Characteristics of the Mothers (n = 170) at Inclusion and the Modes of Conception, Pregnancy Complications, and Placenta Weight in the Pregnancies (n = 182a)
| . | n . | Metforminb . | n . | Placebob . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | ||||
| Age, y | 87 | 29.5 ± 3.7 | 83 | 29.7 ± 4.2 |
| Height, cm | 87 | 167.1 ± 5.3 | 83 | 167.6 ± 5.1 |
| Weight, kg | 87 | 81.3 ± 20.3 | 83 | 79.6 ± 18.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 87 | 29.1 ± 7.0 | 83 | 28.4 ± 6.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 118 ± 13 | 83 | 117 ± 12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 73 ± 10 | 83 | 72 ± 10 |
| Pulse, bpm | 76 | 74 ± 10 | 72 | 74 ± 9 |
| OGTT (75 g) | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 76 | 4.7 ± 0.6 |
| 2-h plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 75 | 5.4 ± 1.6 |
| Smoking, % | 87 | 3 (3.4) | 83 | 6 (7.2) |
| Parity | 87 | 83 | ||
| Nullipara, % | 53 (60.9) | 48 (57.8) | ||
| Multipara, % | 34 (39.1) | 35 (43.2) | ||
| PCOS phenotype | ||||
| National Institutes of Health criteria, % | 78 | 48 (61.5) | 76 | 46 (60.5) |
| Fulfills only Rotterdam criteria, % | 78 | 30 (38.5) | 76 | 30 (39.5) |
| Mode of conception | 92 | 90 | ||
| Spontaneously, % | 52 (56.5) | 52 (57.8) | ||
| Ovulation induction, % | 25 (27.2) | 14 (15.6) | ||
| IVF/ICSI, % | 15 (16.3) | 21 (23.3) | ||
| Other, % | 0 (0) | 3 (3.3) | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy, kg | 90 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 89 | 10.2 ± 5.2 |
| Pregnancy complications | 92 | 90 | ||
| Preterm birth, % | 2 (2.2) | 7 (7.8) | ||
| GDMc, % | 21 (22.8) | 29 (32.2) | ||
| Preeclampsia, % | 14 (15.2) | 12 (13.3) | ||
| Placenta weight, g | 82 | 649 ± 160 | 77 | 673 ± 162 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Duration of breastfeeding, mo | 70 | 9.5 ± 4.1 | 65 | 9.0 ± 3.7 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, mo | 68 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 62 | 4.2 ± 2.9 |
| . | n . | Metforminb . | n . | Placebob . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | ||||
| Age, y | 87 | 29.5 ± 3.7 | 83 | 29.7 ± 4.2 |
| Height, cm | 87 | 167.1 ± 5.3 | 83 | 167.6 ± 5.1 |
| Weight, kg | 87 | 81.3 ± 20.3 | 83 | 79.6 ± 18.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 87 | 29.1 ± 7.0 | 83 | 28.4 ± 6.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 118 ± 13 | 83 | 117 ± 12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 73 ± 10 | 83 | 72 ± 10 |
| Pulse, bpm | 76 | 74 ± 10 | 72 | 74 ± 9 |
| OGTT (75 g) | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 76 | 4.7 ± 0.6 |
| 2-h plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 75 | 5.4 ± 1.6 |
| Smoking, % | 87 | 3 (3.4) | 83 | 6 (7.2) |
| Parity | 87 | 83 | ||
| Nullipara, % | 53 (60.9) | 48 (57.8) | ||
| Multipara, % | 34 (39.1) | 35 (43.2) | ||
| PCOS phenotype | ||||
| National Institutes of Health criteria, % | 78 | 48 (61.5) | 76 | 46 (60.5) |
| Fulfills only Rotterdam criteria, % | 78 | 30 (38.5) | 76 | 30 (39.5) |
| Mode of conception | 92 | 90 | ||
| Spontaneously, % | 52 (56.5) | 52 (57.8) | ||
| Ovulation induction, % | 25 (27.2) | 14 (15.6) | ||
| IVF/ICSI, % | 15 (16.3) | 21 (23.3) | ||
| Other, % | 0 (0) | 3 (3.3) | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy, kg | 90 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 89 | 10.2 ± 5.2 |
| Pregnancy complications | 92 | 90 | ||
| Preterm birth, % | 2 (2.2) | 7 (7.8) | ||
| GDMc, % | 21 (22.8) | 29 (32.2) | ||
| Preeclampsia, % | 14 (15.2) | 12 (13.3) | ||
| Placenta weight, g | 82 | 649 ± 160 | 77 | 673 ± 162 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Duration of breastfeeding, mo | 70 | 9.5 ± 4.1 | 65 | 9.0 ± 3.7 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, mo | 68 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 62 | 4.2 ± 2.9 |
None of the comparisons between the groups showed statistical significant difference (P < 0.05).
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF, in vitro fertilization; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
Twelve mothers participated twice.
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%) as appropriate.
Gestational diabetes mellitus defined as fasting plasma glucose higher than 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-hour serum glucose higher than 7.8 mmol/L after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.
