Overview of reports of concomitant changes in cuticle (CM) make-up and permeability
| Species Organs Reference | Genotype (genetic function affected) | Effect on cuticle make-up compared with wild type | Effect on putative cuticular function |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves Aharoni et al., 2004 | shn (transcription factor SHINE overexpressed) | •Total wax coverage: +500% •Alkane, secondary alcohol, ketone coverage: +800–1000% | •Rate of relative rosette fresh weight loss increased several-fold •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Stems and leaves Chen et al., 2003 | wax2 mutant (WAX2 coding for a predicted 72.3 kD membrane protein) | •Stem CM thickness: +36% •Stem CM coverage: −20% and structurally disorganized •Stem wax coverage: −80% Leaf wax coverage: −80% •Clear changes in stem and leaf wax composition patterns | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Faster desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Lolle et al., 1997, Tanaka et al., 2004 | fdh-1 mutant (FIDDLEHEAD coding for putative long-chain fatty acid elongase) | •Cuticle discontinuous (plant takes up water-soluble dye via shoot surface) | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Sieber et al., 2000 | Col-0/gl1 (plants expressing fungal cutinase) | •Stem CM of uneven thickness •Loose leaf CM structure •Wax deposition unimpaired | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Cutinase activity leached more rapidly in aqueous solution •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Xiao et al., 2004 | att1 mutant (ATT1 coding for a putative fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, CYP86A2) | •Cutin coverage (inflorescence stem): −70% •Dominant monomer: 49→34% (hexadecane-1,16-dioic acid) •Cutin/cutan ratio: little change •Loose leaf CM structure | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Greater susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringiae pv. tomato |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Leaves and fruits Vogg et al., 2004 | lecer6 (homozygous) [deficiency in CER6 (CUT1)-like very-long-chain fatty acid β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase] | •C ≥31-n-alkanes drastically reduced (in leaves and fruits) •Cyclic triterpenoids increased (only in fruits) •Strippable fruit waxes: −50% | •Proportion of fruits wrinkled: 4%→49% •Cuticular permeability (in intact fruits): +300% |
| Medicago sativa Leaves Zhang et al., 2005 | Transgenic alfalfa (putative transcription factor WXP1 overexpressed) | •Wax coverage: +30% •Clear changes in wax development and composition patterns | •Slower desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more slowly •Improved recovery from drought |
| Sorghum bicolor Leaf blades Jenks et al., 1994 | bm-22 mutant (single-locus mutation affecting CM and waxes) | •CM thickness: −60% •CM coverage: −80% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Whole-plant conductance in darkness: +150% •Necrosis through blight: +260% |
| Zea mays Juvenile leaves Sturaro et al., 2005 | gl1 mutant (GLOSSY1 coding for a predicted membrane protein) | •CM thickness: −50% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
| Species Organs Reference | Genotype (genetic function affected) | Effect on cuticle make-up compared with wild type | Effect on putative cuticular function |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves Aharoni et al., 2004 | shn (transcription factor SHINE overexpressed) | •Total wax coverage: +500% •Alkane, secondary alcohol, ketone coverage: +800–1000% | •Rate of relative rosette fresh weight loss increased several-fold •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Stems and leaves Chen et al., 2003 | wax2 mutant (WAX2 coding for a predicted 72.3 kD membrane protein) | •Stem CM thickness: +36% •Stem CM coverage: −20% and structurally disorganized •Stem wax coverage: −80% Leaf wax coverage: −80% •Clear changes in stem and leaf wax composition patterns | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Faster desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Lolle et al., 1997, Tanaka et al., 2004 | fdh-1 mutant (FIDDLEHEAD coding for putative long-chain fatty acid elongase) | •Cuticle discontinuous (plant takes up water-soluble dye via shoot surface) | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Sieber et al., 2000 | Col-0/gl1 (plants expressing fungal cutinase) | •Stem CM of uneven thickness •Loose leaf CM structure •Wax deposition unimpaired | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Cutinase activity leached more rapidly in aqueous solution •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Xiao et al., 2004 | att1 mutant (ATT1 coding for a putative fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, CYP86A2) | •Cutin coverage (inflorescence stem): −70% •Dominant monomer: 49→34% (hexadecane-1,16-dioic acid) •Cutin/cutan ratio: little change •Loose leaf CM structure | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Greater susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringiae pv. tomato |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Leaves and fruits Vogg et al., 2004 | lecer6 (homozygous) [deficiency in CER6 (CUT1)-like very-long-chain fatty acid β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase] | •C ≥31-n-alkanes drastically reduced (in leaves and fruits) •Cyclic triterpenoids increased (only in fruits) •Strippable fruit waxes: −50% | •Proportion of fruits wrinkled: 4%→49% •Cuticular permeability (in intact fruits): +300% |
| Medicago sativa Leaves Zhang et al., 2005 | Transgenic alfalfa (putative transcription factor WXP1 overexpressed) | •Wax coverage: +30% •Clear changes in wax development and composition patterns | •Slower desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more slowly •Improved recovery from drought |
| Sorghum bicolor Leaf blades Jenks et al., 1994 | bm-22 mutant (single-locus mutation affecting CM and waxes) | •CM thickness: −60% •CM coverage: −80% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Whole-plant conductance in darkness: +150% •Necrosis through blight: +260% |
| Zea mays Juvenile leaves Sturaro et al., 2005 | gl1 mutant (GLOSSY1 coding for a predicted membrane protein) | •CM thickness: −50% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
Effect sizes given are mostly as rounded and in some cases summary figures.
