Table 1 and Supplementary data, Appendix 2, are available at Age and Ageing online. present the baseline characteristics of the final analytic sample of 2,542 participants according to smoking status as well as 1,376 who were excluded at follow-up according to reasons for lost follow-up. Among the analytic sample at baseline, 2,281 participants were non-smokers (1,168 never smokers and 1,113 past smokers) and 261 were current smokers. Current smokers were significantly frailer, younger, with lower BMI, less educated, less wealthy and lonelier compared with non-smokers. There were no significant differences in gender, alcohol use and cognitive function between these two groups.
| Variable* . | Entire sample, N = 2,542 . | Non-smoker . | Current smoker, n = 261 . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total non-smoker, n = 2,281 . | Past smoker, n = 1,113 (48.8%) . | Never smoker, n = 1,168 (51.2%) . | |||
| Frailty status | |||||
| Robust | 1,430 (56.3%) | 1,319 (57.8%) | 698 (59.8%) | 621 (55.8%) | 111 (42.5%) |
| Prefrail | 1,112 (43.7%) | 962 (42.2%) | 470 (40.2%) | 492 (44.2%) | 150 (57.5%) |
| Age group | |||||
| 60–64 | 611 (24.0%) | 526 (23.1%) | 276 (23.6%) | 250 (22.5%) | 85 (32.6%) |
| 65-65 | 825 (32.5%) | 739 (32.4%) | 409 (35.0%) | 330 (29.6%) | 86 (33.0%) |
| 70–74 | 542 (21.3%) | 498 (21.8%) | 257 (22.0%) | 241 (21.7%) | 44 (16.9%) |
| 75–79 | 354 (13.9%) | 320 (14.0%) | 140 (12.0%) | 180 (16.2%) | 34 (13.0%) |
| 80+ | 210 (8.3%) | 198 (8.7%) | 86 (7.4%) | 112 (10.1%) | 12 (46%) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1,150 (45.2%) | 1,032 (45.2%) | 421 (36.0%) | 611 (54.9%) | 118 (45.2%) |
| Female | 1,392 (54.8%) | 1,249 (54.8%) | 747 (64.0%) | 502 (45.1%) | 143 (54.8%) |
| BMI | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | 27.5 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.3 |
| ≤25 | 706 (27.8%) | 613 (26.9%) | 353 (30.2%) | 260 (23.4%) | 93 (35.6%) |
| 25<, ≤30 | 1,180 (46.4%) | 1,071 (47.0%) | 541 (46.3%) | 530 (47.6%) | 109 (41.8%) |
| >30 | 656 (25.8%) | 597 (26.2%) | 274 (23.5%) | 323 (29.0%) | 59 (22.6%) |
| Alcohol | |||||
| None | 223 (9.4%) | 192 (9.0%) | 123 (11.1%) | 69 (6.7%) | 31 (13.0%) |
| 1/year–2/month | 690 (29.0%) | 617 (28.8%) | 363 (32.6%) | 254 (24.7%) | 73 (30.5%) |
| 1/month–4/week | 877 (36.8%) | 794 (37.1%) | 409 (36.7%) | 385 (37.4%) | 83 (36.8%) |
| 5/week or more | 592 (24.9%) | 541 (25.2%) | 218 (19.6%) | 322 (31.3%) | 52 (21.8%) |
| Education | |||||
| Higher education | 322 (12.7%) | 306 (13.4%) | 164 (14.0%) | 142 (12.8%) | 16 (6.1%) |
| Intermediate | 1,314 (51.7%) | 1,201 (52.7%) | 610 (52.2%) | 591 (53.1%) | 113 (43.3%) |
| No qualification | 906 (35.6%) | 774 (33.9%) | 394 (33.7%) | 380 (34.1%) | 132 (50.6%) |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Richest | 661 (26.3%) | 619 (27.5%) | 327 (28.3%) | 292 (26.6%) | 42 (16.3%) |
| 2nd | 569 (22.7%) | 528 (23.4%) | 258 (22.3%) | 270 (24.6%) | 41 (16.0%) |
| 3rd | 523 (20.8%) | 474 (21.0%) | 261 (22.6%) | 213 (19.4%) | 49 (19.1%) |
