Thirty-six studies comprising 56 samples with a total of 21,099 imprisoned people met the inclusion criteria (main characteristics of the included studies are listed in Table 1; additional information is available in Web Table 2). Male prisoners constituted 76.4% (n = 16,111 participants) of the pooled samples; 23.6% (n = 4,988 participants) were female prisoners. The weighted mean age was 30.6 years. Studies were conducted in 20 countries, of which 14 were classified as HICs in the year of the data collection: Australia (28, 29), Austria (30), Canada (31–34), Chile (35), France (36), Germany (37–40), Iceland (41), Ireland (42), Netherlands (43), New Zealand (44), Spain (45, 46), Switzerland (47), United Kingdom (48, 49), and United States (50–56); and 7 were LMICs: Brazil (57), Chile (58), China (59), India (21), Iran (60), South Africa (20), and Turkey (61). The World Bank classification of Chile changed from LMIC to HIC over time.
Description of Included Samples Reporting the Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Prison Populations, 1980–2017
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) . | Country . | Income Group . | Sex . | Sample Size . | Type of Study . | Sampling Method . | Diagnostic Instrument . | Diagnostic Criteria . | Legal Status . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 676 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Female | 617 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 516 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Assadi, 2006 (60) | Iran | LMIC | Male | 351 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Beaudette, 2016 (31)b | Canada | HIC | Male | 1,110 | A | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Male | 197 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Female | 171 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Male | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Female | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Brink, 2001 (32) | Canada | HIC | Male | 202 | A | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Brooke, 1996 (49) | UK | HIC | Male | 750 | C | Stratified random | Clinical interview | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Bulten, 2009 (43) | The Netherlands | HIC | Male | 191 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-III-R | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 756 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 458 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 165 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 108 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Derkzen, 2016 (34)a | Canada | HIC | Female | 154 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Male | 799 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France, MQ | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Female | 99 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Dudeck, 2009 (37)b | Germany | HIC | Male | 102 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Einarsson, 2009 (41)a | Iceland | HIC | Male | 90 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Male | 264 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Female | 56 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Guthrie, 1998 (51) | US | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Hodgins, 1990 (33) | Canada | HIC | Male | 495 | C | Random | DIS | DSM-III | Sentenced |
| Huang, 2006 (59) | China | LMIC | Female | 471 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 233 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 249 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 1,197 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 3,827 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mir, 2015 (40) | Germany | HIC | Female | 150 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Missoni, 2003 (38)a | Germany | HIC | Male | 107 | A | Population | DIA-X | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mohan, 1997 (42) | Ireland | HIC | Female | 45 | A | Random | SCAN | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Male | 855 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Female | 153 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Male | 229 | A | Systematic | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Female | 198 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 120 | C | Stratified random | MINI and ICD-10 | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 73 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 118 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Sentenced |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 95 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 645 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 441 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Female | 162 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Teplin, 1996 (54) | US | HIC | Female | 1,272 | A | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Male | 306 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Female | 199 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Tye, 2006 (29) | Australia | HIC | Female | 103 | C | Population | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Urbaniok, 2007 (47) | Switzerland | HIC | Male | 25 | C | Population | PDS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Vicens, 2011 (46) | Spain | HIC | Male | 707 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| von Schönfeld, 2006 (39) | Germany | HIC | Female | 63 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zabala-Baños, 2016 (45)a | Spain | HIC | Male | 184 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zlotnick, 1997 (56) | US | HIC | Female | 85 | C | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) . | Country . | Income Group . | Sex . | Sample Size . | Type of Study . | Sampling Method . | Diagnostic Instrument . | Diagnostic Criteria . | Legal Status . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 676 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Female | 617 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 516 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Assadi, 2006 (60) | Iran | LMIC | Male | 351 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Beaudette, 2016 (31)b | Canada | HIC | Male | 1,110 | A | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Male | 197 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Female | 171 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Male | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Female | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Brink, 2001 (32) | Canada | HIC | Male | 202 | A | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Brooke, 1996 (49) | UK | HIC | Male | 750 | C | Stratified random | Clinical interview | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Bulten, 2009 (43) | The Netherlands | HIC | Male | 191 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-III-R | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 756 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 458 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 165 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 108 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Derkzen, 2016 (34)a | Canada | HIC | Female | 154 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Male | 799 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France, MQ | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Female | 99 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Dudeck, 2009 (37)b | Germany | HIC | Male | 102 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Einarsson, 2009 (41)a | Iceland | HIC | Male | 90 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Male | 264 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Female | 56 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Guthrie, 1998 (51) | US | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Hodgins, 1990 (33) | Canada | HIC | Male | 495 | C | Random | DIS | DSM-III | Sentenced |
