Table 2. Open in new tab Associations...

	CKD	ESKD
Region
East Africa	1		1		1		1
Southern Africa	1.55 (1.06–2.27)	.0229	1.51 (1.02–2.25)	.0409	2.60 (1.11–6.08)	.0278	3.14 (1.26–7.84)	.0142
West Africa	2.95 (1.99–4.36)	<.0001	2.59 (1.71–3.94)	<.0001	6.14 (2.63–14.3)	<.0001	6.35 (2.53–15.96)	<.0001
Caribbean	2.30 (1.52–3.48)	<.0001	2.06 (1.29–3.31)	.0027	3.55 (1.42–8.89)	.0069	5.26 (1.91–14.43)	.0013
Age^b
Per 10 years	1.83 (1.62–2.07)	<.0001	2.08 (1.83–2.36)	<.0001	1.11 (0.86–1.43)	.4395	1.20 (0.91–1.57)	0.1917
Sex
Male	1		1		1		1
Female	0.74 (0.57–0.96)	.0238	1.05 (0.78–1.42)	.7336	0.57 (0.35–0.93)	.024	0.54 (0.31–0.93)	.0275
Mode of HIV acquisition
Heterosexual	1		1		1		1
Other	0.54 (0.34–0.86)	.0088	0.50 (0.28–0.87)	.0145	0.38 (0.14–1.04)	.0596	0.19 (0.05–0.65)	.0083
Current CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.86 (0.84–0.89)	<.0001	0.91 (0.88–0.94)	<.0001	0.85 (0.80–0.90)	<.0001	0.92 (0.86–0.98)	.0085
Nadir CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.87 (0.83–0.92)	<.0001	0.89 (0.84–0.94)	<.0001	0.87 (0.79–0.96)	.0066	0.85 (0.76–0.96)	.007
AIDS^b
No	1				1
Yes	1.20 (0.90–1.61)	.2175			1.51 (0.89–2.55)	.1278
ART/viral load^b
ART-naive/VL >10000	1		1		1		1
ART-naive/VL <10000	0.24 (0.13–0.46)	<.0001	0.28 (0.14–0.58)	.0005	0.32 (0.10–1.01)	.0512	0.53 (0.16–1.73)	.2919
ART-experienced/VL <50	0.22 (0.15–0.32)	<.0001	0.18 (0.11–0.28)	<.0001	0.22 (0.11–0.46)	<.0001	0.34 (0.14–0.82)	.0162
ART-experienced/VL 51–1000	0.44 (0.27–0.73)	.0014	0.29 (0.16–0.52)	<.0001	0.33 (0.11–0.96)	.0426	0.41 (0.13–1.28)	.1233
ART-experienced/VL 1000–10000	0.42 (0.22–0.82)	.0111	0.35 (0.17–0.71)	.0037	0.59 (0.19–1.89)	.3743	0.72 (0.22–2.41)	.5942
ART-experienced/VL >10000	0.66 (0.40–1.08)	.0988	0.40 (0.22–0.70)	.0015	1.11 (0.47–2.62)	.8095	1.02 (0.40–2.59)	.9725
Current TDF^b
No	1		1		1		1
Yes	0.35 (0.25–0.48)	<.0001	0.41 (0.29–0.58)	<.0001	0.06 (0.02–0.2)	<.0001	0.05 (0.01–0.21)	<.0001
Current PI^b
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.11 (0.85–1.46)	.4451	1.50 (1.08–2.08)	.0153	1.01 (0.6–1.7)	.974

CKD

ESKD

Univariable Estimates^a

Multivariable Estimates^a

Univariable Estimates^a

Multivariable Estimates^a

IRR (95% CI)

P Value

IRR (95% CI)

P Value

IRR (95% CI)

P Value

IRR (95% CI)

P Value

Region

East Africa

Southern Africa

1.55 (1.06–2.27)

.0229

1.51 (1.02–2.25)

.0409

2.60 (1.11–6.08)

.0278

3.14 (1.26–7.84)

.0142

West Africa

2.95 (1.99–4.36)

<.0001

2.59 (1.71–3.94)

<.0001

6.14 (2.63–14.3)

<.0001

6.35 (2.53–15.96)

<.0001

Caribbean

2.30 (1.52–3.48)

<.0001

2.06 (1.29–3.31)

.0027

3.55 (1.42–8.89)

.0069

5.26 (1.91–14.43)

.0013

Age^b

Per 10 years

1.83 (1.62–2.07)

<.0001

2.08 (1.83–2.36)

<.0001

1.11 (0.86–1.43)

.4395

1.20 (0.91–1.57)

0.1917

Sex

Male

Female

0.74 (0.57–0.96)

