R&D intensity | 3.786** | (1.584) | 3.835** | (1.625) | 3.828** | (1.616) | 3.905** | (1.663) |
| Labor intensity | –3.483*** | (0.463) | –3.548*** | (0.468) | ||||
| Labor productivity | 0.400*** | (0.066) | 0.412*** | (0.067) | ||||
| Product standardization | –0.176* | (0.098) | –0.195** | (0.098) | –0.178* | (0.099) | –0.197** | (0.099) |
| Frequency product change | 0.164 | (0.164) | 0.190 | (0.164) | 0.165 | (0.167) | 0.192 | (0.167) |
| Capital intensity | –0.009 | (0.037) | –0.017 | (0.037) | –0.008 | (0.038) | –0.016 | (0.038) |
| Firm age | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) | 0.001 | (0.002) | –0.000 | (0.002) |
| Firm size | 0.636*** | (0.162) | 0.680*** | (0.162) | 0.646*** | (0.162) | 0.690*** | (0.162) |
| Firm size^Firm size | ||||||||
| Market dynamics | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) | –0.002* | (0.001) | –0.002 | (0.001) |
| N. international markets | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.055 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) | 0.056 | (0.041) |
| % increase input costs | 0.101 | (0.746) | 0.294 | (0.732) | 0.111 | (0.754) | 0.305 | (0.742) |
| % increase energy costs | –0.419 | (0.873) | –0.399 | (0.875) | –0.383 | (0.882) | –0.361 | (0.886) |
| Constant | –4.387*** | (0.665) | –9.819*** | (0.852) | –4.492*** | (0.672) | –10.093*** | (0.863) |
| Industry dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Wald chi | 276.94*** | 253.01*** | 278.09*** | 253.80*** | ||||
| Log-likelihood | –2185.84 | –2197.47 | ||||||
| N firms | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | 1935 | ||||
| Obs | 8359 | 8360 | 8359 | 8360 | ||||
* p ≤ 0.10 ** p ≤ 0.05 *** p ≤ 0.01—robust standard errors reported
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