Table 3: Open in new tab Table of...

References	Patients	Design	Outcomes	Key results
Ahmed et al. (1995) UAE [55]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.9	15
ICULOS (days)	9	21
Pneumonia (%)	15	50
Mortality (%)	8	29
Karev (1997) Ukraine [56]	n = 40	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	2.3	6.3*
ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
Pneumonia (%)	15	34*
Mortality (%)	22.5	46^†
Voggenreiter (1998) Germany [57]	N = 20	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	6.5	27*
ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
Pneumonia (%)	15	39*
Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Tanaka et al. (2002) Japan [61]	n = 37	RCT	DMV (days)	10.8	18*
ICULOS (days)	16.5	27*
Pneumonia (%)	24	77*
Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Balci et al. (2004) Turkey [58]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.1	7.2
ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
Mortality (%)	11	27
Granetzny et al. (2005) Germany [62]	n = 40	RCT	DMV (days)	2	12
ICULOS (days)	9	14
Pneumonia (%)	10	50
Mortality (%)	10	15
Nirula et al. (2006) USA [59]	n = 60	Prospective controlled study	DMV (days)	6.5	11.2*
ICULOS (days)	12.1	14.1
Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Althausen et al. (2011) USA [60]	n = 50	Retrospective controlled study	DMV (days)	4.1	9.7*
ICULOS (days)	7.59	9.68
Pneumonia	4.55	25*
Mortality	0	0
Marasco et al. (2013) USA [63]	n = 46	RCT	DMV (days)	6.3	7.5
ICULOS (days)	13.5	18.7*
Pneumonia (%)	48	74
Mortality (%)	0	4
Slobogean et al. (2013) USA [65]	n = 732; 11 studies	Meta- analysis	DMV (days)	−7.5; 95% CI : −9.9 to −5
ICULOS (days)	−4.8; 95% CI : −1.6 to −7.9
Pneumonia	OR: 0.18; (0.11–0.32)
Mortality	OR: 0.31; (0.20–0.48)
Leinicke et al. (2013) USA [64]	n = 538; 9 studies	Meta-analysis	DMV (days)	−4.52; (−5.54 to −3.5)
ICULOS (days)	−3.40; (−6.0 to −0.80)
Pneumonia	RR: 0.45; (0.29–0.67)
Mortality	RR: 0.43; (0.28–0.69)

References

Patients

Design

Outcomes

Key results

NOT

Ahmed et al. (1995) UAE [55]

n = 64

Retrospective cohort study

DMV (days)

3.9

ICULOS (days)

Pneumonia (%)

Mortality (%)

Karev (1997) Ukraine [56]

n = 40

Retrospective cohort study

DMV (days)

2.3

6.3*

ICULOS (days)

Pneumonia (%)

34*

Mortality (%)

22.5

46^†

Voggenreiter (1998) Germany [57]

N = 20

Retrospective cohort study

DMV (days)

6.5

27*

ICULOS (days)

Pneumonia (%)

39*

Mortality (%)

Tanaka et al. (2002) Japan [61]

n = 37

RCT

DMV (days)

10.8

18*

ICULOS (days)

16.5

27*

Pneumonia (%)

77*

Mortality (%)

Balci et al. (2004) Turkey [58]

n = 64

Retrospective cohort study

DMV (days)

3.1

7.2

ICULOS (days)

Pneumonia (%)

Mortality (%)

Granetzny et al. (2005) Germany [62]

n = 40

RCT

DMV (days)

ICULOS (days)

Pneumonia (%)

Mortality (%)

Nirula et al. (2006) USA [59]

n = 60

Prospective controlled study

DMV (days)

6.5

11.2*

ICULOS (days)

12.1

14.1

Pneumonia (%)

Mortality (%)

Althausen et al. (2011) USA [60]

n = 50

Retrospective controlled study

DMV (days)

4.1

9.7*

ICULOS (days)

7.59

9.68

Pneumonia

4.55

25*

Mortality

Marasco et al. (2013) USA [63]

n = 46

RCT

DMV (days)

6.3

7.5

ICULOS (days)

13.5

18.7*

Pneumonia (%)

Mortality (%)

