Micronutrient Levels by Quartile and the Risk of Tuberculosis Disease among Household Contacts of Index Tuberculosis Case Patients (n = 889)
| Micronutrient . | Quartiles of Micronutrient Level . | P Value for Trend . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (Lowest) . | Quartile 2 . | Quartile 3 . | Quartile 4 (Highest) . | ||
| Vitamin A | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 76/146 | 45/177 | 41/182 | 18/204 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 258.0 (53.1–296.2) | 332.1 (297.5–363.8) | 396.5 (363.8–441.7) | 510.4 (441.7–929.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 9.34 (4.98–17.51) | 4.22 (2.24–7.96) | 3.02 (1.65–5.53) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 6.38 (2.82–14.46) | 3.57 (1.60–7.96) | 2.95 (1.34–6.51) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 40/182 | 52/171 | 32/190 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 98.0 (25.8–119.2) | 135.5 (119.3–153.1) | 174.5 (153.2–196.2) | 243.2 (196.7–529.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.03 (1.25–3.29) | 1.33 (.80–2.23) | 1.84 (1.13–3.01) | 1.00 | .01 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.99 (1.08–3.66) | 0.85 (.44–1.66) | 2.06 (1.10–3.87) | 1.00 | .14 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 61/161 | 48/174 | 37/186 | 34/188 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 60.8 (3.9–81.2) | 103.9 (81.6–132.6) | 171.8 (132.6–228.2) | 339.7 (228.5–1778.4) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.17 (1.33–3.53) | 1.57 (.94–2.62) | 1.14 (.68–1.91) | 1.00 | .002 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 2.75 (1.42–5.33) | 1.96 (1.02–3.77) | 1.63 (.82–3.22) | 1.00 | .003 |
| Total lycopene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 55.8 (5.4–75.0) | 89.4 (75.0–108.7) | 133.0 (108.8–160.7) | 209.4 (162.0–724.5) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 47/175 | 39/184 | 38/184 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.64 (1.04–2.60) | 1.30 (.81–2.09) | 1.03 (.63–1.68) | 1.00 | .03 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.47 (.83–2.61) | 1.27 (.71–2.27) | 0.97 (.53–1.80) | 1.00 | .17 |
| α-Carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 39.1 (4.2–51.7) | 62.3 (51.7–73.3) | 89.1 (73.3–107.7) | 144.6 (108.1–1282.8) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 53/169 | 53/169 | 38/185 | 36/186 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.65 (1.02–2.65) | 1.64 (1.01–2.64) | 1.06 (.64–1.76) | 1.00 | .02 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.58 (.86–2.91) | 1.70 (.93–3.10) | 1.06 (.55–2.03) | 1.00 | .06 |
| Total β-carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 56.4 (4.8–84.7) | 108.2 (84.8–136.4) | 162.1 (136.5–212.1) | 305.9 (212.4–1452.1) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 54/168 | 42/180 | 44/179 | 40/182 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.51 (.94–2.44) | 1.07 (.66–1.75) | 1.15 (.71–1.85) | 1.00 | .16 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.59 (.86–2.93) | 1.28 (.70–2.34) | 1.21 (.65–2.26) | 1.00 | .15 |
| Micronutrient . | Quartiles of Micronutrient Level . | P Value for Trend . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (Lowest) . | Quartile 2 . | Quartile 3 . | Quartile 4 (Highest) . | ||
| Vitamin A | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 76/146 | 45/177 | 41/182 | 18/204 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 258.0 (53.1–296.2) | 332.1 (297.5–363.8) | 396.5 (363.8–441.7) | 510.4 (441.7–929.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 9.34 (4.98–17.51) | 4.22 (2.24–7.96) | 3.02 (1.65–5.53) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 6.38 (2.82–14.46) | 3.57 (1.60–7.96) | 2.95 (1.34–6.51) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 40/182 | 52/171 | 32/190 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 98.0 (25.8–119.2) | 135.5 (119.3–153.1) | 174.5 (153.2–196.2) | 243.2 (196.7–529.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.03 (1.25–3.29) | 1.33 (.80–2.23) | 1.84 (1.13–3.01) | 1.00 | .01 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.99 (1.08–3.66) | 0.85 (.44–1.66) | 2.06 (1.10–3.87) | 1.00 | .14 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 61/161 | 48/174 | 37/186 | 34/188 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 60.8 (3.9–81.2) | 103.9 (81.6–132.6) | 171.8 (132.6–228.2) | 339.7 (228.5–1778.4) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.17 (1.33–3.53) | 1.57 (.94–2.62) | 1.14 (.68–1.91) | 1.00 | .002 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 2.75 (1.42–5.33) | 1.96 (1.02–3.77) | 1.63 (.82–3.22) | 1.00 | .003 |