| Huang, 2006 (59) | China | LMIC | Female | 471 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 233 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 249 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 1,197 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 3,827 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mir, 2015 (40) | Germany | HIC | Female | 150 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Missoni, 2003 (38)a | Germany | HIC | Male | 107 | A | Population | DIA-X | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mohan, 1997 (42) | Ireland | HIC | Female | 45 | A | Random | SCAN | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Male | 855 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Female | 153 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Male | 229 | A | Systematic | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Female | 198 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 120 | C | Stratified random | MINI and ICD-10 | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 73 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 118 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Sentenced |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 95 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 645 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 441 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Female | 162 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Teplin, 1996 (54) | US | HIC | Female | 1,272 | A | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Male | 306 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Female | 199 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Tye, 2006 (29) | Australia | HIC | Female | 103 | C | Population | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Urbaniok, 2007 (47) | Switzerland | HIC | Male | 25 | C | Population | PDS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Vicens, 2011 (46) | Spain | HIC | Male | 707 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| von Schönfeld, 2006 (39) | Germany | HIC | Female | 63 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zabala-Baños, 2016 (45)a | Spain | HIC | Male | 184 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zlotnick, 1997 (56) | US | HIC | Female | 85 | C | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
Abbreviations: A, admission; C, cross-sectional; CAPS, Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIA-X, Diagnostic Expert System for Mental Disorders; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; HIC, high-income country; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; LMIC, low- or middle-income country; MINI, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MQ, Martinique; PDS, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; SCAN, Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.
a Authors provided additional data.
b Authors provided additional information about their studies.
Description of Included Samples Reporting the Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Prison Populations, 1980–2017
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) . | Country . | Income Group . | Sex . | Sample Size . | Type of Study . | Sampling Method . | Diagnostic Instrument . | Diagnostic Criteria . | Legal Status . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 676 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Female | 617 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 516 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Assadi, 2006 (60) | Iran | LMIC | Male | 351 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Beaudette, 2016 (31)b | Canada | HIC | Male | 1,110 | A | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Male | 197 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Female | 171 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Male | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Female | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Brink, 2001 (32) | Canada | HIC | Male | 202 | A | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Brooke, 1996 (49) | UK | HIC | Male | 750 | C | Stratified random | Clinical interview | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Bulten, 2009 (43) | The Netherlands | HIC | Male | 191 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-III-R | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 756 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 458 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 165 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 108 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Derkzen, 2016 (34)a | Canada | HIC | Female | 154 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Male | 799 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France, MQ | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Female | 99 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Dudeck, 2009 (37)b | Germany | HIC | Male | 102 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Einarsson, 2009 (41)a | Iceland | HIC | Male | 90 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Male | 264 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Female | 56 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Guthrie, 1998 (51) | US | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Hodgins, 1990 (33) | Canada | HIC | Male | 495 | C | Random | DIS | DSM-III | Sentenced |
| Huang, 2006 (59) | China | LMIC | Female | 471 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 233 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 249 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 1,197 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 3,827 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mir, 2015 (40) | Germany | HIC | Female | 150 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Missoni, 2003 (38)a | Germany | HIC | Male | 107 | A | Population | DIA-X | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mohan, 1997 (42) | Ireland | HIC | Female | 45 | A | Random | SCAN | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Male | 855 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Female | 153 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Male | 229 | A | Systematic | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Female | 198 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 120 | C | Stratified random | MINI and ICD-10 | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 73 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 118 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Sentenced |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 95 