Micronutrient Levels and Risk of Tuberculosis Disease Stratified by Age Category
| Micronutrient Levels by Quartilea . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥ 20 y . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 237) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 565) . | P Value . | |
| Vitamin A <200 µg/L | 18.58 (3.54–97.60) | .001 | 10.21 (2.43–42.91) | .002 |
| Vitamin A level | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 7.72 (2.06–28.91) | .002 | 4.43 (1.83–10.73) | .001 |
| Quartile 2 | 4.83 (1.23–18.92) | .02 | 3.50 (1.46–8.40) | .005 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.00 | 1.65 (.70–3.88) | .25 | |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .003 | … | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 1.68 (.59–4.76) | .33 | 1.61 (.78–3.31) | .19 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.09 (.37–3.20) | .88 | 1.41 (.67–2.96) | .37 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.33 (.08–1.33) | .12 | 2.05 (1.01–4.17) | .05 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .12 | … | .24 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.39 (1.33–14.46) | .01 | 2.00 (.95–4.25) | .07 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.57 (.46–5.34) | .47 | 2.02 (1.00–4.08) | .05 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.97 (.27–3.44) | .96 | 1.64 (.77–3.50) | .20 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .02 | … | .03 |
| Total lycopene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 3.56 (1.16–10.92) | .03 | 0.95 (.50–1.82) | .88 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.99 (.65–6.13) | .23 | 0.90 (.46–1.76) | .76 |
| Quartile 3 | 2.41 (.71–8.20) | .16 | 0.66 (.33–1.32) | .24 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .04 | … | .88 |
| α-Carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.54 (1.26–16.32) | .02 | 1.00 (.49–2.03) | 1.00 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.83 (.53–6.30) | .34 | 1.60 (.81–3.15) | .17 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.93 (.55–6.75) | .31 | 0.80 (.38–1.68) | .55 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | .03 | … | .55 |
| Total β-carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 2.58 (.82–8.07) | .10 | 1.18 (.58–2.39) | .66 |
| Quartile 2 | 2.51 (.76–8.32) | .13 | 0.97 (.48–1.95) | .92 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.98 (.27–3.48) | .97 | 1.14 (.59–2.24) | .69 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .05 | … | .77 |
| Micronutrient Levels by Quartilea . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥ 20 y . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 237) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 565) . | P Value . | |
| Vitamin A <200 µg/L | 18.58 (3.54–97.60) | .001 | 10.21 (2.43–42.91) | .002 |
| Vitamin A level | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 7.72 (2.06–28.91) | .002 | 4.43 (1.83–10.73) | .001 |
| Quartile 2 | 4.83 (1.23–18.92) | .02 | 3.50 (1.46–8.40) | .005 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.00 | 1.65 (.70–3.88) | .25 | |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .003 | … | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 1.68 (.59–4.76) | .33 | 1.61 (.78–3.31) | .19 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.09 (.37–3.20) | .88 | 1.41 (.67–2.96) | .37 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.33 (.08–1.33) | .12 | 2.05 (1.01–4.17) | .05 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .12 | … | .24 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.39 (1.33–14.46) | .01 | 2.00 (.95–4.25) | .07 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.57 (.46–5.34) | .47 | 2.02 (1.00–4.08) | .05 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.97 (.27–3.44) | .96 | 1.64 (.77–3.50) | .20 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .02 | … | .03 |
| Total lycopene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 3.56 (1.16–10.92) | .03 | 0.95 (.50–1.82) | .88 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.99 (.65–6.13) | .23 | 0.90 (.46–1.76) | .76 |
| Quartile 3 | 2.41 (.71–8.20) | .16 | 0.66 (.33–1.32) | .24 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .04 | … | .88 |
| α-Carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.54 (1.26–16.32) | .02 | 1.00 (.49–2.03) | 1.00 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.83 (.53–6.30) | .34 | 1.60 (.81–3.15) | .17 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.93 (.55–6.75) | .31 | 0.80 (.38–1.68) | .55 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | .03 | … | .55 |
| Total β-carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 2.58 (.82–8.07) | .10 | 1.18 (.58–2.39) | .66 |
| Quartile 2 | 2.51 (.76–8.32) | .13 | 0.97 (.48–1.95) | .92 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.98 (.27–3.48) | .97 | 1.14 (.59–2.24) | .69 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .05 | … | .77 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
aQuartile 1 is the lowest, and quartile 4 the highest. All levels were measured in micrograms per liter.
bAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and index patient smear status.
cCategorized into tertiles because there were ≤5 case patients in the highest quartile.