.0238

1.05 (0.78–1.42)

.7336

0.57 (0.35–0.93)

.024

0.54 (0.31–0.93)

.0275

Mode of HIV acquisition

Heterosexual

Other

0.54 (0.34–0.86)

.0088

0.50 (0.28–0.87)

.0145

0.38 (0.14–1.04)

.0596

0.19 (0.05–0.65)

.0083

Current CD4 count^b

Per 50 cells/mm

0.86 (0.84–0.89)

<.0001

0.91 (0.88–0.94)

<.0001

0.85 (0.80–0.90)

<.0001

0.92 (0.86–0.98)

.0085

Nadir CD4 count^b

Per 50 cells/mm

0.87 (0.83–0.92)

<.0001

0.89 (0.84–0.94)

<.0001

0.87 (0.79–0.96)

.0066

0.85 (0.76–0.96)

.007

AIDS^b

Yes

1.20 (0.90–1.61)

.2175

1.51 (0.89–2.55)

.1278

ART/viral load^b

ART-naive/VL >10000

ART-naive/VL <10000

0.24 (0.13–0.46)

<.0001

0.28 (0.14–0.58)

.0005

0.32 (0.10–1.01)

.0512

0.53 (0.16–1.73)

.2919

ART-experienced/VL <50

0.22 (0.15–0.32)

<.0001

0.18 (0.11–0.28)

<.0001

0.22 (0.11–0.46)

<.0001

0.34 (0.14–0.82)

.0162

ART-experienced/VL 51–1000

0.44 (0.27–0.73)

.0014

0.29 (0.16–0.52)

<.0001

0.33 (0.11–0.96)

.0426

0.41 (0.13–1.28)

.1233

ART-experienced/VL 1000–10000

0.42 (0.22–0.82)

.0111

0.35 (0.17–0.71)

.0037

0.59 (0.19–1.89)

.3743

0.72 (0.22–2.41)

.5942

ART-experienced/VL >10000

0.66 (0.40–1.08)

.0988

0.40 (0.22–0.70)

.0015

1.11 (0.47–2.62)

.8095

1.02 (0.40–2.59)

.9725

Current TDF^b

Yes

0.35 (0.25–0.48)

<.0001

0.41 (0.29–0.58)

<.0001

0.06 (0.02–0.2)

<.0001

0.05 (0.01–0.21)

<.0001

Current PI^b

Yes

1.11 (0.85–1.46)

.4451

1.50 (1.08–2.08)

.0153

1.01 (0.6–1.7)

.974

	CKD	ESKD
Region
East Africa	1		1		1		1
Southern Africa	1.55 (1.06–2.27)	.0229	1.51 (1.02–2.25)	.0409	2.60 (1.11–6.08)	.0278	3.14 (1.26–7.84)	.0142
West Africa	2.95 (1.99–4.36)	<.0001	2.59 (1.71–3.94)	<.0001	6.14 (2.63–14.3)	<.0001	6.35 (2.53–15.96)	<.0001
Caribbean	2.30 (1.52–3.48)	<.0001	2.06 (1.29–3.31)	.0027	3.55 (1.42–8.89)	.0069	5.26 (1.91–14.43)	.0013
Age^b
Per 10 years	1.83 (1.62–2.07)	<.0001	2.08 (1.83–2.36)	<.0001	1.11 (0.86–1.43)	.4395	1.20 (0.91–1.57)	0.1917
Sex
Male	1		1		1		1
Female	0.74 (0.57–0.96)	.0238	1.05 (0.78–1.42)	.7336	0.57 (0.35–0.93)	.024	0.54 (0.31–0.93)	.0275
Mode of HIV acquisition
Heterosexual	1		1		1		1
Other	0.54 (0.34–0.86)	.0088	0.50 (0.28–0.87)	.0145	0.38 (0.14–1.04)	.0596	0.19 (0.05–0.65)	.0083
Current CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.86 (0.84–0.89)	<.0001	0.91 (0.88–0.94)	<.0001	0.85 (0.80–0.90)	<.0001	0.92 (0.86–0.98)	.0085
Nadir CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.87 (0.83–0.92)	<.0001	0.89 (0.84–0.94)	<.0001	0.87 (0.79–0.96)	.0066	0.85 (0.76–0.96)	.007
AIDS^b
No	1				1
Yes	1.20 (0.90–1.61)	.2175			1.51 (0.89–2.55)	.1278
ART/viral load^b
ART-naive/VL >10000	1		1		1		1
ART-naive/VL <10000	0.24 (0.13–0.46)	<.0001	0.28 (0.14–0.58)	.0005	0.32 (0.10–1.01)	.0512	0.53 (0.16–1.73)	.2919
ART-experienced/VL <50	0.22 (0.15–0.32)	<.0001	0.18 (0.11–0.28)	<.0001	0.22 (0.11–0.46)	<.0001	0.34 (0.14–0.82)	.0162
ART-experienced/VL 51–1000	0.44 (0.27–0.73)	.0014	0.29 (0.16–0.52)	<.0001	0.33 (0.11–0.96)	.0426	0.41 (0.13–1.28)	.1233
ART-experienced/VL 1000–10000	0.42 (0.22–0.82)	.0111	0.35 (0.17–0.71)	.0037	0.59 (0.19–1.89)	.3743	0.72 (0.22–2.41)	.5942
ART-experienced/VL >10000	0.66 (0.40–1.08)	.0988	0.40 (0.22–0.70)	.0015	1.11 (0.47–2.62)	.8095	1.02 (0.40–2.59)	.9725
Current TDF^b
No	1		1		1		1
Yes	0.35 (0.25–0.48)	<.0001	0.41 (0.29–0.58)	<.0001	0.06 (0.02–0.2)	<.0001	0.05 (0.01–0.21)	<.0001
Current PI^b
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.11 (0.85–1.46)	.4451	1.50 (1.08–2.08)	.0153	1.01 (0.6–1.7)	.974

