Table 1.
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Virologic Profile of Influenza Viruses Collected From Participants in the 2015–2016 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Evaluation of the Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network

VariableSpecimens, No. (%)
Influenza diagnosis2008 (100)
 Influenza virus negative926 (46)
 Influenza virus positive1082 (54)
Influenza virus type,a subtype/lineage
 Influenza A664 (61)
  A(H1N1)pdm09596 (90)
  A(H3N2)55 (8)
  A (subtype unknown)13 (2)
 Influenza B423 (39)
  B(Victoria)305 (72)
  B(Yamagata)85 (20)
  B (lineage unknown)33 (8)
Genetic characterization
 A(H1N1)pdm09b467 (78)
  Clade 6B10 (2)
  Clade 6B.1452 (97)
  Clade 6B.25 (1)
 A(H3N2)c43 (78)
  Clade 3C.2a38 (88)
  Clade 3C.3a5 (12)
 B(Victoria)d277 (91)
  Clade 1A277 (100)
 B(Yamagata)e73 (86)
  Clade 373 (100)
Antigenic characterizationf
 A/California/07/2009(H1N1)pdm09-like (turkey; allantoic); trivalent vaccine strain383g,h (64)
  <4-fold364 (95)
  ≥4-fold19 (5)
  ≥8-fold1i (0)
 A/Switzerland/9715293/2013(H3N2)-like (guinea pig; allantoic or cell); clade 3C.3a trivalent vaccine strainj11g (20)
  <4-fold9 (82)
  ≥4-fold2 (18)
  ≥8-fold1 (9)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; allantoic); clade 1A quadrivalent vaccine strain255g (84)
  <4-fold30 (12)
  ≥4-fold225 (88)
  ≥8-fold149 (58)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; cell)k149 (49)
  <4-fold137 (92)
  ≥4-fold12 (8)
  ≥8-fold1 (1)
 B/Phuket/3073/2013(Yamagata)-like (turkey; cell); clade 3 trivalent vaccine strain69 (81)
  <4-fold69 (100)
VariableSpecimens, No. (%)
Influenza diagnosis2008 (100)
 Influenza virus negative926 (46)
 Influenza virus positive1082 (54)
Influenza virus type,a subtype/lineage
 Influenza A664 (61)
  A(H1N1)pdm09596 (90)
  A(H3N2)55 (8)
  A (subtype unknown)13 (2)
 Influenza B423 (39)
  B(Victoria)305 (72)
  B(Yamagata)85 (20)
  B (lineage unknown)33 (8)
Genetic characterization
 A(H1N1)pdm09b467 (78)
  Clade 6B10 (2)
  Clade 6B.1452 (97)
  Clade 6B.25 (1)
 A(H3N2)c43 (78)
  Clade 3C.2a38 (88)
  Clade 3C.3a5 (12)
 B(Victoria)d277 (91)
  Clade 1A277 (100)
 B(Yamagata)e73 (86)
  Clade 373 (100)
Antigenic characterizationf
 A/California/07/2009(H1N1)pdm09-like (turkey; allantoic); trivalent vaccine strain383g,h (64)
  <4-fold364 (95)
  ≥4-fold19 (5)
  ≥8-fold1i (0)
 A/Switzerland/9715293/2013(H3N2)-like (guinea pig; allantoic or cell); clade 3C.3a trivalent vaccine strainj11g (20)
  <4-fold9 (82)
  ≥4-fold2 (18)
  ≥8-fold1 (9)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; allantoic); clade 1A quadrivalent vaccine strain255g (84)
  <4-fold30 (12)
  ≥4-fold225 (88)
  ≥8-fold149 (58)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; cell)k149 (49)
  <4-fold137 (92)
  ≥4-fold12 (8)
  ≥8-fold1 (1)
 B/Phuket/3073/2013(Yamagata)-like (turkey; cell); clade 3 trivalent vaccine strain69 (81)
  <4-fold69 (100)

aFive participants were coinfected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B. The sum of the subtotals of individuals infected with influenza A and B is greater than the total number of influenza virus–positive individuals.

bSequencing details are provided in Supplement 5 and Supplement 6.

cSequencing details are provided in Supplement 7.

dSequencing details are provided in Supplement 8.

eSequencing details are provided in Supplement 9.

fDefined as the fold reduction in HI titer of study viruses relative to vaccine reference virus (erythrocytes; allantoic or cell culture isolate). Antigenic distinction was defined by a ≥8-fold reduction in HI titer.

gAdditional viruses had insufficient titers for HI characterization, including 7 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates (2%), 30 A(H3N2) isolates (73%), and 1 B(Victoria) isolate.

hIncludes 325 clade 6B.1, 8 clade 6B, and 5 clade 6B.2 viruses based on sequencing of original patient specimens. Sequencing findings after culture isolation were available for 27 of 325 clade 6B.1 viruses (8%) that were characterized by an HI assay and revealed that all retained the N162 glycosylation site.

iA clade 6B.1 virus.

jCell-cultured reference virus used until 29 April 2016 (in 4 of 11 cases), after which allantoic reference virus was used (in 7 of 11), including the single virus found to be antigenically distinct. Antigenic characterization of influenza A(H3N2) clade 3C.2a viruses was compromised by previously described variability in the agglutination of erythrocytes.

kOnly B(Victoria) viruses showing a ≥8-fold reduction to an allantoic B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like virus (n = 149) were antigenically characterized against a cell-culture B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like virus.

Abbreviations: A(H1N1)pdm09, 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus; HI, hemagglutination inhibition.

