Percentage change per year of retinal layers are summarized in Table 5 and in Supplementary Table 5. In addition, absolute thickness changes per year of retinal layers are summarized in Supplementary Table 6, as well as in Fig. 2B. There were no differences between rates of retinal layer atrophy in African American healthy controls as compared to Caucasian American healthy controls. On the other hand, adjusting for age at baseline, sex, disease duration, and history of optic neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis, rates of p-RNFL (−1.1%/year versus −0.8%/year; P = 0.019), GCIP (−0.8%/year versus −0.4%/year; P = 0.009), and average macular thickness thinning (−0.3%/year versus −0.2%/year; P = 0.003) were all faster in African Americans as compared to Caucasian Americans. Relative to Caucasian Americans, African Americans with multiple sclerosis also exhibited borderline faster rates of ONL atrophy (−0.3%/year versus −0.2%/year; P = 0.077).