| 4th | 446 (17.7%) | 393 (17.4%) | 187 (16.2%) | 206 (18.7%) | 53 (20.6%) |
| Poorest | 312 (12.4%) | 240 (10.7%) | 122 (10.6%) | 118 (10.7%) | 72 (28.0%) |
| Cognitive function score | 48.9 ± 10.4 | 49.2 ± 10.3 | 49.5 ± 10.2 | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 46.9 ± 10.8 |
| Loneliness score | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.6 |
| COPD | 153 (6.0%) | 113 (5.0%) | 53 (4.5%) | 60 (5.4%) | 40 (15.3%) |
| Variable* . | Entire sample, N = 2,542 . | Non-smoker . | Current smoker, n = 261 . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total non-smoker, n = 2,281 . | Past smoker, n = 1,113 (48.8%) . | Never smoker, n = 1,168 (51.2%) . | |||
| Frailty status | |||||
| Robust | 1,430 (56.3%) | 1,319 (57.8%) | 698 (59.8%) | 621 (55.8%) | 111 (42.5%) |
| Prefrail | 1,112 (43.7%) | 962 (42.2%) | 470 (40.2%) | 492 (44.2%) | 150 (57.5%) |
| Age group | |||||
| 60–64 | 611 (24.0%) | 526 (23.1%) | 276 (23.6%) | 250 (22.5%) | 85 (32.6%) |
| 65-65 | 825 (32.5%) | 739 (32.4%) | 409 (35.0%) | 330 (29.6%) | 86 (33.0%) |
| 70–74 | 542 (21.3%) | 498 (21.8%) | 257 (22.0%) | 241 (21.7%) | 44 (16.9%) |
| 75–79 | 354 (13.9%) | 320 (14.0%) | 140 (12.0%) | 180 (16.2%) | 34 (13.0%) |
| 80+ | 210 (8.3%) | 198 (8.7%) | 86 (7.4%) | 112 (10.1%) | 12 (46%) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1,150 (45.2%) | 1,032 (45.2%) | 421 (36.0%) | 611 (54.9%) | 118 (45.2%) |
| Female | 1,392 (54.8%) | 1,249 (54.8%) | 747 (64.0%) | 502 (45.1%) | 143 (54.8%) |
| BMI | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | 27.5 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.3 |
| ≤25 | 706 (27.8%) | 613 (26.9%) | 353 (30.2%) | 260 (23.4%) | 93 (35.6%) |
| 25<, ≤30 | 1,180 (46.4%) | 1,071 (47.0%) | 541 (46.3%) | 530 (47.6%) | 109 (41.8%) |
| >30 | 656 (25.8%) | 597 (26.2%) | 274 (23.5%) | 323 (29.0%) | 59 (22.6%) |
| Alcohol | |||||
| None | 223 (9.4%) | 192 (9.0%) | 123 (11.1%) | 69 (6.7%) | 31 (13.0%) |
| 1/year–2/month | 690 (29.0%) | 617 (28.8%) | 363 (32.6%) | 254 (24.7%) | 73 (30.5%) |
| 1/month–4/week | 877 (36.8%) | 794 (37.1%) | 409 (36.7%) | 385 (37.4%) | 83 (36.8%) |
| 5/week or more | 592 (24.9%) | 541 (25.2%) | 218 (19.6%) | 322 (31.3%) | 52 (21.8%) |
| Education | |||||
| Higher education | 322 (12.7%) | 306 (13.4%) | 164 (14.0%) | 142 (12.8%) | 16 (6.1%) |
| Intermediate | 1,314 (51.7%) | 1,201 (52.7%) | 610 (52.2%) | 591 (53.1%) | 113 (43.3%) |
| No qualification | 906 (35.6%) | 774 (33.9%) | 394 (33.7%) | 380 (34.1%) | 132 (50.6%) |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Richest | 661 (26.3%) | 619 (27.5%) | 327 (28.3%) | 292 (26.6%) | 42 (16.3%) |
| 2nd | 569 (22.7%) | 528 (23.4%) | 258 (22.3%) | 270 (24.6%) | 41 (16.0%) |
| 3rd | 523 (20.8%) | 474 (21.0%) | 261 (22.6%) | 213 (19.4%) | 49 (19.1%) |
| 4th | 446 (17.7%) | 393 (17.4%) | 187 (16.2%) | 206 (18.7%) | 53 (20.6%) |
| Poorest | 312 (12.4%) | 240 (10.7%) | 122 (10.6%) | 118 (10.7%) | 72 (28.0%) |