Table 1.
Open in new tab

Virologic Profile of Influenza Viruses Collected From Participants in the 2015–2016 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Evaluation of the Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network

VariableSpecimens, No. (%)
Influenza diagnosis2008 (100)
 Influenza virus negative926 (46)
 Influenza virus positive1082 (54)
Influenza virus type,a subtype/lineage
 Influenza A664 (61)
  A(H1N1)pdm09596 (90)
  A(H3N2)55 (8)
  A (subtype unknown)13 (2)
 Influenza B423 (39)
  B(Victoria)305 (72)
  B(Yamagata)85 (20)
  B (lineage unknown)33 (8)
Genetic characterization
 A(H1N1)pdm09b467 (78)
  Clade 6B10 (2)
  Clade 6B.1452 (97)
  Clade 6B.25 (1)
 A(H3N2)c43 (78)
  Clade 3C.2a38 (88)
  Clade 3C.3a5 (12)
 B(Victoria)d277 (91)
  Clade 1A277 (100)
 B(Yamagata)e73 (86)
  Clade 373 (100)
Antigenic characterizationf
 A/California/07/2009(H1N1)pdm09-like (turkey; allantoic); trivalent vaccine strain383g,h (64)
  <4-fold364 (95)
  ≥4-fold19 (5)
  ≥8-fold1i (0)
 A/Switzerland/9715293/2013(H3N2)-like (guinea pig; allantoic or cell); clade 3C.3a trivalent vaccine strainj11g (20)
  <4-fold9 (82)
  ≥4-fold2 (18)
  ≥8-fold1 (9)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; allantoic); clade 1A quadrivalent vaccine strain255g (84)
  <4-fold30 (12)
  ≥4-fold225 (88)
  ≥8-fold149 (58)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; cell)k149 (49)
  <4-fold137 (92)
  ≥4-fold12 (8)
  ≥8-fold1 (1)
 B/Phuket/3073/2013(Yamagata)-like (turkey; cell); clade 3 trivalent vaccine strain69 (81)
  <4-fold69 (100)
VariableSpecimens, No. (%)
Influenza diagnosis2008 (100)
 Influenza virus negative926 (46)
 Influenza virus positive1082 (54)
Influenza virus type,a subtype/lineage
 Influenza A664 (61)
  A(H1N1)pdm09596 (90)
  A(H3N2)55 (8)
  A (subtype unknown)13 (2)
 Influenza B423 (39)
  B(Victoria)305 (72)
  B(Yamagata)85 (20)
  B (lineage unknown)33 (8)
Genetic characterization
 A(H1N1)pdm09b467 (78)
  Clade 6B10 (2)
  Clade 6B.1452 (97)
  Clade 6B.25 (1)
 A(H3N2)c43 (78)
  Clade 3C.2a38 (88)
  Clade 3C.3a5 (12)
 B(Victoria)d277 (91)
  Clade 1A277 (100)
 B(Yamagata)e73 (86)
  Clade 373 (100)
Antigenic characterizationf
 A/California/07/2009(H1N1)pdm09-like (turkey; allantoic); trivalent vaccine strain383g,h (64)
  <4-fold364 (95)
  ≥4-fold19 (5)
  ≥8-fold1i (0)
 A/Switzerland/9715293/2013(H3N2)-like (guinea pig; allantoic or cell); clade 3C.3a trivalent vaccine strainj11g (20)
  <4-fold9 (82)
  ≥4-fold2 (18)
  ≥8-fold1 (9)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; allantoic); clade 1A quadrivalent vaccine strain255g (84)
  <4-fold30 (12)
  ≥4-fold225 (88)
  ≥8-fold149 (58)
 B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like (turkey; cell)k149 (49)
  <4-fold137 (92)
  ≥4-fold12 (8)
  ≥8-fold1 (1)
 B/Phuket/3073/2013(Yamagata)-like (turkey; cell); clade 3 trivalent vaccine strain69 (81)
  <4-fold69 (100)

aFive participants were coinfected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B. The sum of the subtotals of individuals infected with influenza A and B is greater than the total number of influenza virus–positive individuals.

bSequencing details are provided in Supplement 5 and Supplement 6.

cSequencing details are provided in Supplement 7.

dSequencing details are provided in Supplement 8.

eSequencing details are provided in Supplement 9.

fDefined as the fold reduction in HI titer of study viruses relative to vaccine reference virus (erythrocytes; allantoic or cell culture isolate). Antigenic distinction was defined by a ≥8-fold reduction in HI titer.

gAdditional viruses had insufficient titers for HI characterization, including 7 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates (2%), 30 A(H3N2) isolates (73%), and 1 B(Victoria) isolate.

hIncludes 325 clade 6B.1, 8 clade 6B, and 5 clade 6B.2 viruses based on sequencing of original patient specimens. Sequencing findings after culture isolation were available for 27 of 325 clade 6B.1 viruses (8%) that were characterized by an HI assay and revealed that all retained the N162 glycosylation site.

iA clade 6B.1 virus.

jCell-cultured reference virus used until 29 April 2016 (in 4 of 11 cases), after which allantoic reference virus was used (in 7 of 11), including the single virus found to be antigenically distinct. Antigenic characterization of influenza A(H3N2) clade 3C.2a viruses was compromised by previously described variability in the agglutination of erythrocytes.

kOnly B(Victoria) viruses showing a ≥8-fold reduction to an allantoic B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like virus (n = 149) were antigenically characterized against a cell-culture B/Brisbane/60/2008(Victoria)-like virus.

Abbreviations: A(H1N1)pdm09, 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus; HI, hemagglutination inhibition.

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