Micronutrient Levels and Risk of Tuberculosis Disease Stratified by Age Category
| Micronutrient Levels by Quartilea . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥ 20 y . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 237) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 565) . | P Value . | |
| Vitamin A <200 µg/L | 18.58 (3.54–97.60) | .001 | 10.21 (2.43–42.91) | .002 |
| Vitamin A level | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 7.72 (2.06–28.91) | .002 | 4.43 (1.83–10.73) | .001 |
| Quartile 2 | 4.83 (1.23–18.92) | .02 | 3.50 (1.46–8.40) | .005 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.00 | 1.65 (.70–3.88) | .25 | |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .003 | … | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 1.68 (.59–4.76) | .33 | 1.61 (.78–3.31) | .19 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.09 (.37–3.20) | .88 | 1.41 (.67–2.96) | .37 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.33 (.08–1.33) | .12 | 2.05 (1.01–4.17) | .05 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .12 | … | .24 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.39 (1.33–14.46) | .01 | 2.00 (.95–4.25) | .07 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.57 (.46–5.34) | .47 | 2.02 (1.00–4.08) | .05 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.97 (.27–3.44) | .96 | 1.64 (.77–3.50) | .20 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .02 | … | .03 |
| Total lycopene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 3.56 (1.16–10.92) | .03 | 0.95 (.50–1.82) | .88 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.99 (.65–6.13) | .23 | 0.90 (.46–1.76) | .76 |
| Quartile 3 | 2.41 (.71–8.20) | .16 | 0.66 (.33–1.32) | .24 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .04 | … | .88 |
| α-Carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.54 (1.26–16.32) | .02 | 1.00 (.49–2.03) | 1.00 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.83 (.53–6.30) | .34 | 1.60 (.81–3.15) | .17 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.93 (.55–6.75) | .31 | 0.80 (.38–1.68) | .55 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | .03 | … | .55 |
| Total β-carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 2.58 (.82–8.07) | .10 | 1.18 (.58–2.39) | .66 |
| Quartile 2 | 2.51 (.76–8.32) | .13 | 0.97 (.48–1.95) | .92 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.98 (.27–3.48) | .97 | 1.14 (.59–2.24) | .69 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .05 | … | .77 |
| Micronutrient Levels by Quartilea . | Age 10–19 y . | Age ≥ 20 y . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 237) . | P Value . | Multivariate ORb (95% CI) (n = 565) . | P Value . | |
| Vitamin A <200 µg/L | 18.58 (3.54–97.60) | .001 | 10.21 (2.43–42.91) | .002 |
| Vitamin A level | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 7.72 (2.06–28.91) | .002 | 4.43 (1.83–10.73) | .001 |
| Quartile 2 | 4.83 (1.23–18.92) | .02 | 3.50 (1.46–8.40) | .005 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.00 | 1.65 (.70–3.88) | .25 | |
| Quartile 4 | NAc | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .003 | … | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 1.68 (.59–4.76) | .33 | 1.61 (.78–3.31) | .19 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.09 (.37–3.20) | .88 | 1.41 (.67–2.96) | .37 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.33 (.08–1.33) | .12 | 2.05 (1.01–4.17) | .05 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .12 | … | .24 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.39 (1.33–14.46) | .01 | 2.00 (.95–4.25) | .07 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.57 (.46–5.34) | .47 | 2.02 (1.00–4.08) | .05 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.97 (.27–3.44) | .96 | 1.64 (.77–3.50) | .20 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .02 | … | .03 |
| Total lycopene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 3.56 (1.16–10.92) | .03 | 0.95 (.50–1.82) | .88 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.99 (.65–6.13) | .23 | 0.90 (.46–1.76) | .76 |
| Quartile 3 | 2.41 (.71–8.20) | .16 | 0.66 (.33–1.32) | .24 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .04 | … | .88 |
| α-Carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4.54 (1.26–16.32) | .02 | 1.00 (.49–2.03) | 1.00 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.83 (.53–6.30) | .34 | 1.60 (.81–3.15) | .17 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.93 (.55–6.75) | .31 | 0.80 (.38–1.68) | .55 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | … | 1.00 | … |
| P value for trend | … | .03 | … | .55 |
| Total β-carotene | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 2.58 (.82–8.07) | .10 | 1.18 (.58–2.39) | .66 |
| Quartile 2 | 2.51 (.76–8.32) | .13 | 0.97 (.48–1.95) | .92 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.98 (.27–3.48) | .97 | 1.14 (.59–2.24) | .69 |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| P value for trend | … | .05 | … | .77 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
aQuartile 1 is the lowest, and quartile 4 the highest. All levels were measured in micrograms per liter.
bAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and index patient smear status.
cCategorized into tertiles because there were ≤5 case patients in the highest quartile.
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