Characteristics of the Mothers (n = 170) at Inclusion and the Modes of Conception, Pregnancy Complications, and Placenta Weight in the Pregnancies (n = 182a)
| . | n . | Metforminb . | n . | Placebob . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | ||||
| Age, y | 87 | 29.5 ± 3.7 | 83 | 29.7 ± 4.2 |
| Height, cm | 87 | 167.1 ± 5.3 | 83 | 167.6 ± 5.1 |
| Weight, kg | 87 | 81.3 ± 20.3 | 83 | 79.6 ± 18.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 87 | 29.1 ± 7.0 | 83 | 28.4 ± 6.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 118 ± 13 | 83 | 117 ± 12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 73 ± 10 | 83 | 72 ± 10 |
| Pulse, bpm | 76 | 74 ± 10 | 72 | 74 ± 9 |
| OGTT (75 g) | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 76 | 4.7 ± 0.6 |
| 2-h plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 75 | 5.4 ± 1.6 |
| Smoking, % | 87 | 3 (3.4) | 83 | 6 (7.2) |
| Parity | 87 | 83 | ||
| Nullipara, % | 53 (60.9) | 48 (57.8) | ||
| Multipara, % | 34 (39.1) | 35 (43.2) | ||
| PCOS phenotype | ||||
| National Institutes of Health criteria, % | 78 | 48 (61.5) | 76 | 46 (60.5) |
| Fulfills only Rotterdam criteria, % | 78 | 30 (38.5) | 76 | 30 (39.5) |
| Mode of conception | 92 | 90 | ||
| Spontaneously, % | 52 (56.5) | 52 (57.8) | ||
| Ovulation induction, % | 25 (27.2) | 14 (15.6) | ||
| IVF/ICSI, % | 15 (16.3) | 21 (23.3) | ||
| Other, % | 0 (0) | 3 (3.3) | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy, kg | 90 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 89 | 10.2 ± 5.2 |
| Pregnancy complications | 92 | 90 | ||
| Preterm birth, % | 2 (2.2) | 7 (7.8) | ||
| GDMc, % | 21 (22.8) | 29 (32.2) | ||
| Preeclampsia, % | 14 (15.2) | 12 (13.3) | ||
| Placenta weight, g | 82 | 649 ± 160 | 77 | 673 ± 162 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Duration of breastfeeding, mo | 70 | 9.5 ± 4.1 | 65 | 9.0 ± 3.7 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, mo | 68 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 62 | 4.2 ± 2.9 |
| . | n . | Metforminb . | n . | Placebob . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | ||||
| Age, y | 87 | 29.5 ± 3.7 | 83 | 29.7 ± 4.2 |
| Height, cm | 87 | 167.1 ± 5.3 | 83 | 167.6 ± 5.1 |
| Weight, kg | 87 | 81.3 ± 20.3 | 83 | 79.6 ± 18.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 87 | 29.1 ± 7.0 | 83 | 28.4 ± 6.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 118 ± 13 | 83 | 117 ± 12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87 | 73 ± 10 | 83 | 72 ± 10 |
| Pulse, bpm | 76 | 74 ± 10 | 72 | 74 ± 9 |
| OGTT (75 g) | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 76 | 4.7 ± 0.6 |
| 2-h plasma glucose, mmol/L | 78 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 75 | 5.4 ± 1.6 |
| Smoking, % | 87 | 3 (3.4) | 83 | 6 (7.2) |
| Parity | 87 | 83 | ||
| Nullipara, % | 53 (60.9) | 48 (57.8) | ||
| Multipara, % | 34 (39.1) | 35 (43.2) | ||
| PCOS phenotype | ||||
| National Institutes of Health criteria, % | 78 | 48 (61.5) | 76 | 46 (60.5) |
| Fulfills only Rotterdam criteria, % | 78 | 30 (38.5) | 76 | 30 (39.5) |
| Mode of conception | 92 | 90 | ||
| Spontaneously, % | 52 (56.5) | 52 (57.8) | ||
| Ovulation induction, % | 25 (27.2) | 14 (15.6) | ||
| IVF/ICSI, % | 15 (16.3) | 21 (23.3) | ||
| Other, % | 0 (0) | 3 (3.3) | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy, kg | 90 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 89 | 10.2 ± 5.2 |
| Pregnancy complications | 92 | 90 | ||
| Preterm birth, % | 2 (2.2) | 7 (7.8) | ||
| GDMc, % | 21 (22.8) | 29 (32.2) | ||
| Preeclampsia, % | 14 (15.2) | 12 (13.3) | ||
| Placenta weight, g | 82 | 649 ± 160 | 77 | 673 ± 162 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Duration of breastfeeding, mo | 70 | 9.5 ± 4.1 | 65 | 9.0 ± 3.7 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, mo | 68 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 62 | 4.2 ± 2.9 |
None of the comparisons between the groups showed statistical significant difference (P < 0.05).
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF, in vitro fertilization; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
Twelve mothers participated twice.
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%) as appropriate.
Gestational diabetes mellitus defined as fasting plasma glucose higher than 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-hour serum glucose higher than 7.8 mmol/L after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.
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