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 645 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 441 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Female | 162 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Teplin, 1996 (54) | US | HIC | Female | 1,272 | A | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Male | 306 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Female | 199 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Tye, 2006 (29) | Australia | HIC | Female | 103 | C | Population | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Urbaniok, 2007 (47) | Switzerland | HIC | Male | 25 | C | Population | PDS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Vicens, 2011 (46) | Spain | HIC | Male | 707 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| von Schönfeld, 2006 (39) | Germany | HIC | Female | 63 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zabala-Baños, 2016 (45)a | Spain | HIC | Male | 184 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zlotnick, 1997 (56) | US | HIC | Female | 85 | C | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) . | Country . | Income Group . | Sex . | Sample Size . | Type of Study . | Sampling Method . | Diagnostic Instrument . | Diagnostic Criteria . | Legal Status . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 676 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Female | 617 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Andreoli, 2014 (57)a | Brazil | LMIC | Male | 516 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Assadi, 2006 (60) | Iran | LMIC | Male | 351 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Beaudette, 2016 (31)b | Canada | HIC | Male | 1,110 | A | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Male | 197 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Bebbington, 2017 (48)a | UK | HIC | Female | 171 | C | Random | PDS | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Male | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Boşgelmez, 2010 (61)b | Turkey | LMIC | Female | 30 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Brink, 2001 (32) | Canada | HIC | Male | 202 | A | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Brooke, 1996 (49) | UK | HIC | Male | 750 | C | Stratified random | Clinical interview | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Bulten, 2009 (43) | The Netherlands | HIC | Male | 191 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-III-R | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 756 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Male | 458 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 165 | A | Convenience | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Butler, 2003 (28) | Australia | HIC | Female | 108 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Derkzen, 2016 (34)a | Canada | HIC | Female | 154 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Male | 799 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France, MQ | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Duburcq, 2004 (36)b | France | HIC | Female | 99 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Dudeck, 2009 (37)b | Germany | HIC | Male | 102 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Einarsson, 2009 (41)a | Iceland | HIC | Male | 90 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Male | 264 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Gunter, 2008 (50) | US | HIC | Female | 56 | A | Random | MINI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Guthrie, 1998 (51) | US | HIC | Male | 100 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Hodgins, 1990 (33) | Canada | HIC | Male | 495 | C | Random | DIS | DSM-III | Sentenced |
| Huang, 2006 (59) | China | LMIC | Female | 471 | C | Random | CAPS | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 233 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Lynch, 2014 (52)a | US | HIC | Female | 249 | C | Random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 1,197 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Math, 2011 (21) | India | LMIC | Male | 3,827 | A and C | Population | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mir, 2015 (40) | Germany | HIC | Female | 150 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Missoni, 2003 (38)a | Germany | HIC | Male | 107 | A | Population | DIA-X | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Mohan, 1997 (42) | Ireland | HIC | Female | 45 | A | Random | SCAN | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Male | 855 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2013 (58)a | Chile | LMIC | Female | 153 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Male | 229 | A | Systematic | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Mundt, 2016 (35) | Chile | HIC | Female | 198 | A | Population | MINI | DSM-IV | Mixed |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 120 | C | Stratified random | MINI and ICD-10 | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Naidoo, 2012 (20) | South Africa | LMIC | Male | 73 | C | Stratified random | MINI | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Remand |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 118 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Sentenced |
| Powell, 1997 (53) | US | HIC | Male | 95 | C | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 645 | C | Stratified random | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Male | 441 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Simpson, 1999 (44) | New Zealand | HIC | Female | 162 | C | Population | CIDI | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Sentenced |
| Stompe, 2010 (30) | Austria | HIC | Male | 100 | A | Population | SCAN | ICD-10 | Remand |
| Teplin, 1996 (54) | US | HIC | Female | 1,272 | A | Stratified random | DIS | DSM-III-R | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Male | 306 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Trestman, 2007 (55) | US | HIC | Female | 199 | A | Systematic | CAPS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Tye, 2006 (29) | Australia | HIC | Female | 103 | C | Population | CIDI | ICD-10 | Mixed |
| Urbaniok, 2007 (47) | Switzerland | HIC | Male | 25 | C | Population | PDS | DSM-IV | Remand |
| Vicens, 2011 (46) | Spain | HIC | Male | 707 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| von Schönfeld, 2006 (39) | Germany | HIC | Female | 63 | C | Population | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zabala-Baños, 2016 (45)a | Spain | HIC | Male | 184 | C | Stratified random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
| Zlotnick, 1997 (56) | US | HIC | Female | 85 | C | Random | SCID | DSM-IV | Sentenced |
Abbreviations: A, admission; C, cross-sectional; CAPS, Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIA-X, Diagnostic Expert System for Mental Disorders; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; HIC, high-income country; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; LMIC, low- or middle-income country; MINI, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MQ, Martinique; PDS, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; SCAN, Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.
a Authors provided additional data.
b Authors provided additional information about their studies.
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