Slobogean et al. (2013) USA [65]

n = 732; 11 studies

Meta- analysis

DMV (days)

−7.5; 95% CI : −9.9 to −5

ICULOS (days)

−4.8; 95% CI : −1.6 to −7.9

Pneumonia

OR: 0.18; (0.11–0.32)

Mortality

OR: 0.31; (0.20–0.48)

Leinicke et al. (2013) USA [64]

n = 538; 9 studies

Meta-analysis

DMV (days)

−4.52; (−5.54 to −3.5)

ICULOS (days)

−3.40; (−6.0 to −0.80)

Pneumonia

RR: 0.45; (0.29–0.67)

Mortality

RR: 0.43; (0.28–0.69)

References	Patients	Design	Outcomes	Key results
Ahmed et al. (1995) UAE [55]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.9	15
ICULOS (days)	9	21
Pneumonia (%)	15	50
Mortality (%)	8	29
Karev (1997) Ukraine [56]	n = 40	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	2.3	6.3*
ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
Pneumonia (%)	15	34*
Mortality (%)	22.5	46^†
Voggenreiter (1998) Germany [57]	N = 20	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	6.5	27*
ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
Pneumonia (%)	15	39*
Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Tanaka et al. (2002) Japan [61]	n = 37	RCT	DMV (days)	10.8	18*
ICULOS (days)	16.5	27*
Pneumonia (%)	24	77*
Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Balci et al. (2004) Turkey [58]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.1	7.2
ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
Mortality (%)	11	27
Granetzny et al. (2005) Germany [62]	n = 40	RCT	DMV (days)	2	12
ICULOS (days)	9	14
Pneumonia (%)	10	50
Mortality (%)	10	15
Nirula et al. (2006) USA [59]	n = 60	Prospective controlled study	DMV (days)	6.5	11.2*
ICULOS (days)	12.1	14.1
Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Althausen et al. (2011) USA [60]	n = 50	Retrospective controlled study	DMV (days)	4.1	9.7*
ICULOS (days)	7.59	9.68
Pneumonia	4.55	25*
Mortality	0	0
Marasco et al. (2013) USA [63]	n = 46	RCT	DMV (days)	6.3	7.5
ICULOS (days)	13.5	18.7*
Pneumonia (%)	48	74
Mortality (%)	0	4
Slobogean et al. (2013) USA [65]	n = 732; 11 studies	Meta- analysis	DMV (days)	−7.5; 95% CI : −9.9 to −5
ICULOS (days)	−4.8; 95% CI : −1.6 to −7.9
Pneumonia	OR: 0.18; (0.11–0.32)
Mortality	OR: 0.31; (0.20–0.48)
Leinicke et al. (2013) USA [64]	n = 538; 9 studies	Meta-analysis	DMV (days)	−4.52; (−5.54 to −3.5)
ICULOS (days)	−3.40; (−6.0 to −0.80)
Pneumonia	RR: 0.45; (0.29–0.67)
Mortality	RR: 0.43; (0.28–0.69)

Table 3:

Open in new tab

Table of evidence: surgical fixation of flail chest

References	Patients	Design	Outcomes	Key results
References	Patients	Design	Outcomes	OT	NOT
Ahmed et al. (1995) UAE [55]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.9	15
			ICULOS (days)	9	21
			Pneumonia (%)	15	50
			Mortality (%)	8	29
Karev (1997) Ukraine [56]	n = 40	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	2.3	6.3*
			ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
			Pneumonia (%)	15	34*
			Mortality (%)	22.5	46^†
Voggenreiter (1998) Germany [57]	N = 20	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	6.5	27*
			ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
			Pneumonia (%)	15	39*
			Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Tanaka et al. (2002) Japan [61]	n = 37	RCT	DMV (days)	10.8	18*
			ICULOS (days)	16.5	27*
			Pneumonia (%)	24	77*
			Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Balci et al. (2004) Turkey [58]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.1	7.2
			ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
			Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
			Mortality (%)	11	27
Granetzny et al. (2005) Germany [62]	n = 40	RCT	DMV (days)	2	12
			ICULOS (days)	9	14
			Pneumonia (%)	10	50
			Mortality (%)	10	15
Nirula et al. (2006) USA [59]	n = 60	Prospective controlled study	DMV (days)	6.5	11.2*
			ICULOS (days)	12.1	14.1
			Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
			Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Althausen et al. (2011) USA [60]	n = 50	Retrospective controlled study	DMV (days)	4.1	9.7*
			ICULOS (days)	7.59	9.68
			Pneumonia	4.55	25*
			Mortality	0	0
Marasco et al. (2013) USA [63]	n = 46	RCT	DMV (days)	6.3	7.5
			ICULOS (days)	13.5	18.7*
			Pneumonia (%)	48	74
			Mortality (%)	0	4
Slobogean et al. (2013) USA [65]	n = 732; 11 studies	Meta- analysis	DMV (days)	−7.5; 95% CI : −9.9 to −5
			ICULOS (days)	−4.8; 95% CI : −1.6 to −7.9
			Pneumonia	OR: 0.18; (0.11–0.32)
			Mortality	OR: 0.31; (0.20–0.48)
Leinicke et al. (2013) USA [64]	n = 538; 9 studies	Meta-analysis	DMV (days)	−4.52; (−5.54 to −3.5)
			ICULOS (days)	−3.40; (−6.0 to −0.80)
			Pneumonia	RR: 0.45; (0.29–0.67)
			Mortality	RR: 0.43; (0.28–0.69)

References	Patients	Design	Outcomes	Key results
References	Patients	Design	Outcomes	OT	NOT
Ahmed et al. (1995) UAE [55]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.9	15
			ICULOS (days)	9	21
			Pneumonia (%)	15	50
			Mortality (%)	8	29
Karev (1997) Ukraine [56]	n = 40	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	2.3	6.3*
			ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
			Pneumonia (%)	15	34*
			Mortality (%)	22.5	46^†
Voggenreiter (1998) Germany [57]	N = 20	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	6.5	27*
			ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
			Pneumonia (%)	15	39*
			Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Tanaka et al. (2002) Japan [61]	n = 37	RCT	DMV (days)	10.8	18*
			ICULOS (days)	16.5	27*
			Pneumonia (%)	24	77*
			Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Balci et al. (2004) Turkey [58]	n = 64	Retrospective cohort study	DMV (days)	3.1	7.2
			ICULOS (days)	NA	NA
			Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
			Mortality (%)	11	27
Granetzny et al. (2005) Germany [62]	n = 40	RCT	DMV (days)	2	12
			ICULOS (days)	9	14
			Pneumonia (%)	10	50
			Mortality (%)	10	15
Nirula et al. (2006) USA [59]	n = 60	Prospective controlled study	DMV (days)	6.5	11.2*
			ICULOS (days)	12.1	14.1
			Pneumonia (%)	NA	NA
			Mortality (%)	NA	NA
Althausen et al. (2011) USA [60]	n = 50	Retrospective controlled study	DMV (days)	4.1	9.7*
			ICULOS (days)	7.59	9.68
			Pneumonia	4.55	25*
			Mortality	0	0
Marasco et al. (2013) USA [63]	n = 46	RCT	DMV (days)	6.3	7.5
			ICULOS (days)	13.5	18.7*
			Pneumonia (%)	48	74
			Mortality (%)	0	4
Slobogean et al. (2013) USA [65]	n = 732; 11 studies	Meta- analysis	DMV (days)	−7.5; 95% CI : −9.9 to −5
			ICULOS (days)	−4.8; 95% CI : −1.6 to −7.9
			Pneumonia	OR: 0.18; (0.11–0.32)
			Mortality	OR: 0.31; (0.20–0.48)
Leinicke et al. (2013) USA [64]	n = 538; 9 studies	Meta-analysis	DMV (days)	−4.52; (−5.54 to −3.5)
			ICULOS (days)	−3.40; (−6.0 to −0.80)
			Pneumonia	RR: 0.45; (0.29–0.67)
			Mortality	RR: 0.43; (0.28–0.69)

DMV: duration of mechanical ventilation (days); ICULOS: intensive care unit length of stay (days); RR: relative risk.

*P < 0.05.

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