| Cognitive function score | 48.9 ± 10.4 | 49.2 ± 10.3 | 49.5 ± 10.2 | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 46.9 ± 10.8 |
| Loneliness score | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.6 |
| COPD | 153 (6.0%) | 113 (5.0%) | 53 (4.5%) | 60 (5.4%) | 40 (15.3%) |
*Mean + standard deviation or n (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
| Variable* . | Entire sample, N = 2,542 . | Non-smoker . | Current smoker, n = 261 . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total non-smoker, n = 2,281 . | Past smoker, n = 1,113 (48.8%) . | Never smoker, n = 1,168 (51.2%) . | |||
| Frailty status | |||||
| Robust | 1,430 (56.3%) | 1,319 (57.8%) | 698 (59.8%) | 621 (55.8%) | 111 (42.5%) |
| Prefrail | 1,112 (43.7%) | 962 (42.2%) | 470 (40.2%) | 492 (44.2%) | 150 (57.5%) |
| Age group | |||||
| 60–64 | 611 (24.0%) | 526 (23.1%) | 276 (23.6%) | 250 (22.5%) | 85 (32.6%) |
| 65-65 | 825 (32.5%) | 739 (32.4%) | 409 (35.0%) | 330 (29.6%) | 86 (33.0%) |
| 70–74 | 542 (21.3%) | 498 (21.8%) | 257 (22.0%) | 241 (21.7%) | 44 (16.9%) |
| 75–79 | 354 (13.9%) | 320 (14.0%) | 140 (12.0%) | 180 (16.2%) | 34 (13.0%) |
| 80+ | 210 (8.3%) | 198 (8.7%) | 86 (7.4%) | 112 (10.1%) | 12 (46%) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1,150 (45.2%) | 1,032 (45.2%) | 421 (36.0%) | 611 (54.9%) | 118 (45.2%) |
| Female | 1,392 (54.8%) | 1,249 (54.8%) | 747 (64.0%) | 502 (45.1%) | 143 (54.8%) |
| BMI | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | 27.5 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.3 |
| ≤25 | 706 (27.8%) | 613 (26.9%) | 353 (30.2%) | 260 (23.4%) | 93 (35.6%) |
| 25<, ≤30 | 1,180 (46.4%) | 1,071 (47.0%) | 541 (46.3%) | 530 (47.6%) | 109 (41.8%) |
| >30 | 656 (25.8%) | 597 (26.2%) | 274 (23.5%) | 323 (29.0%) | 59 (22.6%) |
| Alcohol | |||||
| None | 223 (9.4%) | 192 (9.0%) | 123 (11.1%) | 69 (6.7%) | 31 (13.0%) |
| 1/year–2/month | 690 (29.0%) | 617 (28.8%) | 363 (32.6%) | 254 (24.7%) | 73 (30.5%) |
| 1/month–4/week | 877 (36.8%) | 794 (37.1%) | 409 (36.7%) | 385 (37.4%) | 83 (36.8%) |
| 5/week or more | 592 (24.9%) | 541 (25.2%) | 218 (19.6%) | 322 (31.3%) | 52 (21.8%) |
| Education | |||||
| Higher education | 322 (12.7%) | 306 (13.4%) | 164 (14.0%) | 142 (12.8%) | 16 (6.1%) |
| Intermediate | 1,314 (51.7%) | 1,201 (52.7%) | 610 (52.2%) | 591 (53.1%) | 113 (43.3%) |
| No qualification | 906 (35.6%) | 774 (33.9%) | 394 (33.7%) | 380 (34.1%) | 132 (50.6%) |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Richest | 661 (26.3%) | 619 (27.5%) | 327 (28.3%) | 292 (26.6%) | 42 (16.3%) |
| 2nd | 569 (22.7%) | 528 (23.4%) | 258 (22.3%) | 270 (24.6%) | 41 (16.0%) |
| 3rd | 523 (20.8%) | 474 (21.0%) | 261 (22.6%) | 213 (19.4%) | 49 (19.1%) |
| 4th | 446 (17.7%) | 393 (17.4%) | 187 (16.2%) | 206 (18.7%) | 53 (20.6%) |
| Poorest | 312 (12.4%) | 240 (10.7%) | 122 (10.6%) | 118 (10.7%) | 72 (28.0%) |
| Cognitive function score | 48.9 ± 10.4 | 49.2 ± 10.3 | 49.5 ± 10.2 | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 46.9 ± 10.8 |
| Loneliness score | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.6 |