| Total lycopene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 55.8 (5.4–75.0) | 89.4 (75.0–108.7) | 133.0 (108.8–160.7) | 209.4 (162.0–724.5) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 47/175 | 39/184 | 38/184 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.64 (1.04–2.60) | 1.30 (.81–2.09) | 1.03 (.63–1.68) | 1.00 | .03 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.47 (.83–2.61) | 1.27 (.71–2.27) | 0.97 (.53–1.80) | 1.00 | .17 |
| α-Carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 39.1 (4.2–51.7) | 62.3 (51.7–73.3) | 89.1 (73.3–107.7) | 144.6 (108.1–1282.8) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 53/169 | 53/169 | 38/185 | 36/186 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.65 (1.02–2.65) | 1.64 (1.01–2.64) | 1.06 (.64–1.76) | 1.00 | .02 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.58 (.86–2.91) | 1.70 (.93–3.10) | 1.06 (.55–2.03) | 1.00 | .06 |
| Total β-carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 56.4 (4.8–84.7) | 108.2 (84.8–136.4) | 162.1 (136.5–212.1) | 305.9 (212.4–1452.1) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 54/168 | 42/180 | 44/179 | 40/182 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.51 (.94–2.44) | 1.07 (.66–1.75) | 1.15 (.71–1.85) | 1.00 | .16 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.59 (.86–2.93) | 1.28 (.70–2.34) | 1.21 (.65–2.26) | 1.00 | .15 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, index patient smear status, and presence of >1 tuberculosis case in household.
Micronutrient Levels by Quartile and the Risk of Tuberculosis Disease among Household Contacts of Index Tuberculosis Case Patients (n = 889)
| Micronutrient . | Quartiles of Micronutrient Level . | P Value for Trend . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (Lowest) . | Quartile 2 . | Quartile 3 . | Quartile 4 (Highest) . | ||
| Vitamin A | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 76/146 | 45/177 | 41/182 | 18/204 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 258.0 (53.1–296.2) | 332.1 (297.5–363.8) | 396.5 (363.8–441.7) | 510.4 (441.7–929.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 9.34 (4.98–17.51) | 4.22 (2.24–7.96) | 3.02 (1.65–5.53) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 6.38 (2.82–14.46) | 3.57 (1.60–7.96) | 2.95 (1.34–6.51) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 40/182 | 52/171 | 32/190 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 98.0 (25.8–119.2) | 135.5 (119.3–153.1) | 174.5 (153.2–196.2) | 243.2 (196.7–529.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.03 (1.25–3.29) | 1.33 (.80–2.23) | 1.84 (1.13–3.01) | 1.00 | .01 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.99 (1.08–3.66) | 0.85 (.44–1.66) | 2.06 (1.10–3.87) | 1.00 | .14 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 61/161 | 48/174 | 37/186 | 34/188 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 60.8 (3.9–81.2) | 103.9 (81.6–132.6) | 171.8 (132.6–228.2) | 339.7 (228.5–1778.4) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.17 (1.33–3.53) | 1.57 (.94–2.62) | 1.14 (.68–1.91) | 1.00 | .002 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 2.75 (1.42–5.33) | 1.96 (1.02–3.77) | 1.63 (.82–3.22) | 1.00 | .003 |
| Total lycopene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 55.8 (5.4–75.0) | 89.4 (75.0–108.7) | 133.0 (108.8–160.7) | 209.4 (162.0–724.5) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 47/175 | 39/184 | 38/184 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.64 (1.04–2.60) | 1.30 (.81–2.09) | 1.03 (.63–1.68) | 1.00 | .03 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.47 (.83–2.61) | 1.27 (.71–2.27) | 0.97 (.53–1.80) | 1.00 | .17 |