Overview of reports of concomitant changes in cuticle (CM) make-up and permeability
| Species Organs Reference | Genotype (genetic function affected) | Effect on cuticle make-up compared with wild type | Effect on putative cuticular function |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves Aharoni et al., 2004 | shn (transcription factor SHINE overexpressed) | •Total wax coverage: +500% •Alkane, secondary alcohol, ketone coverage: +800–1000% | •Rate of relative rosette fresh weight loss increased several-fold •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Stems and leaves Chen et al., 2003 | wax2 mutant (WAX2 coding for a predicted 72.3 kD membrane protein) | •Stem CM thickness: +36% •Stem CM coverage: −20% and structurally disorganized •Stem wax coverage: −80% Leaf wax coverage: −80% •Clear changes in stem and leaf wax composition patterns | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Faster desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Lolle et al., 1997, Tanaka et al., 2004 | fdh-1 mutant (FIDDLEHEAD coding for putative long-chain fatty acid elongase) | •Cuticle discontinuous (plant takes up water-soluble dye via shoot surface) | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Sieber et al., 2000 | Col-0/gl1 (plants expressing fungal cutinase) | •Stem CM of uneven thickness •Loose leaf CM structure •Wax deposition unimpaired | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Cutinase activity leached more rapidly in aqueous solution •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Xiao et al., 2004 | att1 mutant (ATT1 coding for a putative fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, CYP86A2) | •Cutin coverage (inflorescence stem): −70% •Dominant monomer: 49→34% (hexadecane-1,16-dioic acid) •Cutin/cutan ratio: little change •Loose leaf CM structure | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Greater susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringiae pv. tomato |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Leaves and fruits Vogg et al., 2004 | lecer6 (homozygous) [deficiency in CER6 (CUT1)-like very-long-chain fatty acid β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase] | •C ≥31-n-alkanes drastically reduced (in leaves and fruits) •Cyclic triterpenoids increased (only in fruits) •Strippable fruit waxes: −50% | •Proportion of fruits wrinkled: 4%→49% •Cuticular permeability (in intact fruits): +300% |
| Medicago sativa Leaves Zhang et al., 2005 | Transgenic alfalfa (putative transcription factor WXP1 overexpressed) | •Wax coverage: +30% •Clear changes in wax development and composition patterns | •Slower desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more slowly •Improved recovery from drought |
| Sorghum bicolor Leaf blades Jenks et al., 1994 | bm-22 mutant (single-locus mutation affecting CM and waxes) | •CM thickness: −60% •CM coverage: −80% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Whole-plant conductance in darkness: +150% •Necrosis through blight: +260% |
| Zea mays Juvenile leaves Sturaro et al., 2005 | gl1 mutant (GLOSSY1 coding for a predicted membrane protein) | •CM thickness: −50% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
| Species Organs Reference | Genotype (genetic function affected) | Effect on cuticle make-up compared with wild type | Effect on putative cuticular function |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves Aharoni et al., 2004 | shn (transcription factor SHINE overexpressed) | •Total wax coverage: +500% •Alkane, secondary alcohol, ketone coverage: +800–1000% | •Rate of relative rosette fresh weight loss increased several-fold •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Stems and leaves Chen et al., 2003 | wax2 mutant (WAX2 coding for a predicted 72.3 kD membrane protein) | •Stem CM thickness: +36% •Stem CM coverage: −20% and structurally disorganized •Stem wax coverage: −80% Leaf wax coverage: −80% •Clear changes in stem and leaf wax composition patterns | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Faster desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Lolle et al., 1997, Tanaka et al., 2004 | fdh-1 mutant (FIDDLEHEAD coding for putative long-chain fatty acid elongase) | •Cuticle discontinuous (plant takes up water-soluble dye via shoot surface) | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and inflorescences Sieber et al., 2000 | Col-0/gl1 (plants expressing fungal cutinase) | •Stem CM of uneven thickness •Loose leaf CM structure •Wax deposition unimpaired | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly •Cutinase activity leached more rapidly in aqueous solution •Higher susceptibility to foliarly applied herbicides •Post-genital fusion of aerial organs |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Xiao et al., 2004 | att1 mutant (ATT1 coding for a putative fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, CYP86A2) | •Cutin coverage (inflorescence stem): −70% •Dominant monomer: 49→34% (hexadecane-1,16-dioic acid) •Cutin/cutan ratio: little change •Loose leaf CM structure | •Whole-plant transpiration in darkness (per g DW) approximately doubled •Greater susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringiae pv. tomato |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Leaves and fruits Vogg et al., 2004 | lecer6 (homozygous) [deficiency in CER6 (CUT1)-like very-long-chain fatty acid β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase] | •C ≥31-n-alkanes drastically reduced (in leaves and fruits) •Cyclic triterpenoids increased (only in fruits) •Strippable fruit waxes: −50% | •Proportion of fruits wrinkled: 4%→49% •Cuticular permeability (in intact fruits): +300% |
| Medicago sativa Leaves Zhang et al., 2005 | Transgenic alfalfa (putative transcription factor WXP1 overexpressed) | •Wax coverage: +30% •Clear changes in wax development and composition patterns | •Slower desiccation of detached leaves •Chlorophyll extracted more slowly •Improved recovery from drought |
| Sorghum bicolor Leaf blades Jenks et al., 1994 | bm-22 mutant (single-locus mutation affecting CM and waxes) | •CM thickness: −60% •CM coverage: −80% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Whole-plant conductance in darkness: +150% •Necrosis through blight: +260% |
| Zea mays Juvenile leaves Sturaro et al., 2005 | gl1 mutant (GLOSSY1 coding for a predicted membrane protein) | •CM thickness: −50% •CM ultra-structure altered •Wax coverage: −70% | •Chlorophyll extracted more rapidly |
Effect sizes given are mostly as rounded and in some cases summary figures.
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