Vitamin A Levels and Risk of Tuberculosis Disease Stratified by Baseline Infection Status and for Tuberculosis Diagnosed ≥90 Days After Enrollment of Index Case Patients
| Vitamin A Levels by Tuberculosis Status . | Case Patients, No./Controls, No. . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 12/106 | 4.38 (1.24–15.47) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 13/144 | 3.71 (1.12–12.33) | .03 |
| Quartile 3 | 6/152 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 20.32 (2.91–141.70) | .002 |
| Positive for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 80/90 | 2.56 (1.17–5.58) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 40/89 | 1.83 (.85–3.92) | .12 |
| Quartile 3 | 25/102 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NA | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 21/8 | 5.31 (1.63–17.25) | .01 |
| Tuberculosis diagnosed ≥90 d after enrollment of index case patients | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 27/70 | 4.21 (1.20–14.74) | 0.02 |
| Quartile 2 | 24/73 | 5.25 (1.44–19.10) | 0.01 |
| Quartile 3 | 19/79 | 2.91 (.87–9.77) | 0.08 |
| Quartile 4 | 8/89 | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 2.15 (.33–13.80) | .42 |
| Vitamin A Levels by Tuberculosis Status . | Case Patients, No./Controls, No. . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 12/106 | 4.38 (1.24–15.47) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 13/144 | 3.71 (1.12–12.33) | .03 |
| Quartile 3 | 6/152 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 20.32 (2.91–141.70) | .002 |
| Positive for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 80/90 | 2.56 (1.17–5.58) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 40/89 | 1.83 (.85–3.92) | .12 |
| Quartile 3 | 25/102 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NA | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 21/8 | 5.31 (1.63–17.25) | .01 |
| Tuberculosis diagnosed ≥90 d after enrollment of index case patients | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 27/70 | 4.21 (1.20–14.74) | 0.02 |
| Quartile 2 | 24/73 | 5.25 (1.44–19.10) | 0.01 |
| Quartile 3 | 19/79 | 2.91 (.87–9.77) | 0.08 |
| Quartile 4 | 8/89 | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 2.15 (.33–13.80) | .42 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; VAD, vitamin A deficiency.
aQuartile 1 is the lowest, and quartile 4 the highest. All levels were measured in micrograms per liter.
bAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and index patient smear status.
cCategorized into tertiles because there were ≤5 case patients in the highest quartile.
Vitamin A Levels and Risk of Tuberculosis Disease Stratified by Baseline Infection Status and for Tuberculosis Diagnosed ≥90 Days After Enrollment of Index Case Patients
| Vitamin A Levels by Tuberculosis Status . | Case Patients, No./Controls, No. . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 12/106 | 4.38 (1.24–15.47) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 13/144 | 3.71 (1.12–12.33) | .03 |
| Quartile 3 | 6/152 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 20.32 (2.91–141.70) | .002 |
| Positive for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 80/90 | 2.56 (1.17–5.58) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 40/89 | 1.83 (.85–3.92) | .12 |
| Quartile 3 | 25/102 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NA | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 21/8 | 5.31 (1.63–17.25) | .01 |
| Tuberculosis diagnosed ≥90 d after enrollment of index case patients | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 27/70 | 4.21 (1.20–14.74) | 0.02 |
| Quartile 2 | 24/73 | 5.25 (1.44–19.10) | 0.01 |
| Quartile 3 | 19/79 | 2.91 (.87–9.77) | 0.08 |
| Quartile 4 | 8/89 | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 2.15 (.33–13.80) | .42 |
| Vitamin A Levels by Tuberculosis Status . | Case Patients, No./Controls, No. . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 12/106 | 4.38 (1.24–15.47) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 13/144 | 3.71 (1.12–12.33) | .03 |
| Quartile 3 | 6/152 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 20.32 (2.91–141.70) | .002 |
| Positive for tuberculosis infection at baseline | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 80/90 | 2.56 (1.17–5.58) | .02 |
| Quartile 2 | 40/89 | 1.83 (.85–3.92) | .12 |
| Quartile 3 | 25/102 | 1.00 | … |
| Quartile 4 | NA | … | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 21/8 | 5.31 (1.63–17.25) | .01 |
| Tuberculosis diagnosed ≥90 d after enrollment of index case patients | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Quartile 1 | 27/70 | 4.21 (1.20–14.74) | 0.02 |
| Quartile 2 | 24/73 | 5.25 (1.44–19.10) | 0.01 |
| Quartile 3 | 19/79 | 2.91 (.87–9.77) | 0.08 |
| Quartile 4 | 8/89 | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | … | .02 |
| VAD (level <200 µg/L) | 3/8 | 2.15 (.33–13.80) | .42 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; VAD, vitamin A deficiency.
aQuartile 1 is the lowest, and quartile 4 the highest. All levels were measured in micrograms per liter.
bAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and index patient smear status.
cCategorized into tertiles because there were ≤5 case patients in the highest quartile.
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