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Associations Between Region of Birth/Ethnicity Group and CKD/ESKD

	CKD				ESKD
	Univariable Estimates^a		Multivariable Estimates^a		Univariable Estimates^a		Multivariable Estimates^a
	IRR (95% CI)	P Value	IRR (95% CI)	P Value	IRR (95% CI)	P Value	IRR (95% CI)	P Value
Region
East Africa	1		1		1		1
Southern Africa	1.55 (1.06–2.27)	.0229	1.51 (1.02–2.25)	.0409	2.60 (1.11–6.08)	.0278	3.14 (1.26–7.84)	.0142
West Africa	2.95 (1.99–4.36)	<.0001	2.59 (1.71–3.94)	<.0001	6.14 (2.63–14.3)	<.0001	6.35 (2.53–15.96)	<.0001
Caribbean	2.30 (1.52–3.48)	<.0001	2.06 (1.29–3.31)	.0027	3.55 (1.42–8.89)	.0069	5.26 (1.91–14.43)	.0013
Age^b
Per 10 years	1.83 (1.62–2.07)	<.0001	2.08 (1.83–2.36)	<.0001	1.11 (0.86–1.43)	.4395	1.20 (0.91–1.57)	0.1917
Sex
Male	1		1		1		1
Female	0.74 (0.57–0.96)	.0238	1.05 (0.78–1.42)	.7336	0.57 (0.35–0.93)	.024	0.54 (0.31–0.93)	.0275
Mode of HIV acquisition
Heterosexual	1		1		1		1
Other	0.54 (0.34–0.86)	.0088	0.50 (0.28–0.87)	.0145	0.38 (0.14–1.04)	.0596	0.19 (0.05–0.65)	.0083
Current CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.86 (0.84–0.89)	<.0001	0.91 (0.88–0.94)	<.0001	0.85 (0.80–0.90)	<.0001	0.92 (0.86–0.98)	.0085
Nadir CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.87 (0.83–0.92)	<.0001	0.89 (0.84–0.94)	<.0001	0.87 (0.79–0.96)	.0066	0.85 (0.76–0.96)	.007
AIDS^b
No	1				1
Yes	1.20 (0.90–1.61)	.2175			1.51 (0.89–2.55)	.1278
ART/viral load^b
ART-naive/VL >10000	1		1		1		1
ART-naive/VL <10000	0.24 (0.13–0.46)	<.0001	0.28 (0.14–0.58)	.0005	0.32 (0.10–1.01)	.0512	0.53 (0.16–1.73)	.2919
ART-experienced/VL <50	0.22 (0.15–0.32)	<.0001	0.18 (0.11–0.28)	<.0001	0.22 (0.11–0.46)	<.0001	0.34 (0.14–0.82)	.0162
ART-experienced/VL 51–1000	0.44 (0.27–0.73)	.0014	0.29 (0.16–0.52)	<.0001	0.33 (0.11–0.96)	.0426	0.41 (0.13–1.28)	.1233
ART-experienced/VL 1000–10000	0.42 (0.22–0.82)	.0111	0.35 (0.17–0.71)	.0037	0.59 (0.19–1.89)	.3743	0.72 (0.22–2.41)	.5942
ART-experienced/VL >10000	0.66 (0.40–1.08)	.0988	0.40 (0.22–0.70)	.0015	1.11 (0.47–2.62)	.8095	1.02 (0.40–2.59)	.9725
Current TDF^b
No	1		1		1		1
Yes	0.35 (0.25–0.48)	<.0001	0.41 (0.29–0.58)	<.0001	0.06 (0.02–0.2)	<.0001	0.05 (0.01–0.21)	<.0001
Current PI^b
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.11 (0.85–1.46)	.4451	1.50 (1.08–2.08)	.0153	1.01 (0.6–1.7)	.974