| α-Carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 39.1 (4.2–51.7) | 62.3 (51.7–73.3) | 89.1 (73.3–107.7) | 144.6 (108.1–1282.8) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 53/169 | 53/169 | 38/185 | 36/186 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.65 (1.02–2.65) | 1.64 (1.01–2.64) | 1.06 (.64–1.76) | 1.00 | .02 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.58 (.86–2.91) | 1.70 (.93–3.10) | 1.06 (.55–2.03) | 1.00 | .06 |
| Total β-carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 56.4 (4.8–84.7) | 108.2 (84.8–136.4) | 162.1 (136.5–212.1) | 305.9 (212.4–1452.1) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 54/168 | 42/180 | 44/179 | 40/182 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.51 (.94–2.44) | 1.07 (.66–1.75) | 1.15 (.71–1.85) | 1.00 | .16 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.59 (.86–2.93) | 1.28 (.70–2.34) | 1.21 (.65–2.26) | 1.00 | .15 |
| Micronutrient . | Quartiles of Micronutrient Level . | P Value for Trend . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (Lowest) . | Quartile 2 . | Quartile 3 . | Quartile 4 (Highest) . | ||
| Vitamin A | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 76/146 | 45/177 | 41/182 | 18/204 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 258.0 (53.1–296.2) | 332.1 (297.5–363.8) | 396.5 (363.8–441.7) | 510.4 (441.7–929.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 9.34 (4.98–17.51) | 4.22 (2.24–7.96) | 3.02 (1.65–5.53) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 6.38 (2.82–14.46) | 3.57 (1.60–7.96) | 2.95 (1.34–6.51) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 40/182 | 52/171 | 32/190 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 98.0 (25.8–119.2) | 135.5 (119.3–153.1) | 174.5 (153.2–196.2) | 243.2 (196.7–529.9) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.03 (1.25–3.29) | 1.33 (.80–2.23) | 1.84 (1.13–3.01) | 1.00 | .01 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.99 (1.08–3.66) | 0.85 (.44–1.66) | 2.06 (1.10–3.87) | 1.00 | .14 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | |||||
| Case patients/controls, No. | 61/161 | 48/174 | 37/186 | 34/188 | … |
| Median level (range), µg/L | 60.8 (3.9–81.2) | 103.9 (81.6–132.6) | 171.8 (132.6–228.2) | 339.7 (228.5–1778.4) | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 2.17 (1.33–3.53) | 1.57 (.94–2.62) | 1.14 (.68–1.91) | 1.00 | .002 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 2.75 (1.42–5.33) | 1.96 (1.02–3.77) | 1.63 (.82–3.22) | 1.00 | .003 |
| Total lycopene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 55.8 (5.4–75.0) | 89.4 (75.0–108.7) | 133.0 (108.8–160.7) | 209.4 (162.0–724.5) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 56/166 | 47/175 | 39/184 | 38/184 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.64 (1.04–2.60) | 1.30 (.81–2.09) | 1.03 (.63–1.68) | 1.00 | .03 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.47 (.83–2.61) | 1.27 (.71–2.27) | 0.97 (.53–1.80) | 1.00 | .17 |
| α-Carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 39.1 (4.2–51.7) | 62.3 (51.7–73.3) | 89.1 (73.3–107.7) | 144.6 (108.1–1282.8) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 53/169 | 53/169 | 38/185 | 36/186 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.65 (1.02–2.65) | 1.64 (1.01–2.64) | 1.06 (.64–1.76) | 1.00 | .02 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.58 (.86–2.91) | 1.70 (.93–3.10) | 1.06 (.55–2.03) | 1.00 | .06 |
| Total β-carotene | |||||
| Median level (range), µg/L | 56.4 (4.8–84.7) | 108.2 (84.8–136.4) | 162.1 (136.5–212.1) | 305.9 (212.4–1452.1) | … |
| Case patients/controls, No. | 54/168 | 42/180 | 44/179 | 40/182 | … |
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | 1.51 (.94–2.44) | 1.07 (.66–1.75) | 1.15 (.71–1.85) | 1.00 | .16 |
| Multivariate ORa (95% CI) | 1.59 (.86–2.93) | 1.28 (.70–2.34) | 1.21 (.65–2.26) | 1.00 | .15 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aAdjusted for matching factors (age and sex), body mass index categories, socioeconomic status, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, isoniazid preventive therapy, tuberculosis history, comorbid disease, self-reported diabetes mellitus, index patient smear status, and presence of >1 tuberculosis case in household.
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