| COPD | 153 (6.0%) | 113 (5.0%) | 53 (4.5%) | 60 (5.4%) | 40 (15.3%) |
| Variable* . | Entire sample, N = 2,542 . | Non-smoker . | Current smoker, n = 261 . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total non-smoker, n = 2,281 . | Past smoker, n = 1,113 (48.8%) . | Never smoker, n = 1,168 (51.2%) . | |||
| Frailty status | |||||
| Robust | 1,430 (56.3%) | 1,319 (57.8%) | 698 (59.8%) | 621 (55.8%) | 111 (42.5%) |
| Prefrail | 1,112 (43.7%) | 962 (42.2%) | 470 (40.2%) | 492 (44.2%) | 150 (57.5%) |
| Age group | |||||
| 60–64 | 611 (24.0%) | 526 (23.1%) | 276 (23.6%) | 250 (22.5%) | 85 (32.6%) |
| 65-65 | 825 (32.5%) | 739 (32.4%) | 409 (35.0%) | 330 (29.6%) | 86 (33.0%) |
| 70–74 | 542 (21.3%) | 498 (21.8%) | 257 (22.0%) | 241 (21.7%) | 44 (16.9%) |
| 75–79 | 354 (13.9%) | 320 (14.0%) | 140 (12.0%) | 180 (16.2%) | 34 (13.0%) |
| 80+ | 210 (8.3%) | 198 (8.7%) | 86 (7.4%) | 112 (10.1%) | 12 (46%) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1,150 (45.2%) | 1,032 (45.2%) | 421 (36.0%) | 611 (54.9%) | 118 (45.2%) |
| Female | 1,392 (54.8%) | 1,249 (54.8%) | 747 (64.0%) | 502 (45.1%) | 143 (54.8%) |
| BMI | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | 27.5 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.3 |
| ≤25 | 706 (27.8%) | 613 (26.9%) | 353 (30.2%) | 260 (23.4%) | 93 (35.6%) |
| 25<, ≤30 | 1,180 (46.4%) | 1,071 (47.0%) | 541 (46.3%) | 530 (47.6%) | 109 (41.8%) |
| >30 | 656 (25.8%) | 597 (26.2%) | 274 (23.5%) | 323 (29.0%) | 59 (22.6%) |
| Alcohol | |||||
| None | 223 (9.4%) | 192 (9.0%) | 123 (11.1%) | 69 (6.7%) | 31 (13.0%) |
| 1/year–2/month | 690 (29.0%) | 617 (28.8%) | 363 (32.6%) | 254 (24.7%) | 73 (30.5%) |
| 1/month–4/week | 877 (36.8%) | 794 (37.1%) | 409 (36.7%) | 385 (37.4%) | 83 (36.8%) |
| 5/week or more | 592 (24.9%) | 541 (25.2%) | 218 (19.6%) | 322 (31.3%) | 52 (21.8%) |
| Education | |||||
| Higher education | 322 (12.7%) | 306 (13.4%) | 164 (14.0%) | 142 (12.8%) | 16 (6.1%) |
| Intermediate | 1,314 (51.7%) | 1,201 (52.7%) | 610 (52.2%) | 591 (53.1%) | 113 (43.3%) |
| No qualification | 906 (35.6%) | 774 (33.9%) | 394 (33.7%) | 380 (34.1%) | 132 (50.6%) |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Richest | 661 (26.3%) | 619 (27.5%) | 327 (28.3%) | 292 (26.6%) | 42 (16.3%) |
| 2nd | 569 (22.7%) | 528 (23.4%) | 258 (22.3%) | 270 (24.6%) | 41 (16.0%) |
| 3rd | 523 (20.8%) | 474 (21.0%) | 261 (22.6%) | 213 (19.4%) | 49 (19.1%) |
| 4th | 446 (17.7%) | 393 (17.4%) | 187 (16.2%) | 206 (18.7%) | 53 (20.6%) |
| Poorest | 312 (12.4%) | 240 (10.7%) | 122 (10.6%) | 118 (10.7%) | 72 (28.0%) |
| Cognitive function score | 48.9 ± 10.4 | 49.2 ± 10.3 | 49.5 ± 10.2 | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 46.9 ± 10.8 |
| Loneliness score | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.6 |
| COPD | 153 (6.0%) | 113 (5.0%) | 53 (4.5%) | 60 (5.4%) | 40 (15.3%) |
*Mean + standard deviation or n (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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