	CKD				ESKD
	Univariable Estimates^a		Multivariable Estimates^a		Univariable Estimates^a		Multivariable Estimates^a
	IRR (95% CI)	P Value	IRR (95% CI)	P Value	IRR (95% CI)	P Value	IRR (95% CI)	P Value
Region
East Africa	1		1		1		1
Southern Africa	1.55 (1.06–2.27)	.0229	1.51 (1.02–2.25)	.0409	2.60 (1.11–6.08)	.0278	3.14 (1.26–7.84)	.0142
West Africa	2.95 (1.99–4.36)	<.0001	2.59 (1.71–3.94)	<.0001	6.14 (2.63–14.3)	<.0001	6.35 (2.53–15.96)	<.0001
Caribbean	2.30 (1.52–3.48)	<.0001	2.06 (1.29–3.31)	.0027	3.55 (1.42–8.89)	.0069	5.26 (1.91–14.43)	.0013
Age^b
Per 10 years	1.83 (1.62–2.07)	<.0001	2.08 (1.83–2.36)	<.0001	1.11 (0.86–1.43)	.4395	1.20 (0.91–1.57)	0.1917
Sex
Male	1		1		1		1
Female	0.74 (0.57–0.96)	.0238	1.05 (0.78–1.42)	.7336	0.57 (0.35–0.93)	.024	0.54 (0.31–0.93)	.0275
Mode of HIV acquisition
Heterosexual	1		1		1		1
Other	0.54 (0.34–0.86)	.0088	0.50 (0.28–0.87)	.0145	0.38 (0.14–1.04)	.0596	0.19 (0.05–0.65)	.0083
Current CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.86 (0.84–0.89)	<.0001	0.91 (0.88–0.94)	<.0001	0.85 (0.80–0.90)	<.0001	0.92 (0.86–0.98)	.0085
Nadir CD4 count^b
Per 50 cells/mm	0.87 (0.83–0.92)	<.0001	0.89 (0.84–0.94)	<.0001	0.87 (0.79–0.96)	.0066	0.85 (0.76–0.96)	.007
AIDS^b
No	1				1
Yes	1.20 (0.90–1.61)	.2175			1.51 (0.89–2.55)	.1278
ART/viral load^b
ART-naive/VL >10000	1		1		1		1
ART-naive/VL <10000	0.24 (0.13–0.46)	<.0001	0.28 (0.14–0.58)	.0005	0.32 (0.10–1.01)	.0512	0.53 (0.16–1.73)	.2919
ART-experienced/VL <50	0.22 (0.15–0.32)	<.0001	0.18 (0.11–0.28)	<.0001	0.22 (0.11–0.46)	<.0001	0.34 (0.14–0.82)	.0162
ART-experienced/VL 51–1000	0.44 (0.27–0.73)	.0014	0.29 (0.16–0.52)	<.0001	0.33 (0.11–0.96)	.0426	0.41 (0.13–1.28)	.1233
ART-experienced/VL 1000–10000	0.42 (0.22–0.82)	.0111	0.35 (0.17–0.71)	.0037	0.59 (0.19–1.89)	.3743	0.72 (0.22–2.41)	.5942
ART-experienced/VL >10000	0.66 (0.40–1.08)	.0988	0.40 (0.22–0.70)	.0015	1.11 (0.47–2.62)	.8095	1.02 (0.40–2.59)	.9725
Current TDF^b
No	1		1		1		1
Yes	0.35 (0.25–0.48)	<.0001	0.41 (0.29–0.58)	<.0001	0.06 (0.02–0.2)	<.0001	0.05 (0.01–0.21)	<.0001
Current PI^b
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.11 (0.85–1.46)	.4451	1.50 (1.08–2.08)	.0153	1.01 (0.6–1.7)	.974

Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IRR, incidence rate ratio; PI, protease inhibitor; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; VL, viral load.

^a Poisson regression analysis; multivariable models included region, age, sex, mode of HIV acquisition, current and nadir CD4 cell count, immunovirological status, and TDF exposure (CKD only). For all parameters except age and CD4 count, the IRR is reported in relation to the first parameter in each group.

^bTime updated variable.

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