Vitamin A Levels and Risk of Microbiologically Confirmed Tuberculosis Disease
| Vitamin A Levelsa . | All Participants . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥20 y . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 666) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 178) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 487) . | P Value . | |
| Quartile 1 | 7.51 (2.75–20.54) | <.001 | 8.30 (1.82–37.86) | .01 | 6.95 (2.44–19.79) | <.001 |
| Quartile 2 | 5.71 (2.22–14.67) | <.001 | 2.56 (.49–13.52) | .27 | 4.97 (1.89–13.07) | .001 |
| Quartile 3 | 3.58 (1.40–9.19) | 0.01 | 1.00 | … | 1.60 (.59–4.29) | .35 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | NAc | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | <.001 | … | .002 | … | <.001 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 16.65 (5.36–51.77) | <.001 | 21.41 (3.71–123.48) | .001 | 16.23 (3.12–84.44) | <.001 |
| Vitamin A Levelsa . | All Participants . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥20 y . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 666) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 178) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 487) . | P Value . | |
| Quartile 1 | 7.51 (2.75–20.54) | <.001 | 8.30 (1.82–37.86) | .01 | 6.95 (2.44–19.79) | <.001 |
| Quartile 2 | 5.71 (2.22–14.67) | <.001 | 2.56 (.49–13.52) | .27 | 4.97 (1.89–13.07) | .001 |
| Quartile 3 | 3.58 (1.40–9.19) | 0.01 | 1.00 | … | 1.60 (.59–4.29) | .35 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | NAc | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | <.001 | … | .002 | … | <.001 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 16.65 (5.36–51.77) | <.001 | 21.41 (3.71–123.48) | .001 | 16.23 (3.12–84.44) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; VAD, vitamin A deficiency.
aQuartile 1 is the lowest, and quartile 4 the highest. Vitamin A levels were measured in micrograms per liter.
bAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and index patient smear status.
cCategorized into tertiles because there were ≤5 case patients in the highest quartile.
Vitamin A Levels and Risk of Microbiologically Confirmed Tuberculosis Disease
| Vitamin A Levelsa . | All Participants . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥20 y . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 666) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 178) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 487) . | P Value . | |
| Quartile 1 | 7.51 (2.75–20.54) | <.001 | 8.30 (1.82–37.86) | .01 | 6.95 (2.44–19.79) | <.001 |
| Quartile 2 | 5.71 (2.22–14.67) | <.001 | 2.56 (.49–13.52) | .27 | 4.97 (1.89–13.07) | .001 |
| Quartile 3 | 3.58 (1.40–9.19) | 0.01 | 1.00 | … | 1.60 (.59–4.29) | .35 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | NAc | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | <.001 | … | .002 | … | <.001 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 16.65 (5.36–51.77) | <.001 | 21.41 (3.71–123.48) | .001 | 16.23 (3.12–84.44) | <.001 |
| Vitamin A Levelsa . | All Participants . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥20 y . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 666) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 178) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 487) . | P Value . | |
| Quartile 1 | 7.51 (2.75–20.54) | <.001 | 8.30 (1.82–37.86) | .01 | 6.95 (2.44–19.79) | <.001 |
| Quartile 2 | 5.71 (2.22–14.67) | <.001 | 2.56 (.49–13.52) | .27 | 4.97 (1.89–13.07) | .001 |
| Quartile 3 | 3.58 (1.40–9.19) | 0.01 | 1.00 | … | 1.60 (.59–4.29) | .35 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | NAc | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | <.001 | … | .002 | … | <.001 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 16.65 (5.36–51.77) | <.001 | 21.41 (3.71–123.48) | .001 | 16.23 (3.12–84.44) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; VAD, vitamin A deficiency.
aQuartile 1 is the lowest, and quartile 4 the highest. Vitamin A levels were measured in micrograms per liter.
bAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and index patient smear status.
cCategorized into tertiles because there were ≤5 case patients in the highest quartile.
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