Bivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Infant Colonization With Resistant GNB at NICU Discharge
| Factor/Variable . | Gentamicin-Resistant GNB . | Third/Fourth-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant GNB . | Carbapenem-Resistant GNB . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colonized (n = 46) . | Not Colonized (n = 1274) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 59) . | Not Colonized (n = 1261) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 23) . | Not Colonized (n = 1297) . | P Valuesa . | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gestational age (mean [SD]) (wk) | 33 (5) | 32 (4) | .03 | 33 (5) | 33 (4) | .94 | 32 (4) | 33 (4) | .90 |
| Birth weight (mean [SD]) (g) | 2004 (999) | 1837 (876) | .04 | 1892 (976) | 1840 (877) | .51 | 1670 (837) | 1845 (882) | .42 |
| Female | 24 (52.2) | 591 (46.4) | .27 | 33 (55.9) | 582 (46.2) | .13 | 14 (60.9) | 601 (46.3) | .02 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Surgical procedureb | 16 (34.8) | 248 (19.5) | <.01 | 19 (32.2) | 245 (19.4) | <.01 | 2 (8.7) | 262 (20.2) | .20 |
| Central venous catheter | 33 (71.7) | 758 (59.5) | .51 | 40 (67.8) | 751 (59.6) | .15 | 12 (52.2) | 779 (60.1) | .46 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 35 (76.1) | 734 (57.6) | .01 | 39 (66.1) | 730 (57.9) | <.01 | 11 (47.8) | 758 (58.4) | .12 |
| Length of stay (mean [SD]) (days) | 53 (42) | 46 (37) | .01 | 54 (38) | 46 (37) | .06 | 41 (18) | 46 (38) | .15 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥10 days | |||||||||
| Aminoglycoside(s) | 2 (4.3) | 58 (4.6) | .64 | 5 (8.5) | 55 (4.4) | .04 | 1 (4.3) | 59 (4.5) | .99 |
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 2 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 2 (3.4) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 0 (0) | 20 (1.5) | NA |
| Meropenem | 2 (4.3) | 11 (0.9) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 12 (1.0) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 12 (0.9) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 3 (6.5) | 33 (2.6) | .06 | 5 (8.5) | 31 (2.5) | .01 | 0 (0) | 36 (2.8) | NA |
| Cefazolin | 1 (2.2) | 21 (1.6) | .06 | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA |
| Penicillin | 1 (2.2) | 61 (4.8) | .02 | 5 (8.5) | 57 (4.5) | .16 | 0 (0) | 62 (4.8) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 2 (4.3) | 75 (5.9) | .04 | 3 (5.1) | 74 (5.9) | .57 | 1 (4.3) | 76 (5.9) | .81 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥5 days | |||||||||
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 4 (8.7) | 50 (3.9) | .78 | 6 (10.2) | 48 (3.8) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 53 (4.1) | .69 |
| Meropenem | 4 (8.7) | 15 (1.2) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 18 (1.4) | .16 | 1 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 7 (15.2) | 84 (6.6) | .01 | 12 (20.3) | 79 (6.3) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 90 (6.9) | .62 |
| Cefazolin | 4 (8.7) | 66 (5.2) | .21 | 2 (3.4) | 68 (5.4) | .09 | 1 (4.3) | 69 (5.3) | .62 |
| Penicillin and/or ampicillin | 9 (19.6) | 269 (21.1) | .35 | 17 (28.8) | 261 (20.7) | .09 | 3 (13.0) | 275 (21.2) | .27 |
| Metronidazole | 1 (2.2) | 18 (1.4) | .75 | 3 (5.1) | 16 (1.3) | <.01 | 0 (0) | 19 (1.5) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 13 (28.3) | 196 (15.4) | <.01 | 11 (18.6) | 198 (15.7) | .60 | 4 (17.4) | 205 (15.8) | .81 |
| Factor/Variable . | Gentamicin-Resistant GNB . | Third/Fourth-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant GNB . | Carbapenem-Resistant GNB . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colonized (n = 46) . | Not Colonized (n = 1274) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 59) . | Not Colonized (n = 1261) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 23) . | Not Colonized (n = 1297) . | P Valuesa . | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gestational age (mean [SD]) (wk) | 33 (5) | 32 (4) | .03 | 33 (5) | 33 (4) | .94 | 32 (4) | 33 (4) | .90 |
| Birth weight (mean [SD]) (g) | 2004 (999) | 1837 (876) | .04 | 1892 (976) | 1840 (877) | .51 | 1670 (837) | 1845 (882) | .42 |
| Female | 24 (52.2) | 591 (46.4) | .27 | 33 (55.9) | 582 (46.2) | .13 | 14 (60.9) | 601 (46.3) | .02 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Surgical procedureb | 16 (34.8) | 248 (19.5) | <.01 | 19 (32.2) | 245 (19.4) | <.01 | 2 (8.7) | 262 (20.2) | .20 |
| Central venous catheter | 33 (71.7) | 758 (59.5) | .51 | 40 (67.8) | 751 (59.6) | .15 | 12 (52.2) | 779 (60.1) | .46 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 35 (76.1) | 734 (57.6) | .01 | 39 (66.1) | 730 (57.9) | <.01 | 11 (47.8) | 758 (58.4) | .12 |
| Length of stay (mean [SD]) (days) | 53 (42) | 46 (37) | .01 | 54 (38) | 46 (37) | .06 | 41 (18) | 46 (38) | .15 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥10 days | |||||||||
| Aminoglycoside(s) | 2 (4.3) | 58 (4.6) | .64 | 5 (8.5) | 55 (4.4) | .04 | 1 (4.3) | 59 (4.5) | .99 |
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 2 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 2 (3.4) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 0 (0) | 20 (1.5) | NA |
| Meropenem | 2 (4.3) | 11 (0.9) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 12 (1.0) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 12 (0.9) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 3 (6.5) | 33 (2.6) | .06 | 5 (8.5) | 31 (2.5) | .01 | 0 (0) | 36 (2.8) | NA |
| Cefazolin | 1 (2.2) | 21 (1.6) | .06 | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA |
| Penicillin | 1 (2.2) | 61 (4.8) | .02 | 5 (8.5) | 57 (4.5) | .16 | 0 (0) | 62 (4.8) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 2 (4.3) | 75 (5.9) | .04 | 3 (5.1) | 74 (5.9) | .57 | 1 (4.3) | 76 (5.9) | .81 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥5 days | |||||||||
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 4 (8.7) | 50 (3.9) | .78 | 6 (10.2) | 48 (3.8) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 53 (4.1) | .69 |
| Meropenem | 4 (8.7) | 15 (1.2) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 18 (1.4) | .16 | 1 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 7 (15.2) | 84 (6.6) | .01 | 12 (20.3) | 79 (6.3) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 90 (6.9) | .62 |
| Cefazolin | 4 (8.7) | 66 (5.2) | .21 | 2 (3.4) | 68 (5.4) | .09 | 1 (4.3) | 69 (5.3) | .62 |
| Penicillin and/or ampicillin | 9 (19.6) | 269 (21.1) | .35 | 17 (28.8) | 261 (20.7) | .09 | 3 (13.0) | 275 (21.2) | .27 |
| Metronidazole | 1 (2.2) | 18 (1.4) | .75 | 3 (5.1) | 16 (1.3) | <.01 | 0 (0) | 19 (1.5) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 13 (28.3) | 196 (15.4) | <.01 | 11 (18.6) | 198 (15.7) | .60 | 4 (17.4) | 205 (15.8) | .81 |
Abbreviations: GNB, gram-negative bacilli; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation.
aP values for differences according to colonization are from the χ2 test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. P is indicated as NA if the methods were not applicable because of small cell sizes.
bSurgical procedures were performed at sites 1, 2, and 3.
Bivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Infant Colonization With Resistant GNB at NICU Discharge
| Factor/Variable . | Gentamicin-Resistant GNB . | Third/Fourth-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant GNB . | Carbapenem-Resistant GNB . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colonized (n = 46) . | Not Colonized (n = 1274) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 59) . | Not Colonized (n = 1261) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 23) . | Not Colonized (n = 1297) . | P Valuesa . | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gestational age (mean [SD]) (wk) | 33 (5) | 32 (4) | .03 | 33 (5) | 33 (4) | .94 | 32 (4) | 33 (4) | .90 |
| Birth weight (mean [SD]) (g) | 2004 (999) | 1837 (876) | .04 | 1892 (976) | 1840 (877) | .51 | 1670 (837) | 1845 (882) | .42 |
| Female | 24 (52.2) | 591 (46.4) | .27 | 33 (55.9) | 582 (46.2) | .13 | 14 (60.9) | 601 (46.3) | .02 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Surgical procedureb | 16 (34.8) | 248 (19.5) | <.01 | 19 (32.2) | 245 (19.4) | <.01 | 2 (8.7) | 262 (20.2) | .20 |
| Central venous catheter | 33 (71.7) | 758 (59.5) | .51 | 40 (67.8) | 751 (59.6) | .15 | 12 (52.2) | 779 (60.1) | .46 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 35 (76.1) | 734 (57.6) | .01 | 39 (66.1) | 730 (57.9) | <.01 | 11 (47.8) | 758 (58.4) | .12 |
| Length of stay (mean [SD]) (days) | 53 (42) | 46 (37) | .01 | 54 (38) | 46 (37) | .06 | 41 (18) | 46 (38) | .15 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥10 days | |||||||||
| Aminoglycoside(s) | 2 (4.3) | 58 (4.6) | .64 | 5 (8.5) | 55 (4.4) | .04 | 1 (4.3) | 59 (4.5) | .99 |
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 2 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 2 (3.4) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 0 (0) | 20 (1.5) | NA |
| Meropenem | 2 (4.3) | 11 (0.9) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 12 (1.0) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 12 (0.9) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 3 (6.5) | 33 (2.6) | .06 | 5 (8.5) | 31 (2.5) | .01 | 0 (0) | 36 (2.8) | NA |
| Cefazolin | 1 (2.2) | 21 (1.6) | .06 | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA |
| Penicillin | 1 (2.2) | 61 (4.8) | .02 | 5 (8.5) | 57 (4.5) | .16 | 0 (0) | 62 (4.8) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 2 (4.3) | 75 (5.9) | .04 | 3 (5.1) | 74 (5.9) | .57 | 1 (4.3) | 76 (5.9) | .81 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥5 days | |||||||||
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 4 (8.7) | 50 (3.9) | .78 | 6 (10.2) | 48 (3.8) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 53 (4.1) | .69 |
| Meropenem | 4 (8.7) | 15 (1.2) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 18 (1.4) | .16 | 1 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 7 (15.2) | 84 (6.6) | .01 | 12 (20.3) | 79 (6.3) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 90 (6.9) | .62 |
| Cefazolin | 4 (8.7) | 66 (5.2) | .21 | 2 (3.4) | 68 (5.4) | .09 | 1 (4.3) | 69 (5.3) | .62 |
| Penicillin and/or ampicillin | 9 (19.6) | 269 (21.1) | .35 | 17 (28.8) | 261 (20.7) | .09 | 3 (13.0) | 275 (21.2) | .27 |
| Metronidazole | 1 (2.2) | 18 (1.4) | .75 | 3 (5.1) | 16 (1.3) | <.01 | 0 (0) | 19 (1.5) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 13 (28.3) | 196 (15.4) | <.01 | 11 (18.6) | 198 (15.7) | .60 | 4 (17.4) | 205 (15.8) | .81 |
| Factor/Variable . | Gentamicin-Resistant GNB . | Third/Fourth-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant GNB . | Carbapenem-Resistant GNB . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colonized (n = 46) . | Not Colonized (n = 1274) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 59) . | Not Colonized (n = 1261) . | P Valuesa . | Colonized (n = 23) . | Not Colonized (n = 1297) . | P Valuesa . | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gestational age (mean [SD]) (wk) | 33 (5) | 32 (4) | .03 | 33 (5) | 33 (4) | .94 | 32 (4) | 33 (4) | .90 |
| Birth weight (mean [SD]) (g) | 2004 (999) | 1837 (876) | .04 | 1892 (976) | 1840 (877) | .51 | 1670 (837) | 1845 (882) | .42 |
| Female | 24 (52.2) | 591 (46.4) | .27 | 33 (55.9) | 582 (46.2) | .13 | 14 (60.9) | 601 (46.3) | .02 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Surgical procedureb | 16 (34.8) | 248 (19.5) | <.01 | 19 (32.2) | 245 (19.4) | <.01 | 2 (8.7) | 262 (20.2) | .20 |
| Central venous catheter | 33 (71.7) | 758 (59.5) | .51 | 40 (67.8) | 751 (59.6) | .15 | 12 (52.2) | 779 (60.1) | .46 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 35 (76.1) | 734 (57.6) | .01 | 39 (66.1) | 730 (57.9) | <.01 | 11 (47.8) | 758 (58.4) | .12 |
| Length of stay (mean [SD]) (days) | 53 (42) | 46 (37) | .01 | 54 (38) | 46 (37) | .06 | 41 (18) | 46 (38) | .15 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥10 days | |||||||||
| Aminoglycoside(s) | 2 (4.3) | 58 (4.6) | .64 | 5 (8.5) | 55 (4.4) | .04 | 1 (4.3) | 59 (4.5) | .99 |
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 2 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 2 (3.4) | 18 (1.4) | .01 | 0 (0) | 20 (1.5) | NA |
| Meropenem | 2 (4.3) | 11 (0.9) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 12 (1.0) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 12 (0.9) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 3 (6.5) | 33 (2.6) | .06 | 5 (8.5) | 31 (2.5) | .01 | 0 (0) | 36 (2.8) | NA |
| Cefazolin | 1 (2.2) | 21 (1.6) | .06 | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | NA |
| Penicillin | 1 (2.2) | 61 (4.8) | .02 | 5 (8.5) | 57 (4.5) | .16 | 0 (0) | 62 (4.8) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 2 (4.3) | 75 (5.9) | .04 | 3 (5.1) | 74 (5.9) | .57 | 1 (4.3) | 76 (5.9) | .81 |
| Antimicrobial treatment ≥5 days | |||||||||
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporin(s) | 4 (8.7) | 50 (3.9) | .78 | 6 (10.2) | 48 (3.8) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 53 (4.1) | .69 |
| Meropenem | 4 (8.7) | 15 (1.2) | <.01 | 1 (1.7) | 18 (1.4) | .16 | 1 (4.3) | 18 (1.4) | <.01 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase combination | 7 (15.2) | 84 (6.6) | .01 | 12 (20.3) | 79 (6.3) | <.01 | 1 (4.3) | 90 (6.9) | .62 |
| Cefazolin | 4 (8.7) | 66 (5.2) | .21 | 2 (3.4) | 68 (5.4) | .09 | 1 (4.3) | 69 (5.3) | .62 |
| Penicillin and/or ampicillin | 9 (19.6) | 269 (21.1) | .35 | 17 (28.8) | 261 (20.7) | .09 | 3 (13.0) | 275 (21.2) | .27 |
| Metronidazole | 1 (2.2) | 18 (1.4) | .75 | 3 (5.1) | 16 (1.3) | <.01 | 0 (0) | 19 (1.5) | NA |
| Vancomycin | 13 (28.3) | 196 (15.4) | <.01 | 11 (18.6) | 198 (15.7) | .60 | 4 (17.4) | 205 (15.8) | .81 |
Abbreviations: GNB, gram-negative bacilli; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation.
aP values for differences according to colonization are from the χ2 test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. P is indicated as NA if the methods were not applicable because of small cell sizes.
bSurgical procedures were performed at sites 1, 2, and 3.
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